新型(IC)厌氧反应器处理酒厂废水的试验研究

采用新型的内循环(IC)厌氧反应器处理酒厂废水,研究了水力条件、进水方式和温度对IC厌氧反应器形成内循环和运行性能以及COD去除率的影响,进而确定IC厌氧反应器最适宜的容积负荷率。研究结果表明:最佳的进水方式是以切线方向从底部进入,这时,在一定的进水速度下,可形成缓慢的上升旋流和保持良好的内循环,从而能达到较好的污泥膨胀率和较高的COD去除率;最佳的水力停留时间为6h;最适宜的进水温度为35℃,这时的污泥膨胀率为68%,COD去除率为80%;IC厌氧反应器最适宜容积负荷率为20kg(/m3.d),此时COD去除率为80%左右。     

High-rate aerobic treatment of winery wastewater using bioreactors with free and immobilized activated sludge

COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal rate and efficiency of winery wastewater (WW) aerobic treatments were evaluated in an air-bubble column bioreactor using self-adapted microbial populations either free or immobilized on polyurethane particles and in a packed-bed bioreactor immobilized on Raschig rings. The bioreactors were fed continuously for up to 12 months using WW of different origins and with different pollution loads (COD range, 0.8-11.0 kg.m(-3)): the maximum loading rate was approx. 8.8 kg-COD m(-3).d(-1). The highest COD removal rate (6.6 kg.m(-3).d(-1)) was obtained with free activated sludge in the bubble column bioreactor; treatment efficiency and hydraulic retention time were >90% and approx. 0.8 d, respectively. The microbial populations in the three reactors were characterized.     

Enhanced treatment efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for cassava stillage with high solids content

Cassava stillage is a high strength organic wastewater with high suspended solids (SS) content. The efficiency of cassava stillage treatment using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was significantly enhanced by discharging settled sludge to maintain a lower sludge concentration (about 30 g/L) in the reactor. Three hydraulic retention times (HRTs), namely 10 d, 7.5 d, 5 d, were evaluated at this condition. The study demonstrated that at an HRT of 5 d and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 11.3 kg COD/(m³ d), the total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble COD (SCOD) removal efficiency can still be maintained at above 80%. The settleability of digested cassava stillage was improved significantly, and thus only a small amount of settled sludge needed to be discharged to maintain the sludge concentration in the reactor. Furthermore, the performance of ASBR operated at low and high sludge concentration (about 79.5 g/L without sludge discharged) was evaluated at an HRT of 5 d. The TCOD removal efficiency and SS in the effluent were 61% and 21.9 g/L respectively at high sludge concentration, while the values were 85.1% and 2.4 g/L at low sludge concentration. Therefore, low sludge concentration is recommended for ASBR treating cassava stillage at an HRT 5 d due to lower TCOD and SS in the effluent, which could facilitate post-treatment.     

Performance and biomass kinetics of activated sludge system treating dairy wastewater

The performance and bio‐kinetic coefficients of the activated sludge process (ASP) treating synthesised dairy wastewater were evaluated in a lab‐scale setup. The step‐loading experiment showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, in general, increased with increasing influent wastewater COD concentration from 180 to 1200 mg/L (correlation coefficient was 0.80). The COD removal efficiency ranged from almost 80–88.4% depending on the COD concentration of the influent wastewater. Also, it could be stated that the ASP was probably underfed with organics at COD concentrations <725 mg/L. Monod, Moser, Contois and Chen & Hashimoto substrate utilisation models, relating the growth of micro‐organisms to substrate utilisation, were employed to describe the bio‐kinetics of the ASP at an organic loading rate of 1200 mg/L. Amongst them, the Contois and Monod models predicted the bio‐kinetic reactions of the ASP very well with coefficient of determination (R²) values of 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. The estimated bio‐kinetic coefficients of the Contois model (on COD basis) were as follows: half‐velocity constant (0.20 mg/L), maximum substrate utilisation rate (3.13 per day), biomass yield coefficient (0.68), endogenous decay coefficient (0.07 per day) and maximum specific growth rate (2.13 per day).     

