方便米粉的水分吸附和热力学特性

为了给方便米粉的加工和贮藏过程提供理论指导,根据吸附原理,在环境温度分别为15、25 ℃和35 ℃时,采用静态称量法研究方便米粉的吸附等温线。采用7 个常见的非线性回归方程对吸附实验进行拟合,以决定系数、平均相对偏差和标准估计误差为评价指标,确定最佳拟合模型及其参数,探讨方便米粉水分吸附过程中净等量吸附热、微分吸附熵和焓熵互补等热力学性质的变化。结果表明,方便米粉的水分吸附特性属于II型等温线,Peleg和GAB模型都适合描述方便米粉的水分吸附特性。用GAB模型拟合得到的单分子层水分含量X0在15、25 ℃和35 ℃下分别为9.23%、8.34%和7.65%（干基）。在水分吸附过程中,方便米粉的净等量吸附热和微分吸附熵都会随着平衡水分含量的升高而明显下降;同时,存在焓熵补偿现象;根据实验结果绘制净等量吸附热与微分吸附熵的关系图,计算获得方便米粉的吸附过程属于焓驱动和自发过程。本研究对方便米粉贮藏条件选择和进一步评估不同贮藏条件下方便米粉的贮藏期具有指导作用。     

花椒吸附等温线及热力学性质

采用静态称质量法,测定花椒在20、30、40 ℃,水分活度为0.005～0.982条件下的吸湿特性,绘制出花椒的吸附等温线。结果表明,花椒吸附等温线属于Ⅲ型等温线,在同一温度下,花椒的平衡含水率随水分活度的增加而增加。用8 种经典吸附模型对其进行拟合比较,Oswin模型效果最优,其次是GAB模型。Oswin模型的决定系数R2达到了0.999,平均相对误差E值为4.11%～8.13%。根据上述模型得到花椒的相对安全含水率与绝对安全含水率约为0.06 kg/kg与0.045 kg/kg。热力学性质显示,花椒属于毛细管多孔特性;当花椒的含水率超过0.08 kg/kg时,水同物料的结合能及净等量吸附热较低,花椒中的水分较易去除;花椒的平均单位质容量的范围为13～18 mol/J,可以根据平均单位质容量来选择最合理的预处理方法和干燥方法。     

菊花粉水分吸附等温线及热力学特性

为提高菊花粉的贮藏稳定性,分别在20、30℃和40℃下,采用静态称量法对黄山贡菊粉和金丝皇菊粉的水分吸附等温线进行研究,同时探讨水分吸附过程净等量吸附热、微分熵、熵-焓互补理论、固体单位吸附表面积及有效孔径等热力学特性.结果表明,黄山贡菊粉和金丝皇菊粉的水分吸附遵循Ⅱ型等温线.Peleg模型最适合描述菊花粉水分吸附特性...     

Water Sorption Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation Based on Isotherms of Plum Skin and Pulp

ABSTRACT: The net isosteric heat and entropy of water sorption were calculated for plum, based on sorption isotherms obtained by the static gravimetric method at different temperatures (20 to 70 °C). The Guggenheim-Andersonde Boer model was applied to the experimental data giving a good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The net isosteric heat of water sorption, estimated by applying Claussius-Clapeyron equation to sorption isotherms, was found to be different for plum skin and pulp, mainly at low moisture contents, and could be well adjusted by an empirical exponential relationship. Plots of enthalpy in contrast to entropy provided the isokinetic temperatures for skin and pulp, indicating an enthalpy-controlled sorption process. Thermodynamic data on water sorption for plums are not found in literature, as opposed to prunes for which the data are abundant.     

花生壳/仁的吸附等温线与热力学特性

为了解花生壳与花生仁的含水率、水分活度(a_w)与温度的关系,提高花生的贮藏稳定性。研究花生壳与花生仁在10、20、30℃时的吸附等温线;探讨花生壳与花生仁的净等量吸附热(q_(st))、微分熵(S_d)、扩张压力、积分熵、积分焓、熵-焓互补