酸析黑液厌氧生物处理效果研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器对酸析黑液进行处理,分析了酸析黑液的厌氧可生化性(BD),重点研究了不同COD容积负荷和硫酸盐容积负荷下,反应器对COD和硫酸盐的去除效果,系统p H值、氧化还原电位(ORP)和甲烷产率的变化,反应器内污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)中蛋白质和多糖含量的变化以及污泥表面Zeta电位的变化,并结合扫描电镜观察酸析黑液厌氧处理前后污泥的形态特征。结果表明,该酸析黑液的厌氧可生化性较好,BD为85.07%。反应器随着进水COD容积负荷的增加,COD去除率先上升后下降。随着进水硫酸盐容积负荷的增加,硫酸盐去除率逐渐增大。当CODCr容积负荷为2.00 kg/(m3·d)时,CODCr去除率最大值在49%;当硫酸盐容积负荷提高到12.91 kg/(m3·d)时,硫酸盐去除率上升至42%左右。系统p H值随着COD容积负荷的增加而降低,ORP随着COD容积负荷的增加而降低,最后稳定在-430 m V左右,产甲烷速率随着COD容积负荷的增加先升高后降低,最大值为0.225 L/d。进水COD容积负荷的提高使得EPS中蛋白质和多糖含量升高,污泥表面Zeta电位降低,颗粒污泥表层变得紧密厚实。     

Characterization of efficient aerobic denitrifiers isolated from two different sequencing batch reactors by 16S-rRNA analysis

By adopting two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) A and B, nitrate as the substrate, and the intermittent aeration mode, activated sludge was domesticated to enrich aerobic denitrifiers. The pHs of reactor A were approximately 6.3 at DOs 2.2-6.1 mg/l for a carbon source of 720 mg/l COD; the pHs of reactor B were 6.8-7.8 at DOs 2.2-3.0 mg/l for a carbon source of 1500 mg/l COD. Both reactors maintained an influent nitrate concentration of 80 mg/l NO3- -N. When the total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency of both reactors reached 60%, aerobic denitrifier accumulation was regarded completed. By bromthymol blue (BTB) medium, 20 bacteria were isolated from the two SBRs and DNA samples of 8 of these 20 strains were amplified by PCR and processed for 16SrRNA sequencing. The obtained results were analysed by a Blast similarity search of the GenBank database, and constructing a phylogenetic tree for identification by comparison. The 8 bacteria were found to belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Delftia, Herbaspirillum and Comamonas. At present, no Delftia has been reported to be an aerobic denitrifier.     

OCC制浆造纸废水封闭循环应用研究

采用物化法及絮凝-生化一体化法处理OCC制浆造纸废水，并对比了几种方法的处理效果和循环使用情况。研究结果表明：絮凝沉淀法和气浮法处理OCC制浆造纸废水，其CODCr、BOD5和SS的去除率分别为63．4％、66．7％、83．8％和66．2％、71．9％、87．8％，且都难以去除可溶性的CODCr。而采用絮凝-生化一体化处理技术，可使废水中的CODCr、BOD5和SS的去除率分别达到76．1％、80．0％、91．1％，尤其对可溶性CODCr的去除率达到20％左右。经一体化技术处理的废水进一步生化处理，可使CODCr降低到50mg／L。     

Influence of the antibiotic erythromycin on anaerobic treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor was used to treat a model substrate mixture representing pharmaceutical wastewater at an organic loading rate of 2.9 g COD/(L d). After reaching stable operation the reactor was first exposed to low (1 mg/L) and, subsequently, to high (200 mg/L) concentrations of the antibiotic erythromycin. The addition of low levels of erythromycin resulted in a significant but limited reduction of biogas production by 5% and the higher level of erythromycin did not impact biogas production further, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the microbial populations in the ASBR were resistant to the antibiotic. Effluent soluble COD could not be accounted for in measured volatile fatty acids, perhaps suggesting the production of soluble microbial products. In batch tests evaluating the specific methanogenic activity, conversion of the model substrate mixture was only slightly affected by the presence of erythromycin. However, the conversion of butyric acid was inhibited when erythromycin was present. After 47 days of exposure to erythromycin, the conversion of butyric acid was inhibited to a lesser extent, suggesting the development of antibiotic resistance in the biomass. Exposure to antibiotics can affect specific substrate degradation pathways, leading to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids, soluble microbial products, and potentially to overall system instabilities.     

Factual analysis of granule flotation in brewery wastewater treatment plants by the fluorescence in situ hybridization method

The factors that change the microbial distribution and consequently the flotation of brewery granules were investigated using laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The startup operations of laboratory-scale UASB reactors fed with acetate-based synthetic wastewater, in which the loading rate was maintained at 0.1 gCOD/gVSS/d (Run 1) and increased in a stepwise manner from 0.1 gCOD/gVSS/d to 1.0 gCOD/gVSS/d (Run 2), generated methanogen colonies near the granule surface, while the overloading operation at 1.0 gCOD/gVSS/d from the startup (Run 3) resulted in the formation of methanogen colonies deep in the granules. In each run, a proportion of the granules floated when overloaded at 2.0 gCOD/gVSS/d and circulation was stopped. The ratio of floating granules increased as the methanogen-growing region increased. On the other hand, the Bacteria layer on the granule surface, which is also considered as a possible cause of granule flotation, was not formed by the inflow of other organic acids such as propionate and lactate. Glucose caused formation of a 5-microm-thick surface Bacteria layer, but the granules were still resistant to flotation. Interfusing of air under glucose feeding caused the formation of a Bacteria layer over 50 microm thick leading to granule flotation.     

Effect of different operational conditions on biofilm development, nitrification, and nitrifying microbial population in moving-bed biofilm reactors

In this study, the effect of different operational conditions on biofilm development and nitrification in three moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) was investigated: two reactors were operated in a continuously fed regime and one in sequencing-batch mode. The presence of organic carbon reduced the time required to form stable nitrifying biofilms. Subsequent stepwise reduction of influent COD caused a decrease in total polysaccharide and protein content, which was accompanied by a fragmentation of the biofilm, as shown by scanning electron microscopy, and by an enrichment of the biofilm for nitrifiers, as observed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Polysaccharide and protein concentrations proved to be good indicators of biomass development and detachment in MBBR systems. Ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria activities were affected when a pulse feeding of 4 g of NH(4)-N/(m(2)·day) was applied. Free nitrous acid and free ammonia were likely the inhibitors for ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.     

有机负荷对CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统的影响

采用连续流CSTR-UASB两相厌氧反应装置,CSTR以人工配制的红糖水作为发酵底物,其液相末端产物作为UASB的反应底物,污水处理厂剩余污泥作为反应器的启动污泥,反应器实现稳定运行（CSTR为乙醇型发酵）后,在其它参数不变的情况下,通过改变有机负荷,研究其对CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统的影响.有机负荷从12 kg/（m^3·d）提升至32 kg/（m^3·d）的过程分为六个阶段,结果表明厌氧活性污泥产氢能力持续升高,在有机负荷为32 kg/（m^3·d）时,最大产氢量为12.8L/d,较初始有机负荷12 kg/（m^3·d）时提高了71.9％;产甲烷量随有机负荷的升高先增大后减小,在有机负荷为24 kg/（m^3·d）时,最大产甲烷量为18.5L/d;当有机负荷提高至28 kg/（m^3·d）时,总COD去除率达最大值72％.因此,CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统对红糖废水具有较好的降解效果,同时能源回收效率较高.     

Bulking in aerobic biological systems treating dairy processing wastewaters

The aerobic biological treatment of dairy processing wastewaters is associated with poor sludge settling bulking, and this has been largely linked to the high soluble organic component in these wastewaters, and high chemical oxygen demand COD: NP ratios. Strategies to minimize sludge bulking in activated sludge systems or sequencing batch reactors have been identified and include the operation of these systems under extended aeration conditions, and the incorporation of an anaerobic or anoxic zone to facilitate the degradation of the readily metabolized lactose in the wastewater. Filamentous bacteria linked with sludge bulking in the industry have been associated with various operating conditions.     

不同碳源培养胶球藻C-169净化糖蜜酵母废水

本项目系统研究了三种碳源(CO_2、醋酸和甘油)添加到预处理后的糖蜜酵母废水,在藻菌共生条件下培养胶球藻C-169的生长情况及强化废水净化效果。结果表明,与通入空气相比,补充2%CO_2,能显著提高细胞的平均比生长速率、生物质产率,分别是通入空气的6.49、10.4倍,显著提高了对脱色废水的总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率(p0.05),但降低了废水COD(化学需氧量)去除率。研究发现胶球藻C-169能够利用甘油作为其生长的碳源,在0～20 g/L甘油浓度时,随着甘油浓度的提高,细胞生长速率增大,总氮、总磷去除率提高,并在20g/L时获得最高生物量干重达到8.80g/L,平均比生长速率是不添加甘油的2.07倍,生物量产率达0.70 g/(L·d)。甘油浓度在15 g/L以上时,总氮、总磷去除率分别高达85%、95%以上,极显著地提高了废水COD(p0.01)。添加1～4g/L醋酸,均会抑制胶球藻C-169的生长,降低废水净化效果。因此在使用C-169净化COD较高的废水时,可添加甘油作为其生长的碳源。     

Shaping Reactor Microbiomes to Produce the Fuel Precursor n-Butyrate from Pretreated Cellulosic Hydrolysates

To maximize the production of carboxylic acids with open cultures of microbial consortia (reactor microbiomes), we performed experiments to understand which factors affect the community dynamics and performance parameters. We operated six thermophilic (55 °C) bioreactors to test how the factors: (i) biomass pretreatment; (ii) bioreactor operating conditions; and (iii) bioreactor history (after perturbations during the operating period) affected total fermentation product and n-butyrate performance parameters with corn fiber as the cellulosic biomass waste. We observed a maximum total fermentation product yield of 39%, a n-butyrate yield of 23% (both on a COD basis), a maximum total fermentation production rate of 0.74 g COD l(-1) d(-1) and n-butyrate production rate of 0.47 g COD l(-1) d(-1) in bioreactors that were fed with dilute-acid pretreated corn fiber at a pH of 5.5. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes with constrained ordination and other statistical methods showed that changes in operating conditions to enable dilution of toxic carboxylic acid products, which lead to these maximum performance parameters, also altered the composition of the microbiome, and that the microbiome, in turn, affected the performance. Operating conditions are an important factor (tool for operators) to shape reactor microbiomes, but other factors, such as substrate composition after biomass pretreatment and bioreactor history are also important. Further optimization of operating conditions must relieve the toxicity of carboxylic acids at acidic bioreactor pH levels even more, and this can, for example, be accomplished by extracting the product from the bioreactor solutions.     

Anaerobic granular reactors for the treatment of dairy wastewater: A review

Considerable research has been conducted on the treatment of dairy wastewater by anaerobic granular reactors. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR) and static granular bed reactors (SGBR) are the conventional granular reactor types most commonly applied in dairy wastewater treatment. Hybrid systems have also been developed to increase treatment efficiency and overcome the operational problems associated with the treatment of this substrate. Effects of parameters including temperature, organic loading and operating protocols on the performance of granular reactors are summarised. Individual and hybrid granular reactors are evaluated based on organic matter removal and methane production capacity.     

Dynamic process response to sludge thickening behaviors in the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treating high-solids-content waste

Solid-liquid separation and its type greatly affected the stability and performance of the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for municipal sludge digestion. Flotation thickening occurred in mesophilic ASBR, while solid-liquid separation in thermophilic ASBR followed a gravity thickening. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) and cycle period as well as the type of thickening were key parameters governing sludge thickenability and critical solids accumulation. Thickened sludge volume was a critical operating variable in the ASBR with the gravity thickening, which had a poor performance because of the loss of thickened solids, and sludge interface disruption or instability of sludge bed due to internal gas evolution. A cyclic mutual effect between thickened volume and gas production was a serious in the gravity thickening, whereas it was insignificant in the flotation thickening.     

Using sludge fermentation liquid to improve wastewater short-cut nitrification-denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal via nitrite

Wastewater biological nutrient removal (BNR) by short-cut nitrification-denitrification (SCND) and denitrifying phosphorus removal via nitrite (DPRN) has several advantages, such as organic carbon source saving. In this paper, a new method, i.e., by using waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as BNR carbon source, for simultaneously improving SCND and DPRN was reported. First, the performance of SCND and DPRN with sludge fermentation liquid as carbon source was compared with acetic acid, which was commonly used in literatures. Sludge fermentation liquid showed much higher nitrite accumulation during aerobic nitrification than acetic acid (81.8% versus 40.9%), and the former had significant anoxic denitrification and phosphorus uptake. The soluble phosphorus and total nitrogen removal efficiencies with sludge fermentation liquid were much higher than with acetic acid (97.6% against 73.4% and 98.7% versus 79.2%). Then the mechanisms for sludge fermentation liquid showed higher SCND and DPRN than acetic acid were investigated from the aspects of wastewater composition, microorganisms assayed by 16S rRNA gene clone library, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. More NO(2)(-)-N accumulated by the use of sludge fermentation liquid was attributed to be more humic acids in the influent, which inhibited nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) more serious than ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and more AOB but less NOB were observed in the BNR system. The reasons for sludge fermentation liquid BNR system exhibiting greater short-cut denitrifying phosphorus removal were that there were less glycogen accumulating organisms and more phosphorus accumulating organisms and anoxic denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria with higher nitrite reductase activity.     

Relationship between solid retention time and phosphorus removal in anaerobic-intermittent aeration process

Solid retention time (SRT) is one of the most important control parameters in biological phosphorus removal. In this study, lab-scale biological nutrient removal (BNR) reactors using anaerobic-intermittent aeration (AIA) were operated at various SRTs (i.e., 15, 20, and 30 d) to evaluate their phosphorus removal efficiencies. Sludge wasting load decreased as SRT increased; however, the phosphorus content in the biomass increased as SRT increased. The highest phosphorus removal efficiency was 93% at an SRT of 20 d and the phosphorus wasting load was also highest at that SRT, which indicates that the optimal SRT for the highest phosphorus removal is not proportional to the phosphorus content in the biomass. Aerobic digestion experiments were also carried out to determine the number of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the biomass produced in different reactors. All three activated sludges from BNR at SRTs of 15, 20, and 30 d showed a slower volatile suspended solid (VSS) destruction rate and a larger amount of phosphorus released than the conventional activated sludge (CAS), suggesting that the activated sludge from BNR has more PAOs than CAS. Also, the sludge at an SRT of 30 d showed a slower VSS destruction rate and a larger amount of phosphorus released than the sludge at an SRT of 15 d, suggesting that PAOs are more predominant at longer SRTs. Thus, to improve phosphorus removal efficiency, it is recommended that SRT be increased to maximize the number of PAOs in the system and that SRT be determined to maximize phosphorus wasting load.     

牡丹籽油亚临界流体萃取工艺优化

采用亚临界流体技术萃取牡丹籽油,通过正交试验对制油工艺进行优化,并对此法所得牡丹籽油的脂肪酸
组成及理化性质进行分析。结果表明,最优萃取工艺条件为萃取温度50 ℃、萃取压强0.5 MPa、每次萃取30 min、
萃取3 次,该条件下牡丹籽出油率达24.16 %。所得牡丹籽油共鉴定出12 种脂肪酸,主要为亚麻酸（45.412 2%）、
亚油酸（38.119 9%）、棕榈酸（11.124 6%）和硬脂酸（3.648 9%）。其理化指标为：相对密度0.901 3、折光指数
1.474 2、酸值3.25 mg KOH/g、碘值175 g I2/100 g、皂化值176 mg KOH/g、过氧化值1.48 meq/kg。     

产DHA破囊壶菌Aurantiochytrium sp. HX2019010的筛选及其脂肪酸组成分析

为筛选产二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)菌株,从厦门市红树林的海水腐木中分离到一株球状真菌HX2019010,通过扫描电镜观察,测定ITS序列,与Genbank数据库比对,该菌株与破囊壶菌相似性较高。选取ITS序列相似性较高的相近菌株构建的进化树表明,菌株HX2019010与Aurantiochytrium类群聚为一枝,自举检验值较高,初步定名为Aurantiochytrium sp. HX2019010。该菌株在发酵罐中可产生较高浓度的DHA,98 h发酵后生物量达108.27 g/L,总油脂达28.43 g/L,DHA达9.17 g/L。细胞脂肪酸组成分析结果表明,该菌株所产脂肪酸主要为棕榈酸、DHA、肉豆蔻酸等;脂肪酸组成受培养时间或培养条件的影响,总量可达细胞干重的26.26%, 其中DHA占脂肪酸总量的32.25%-45.86%。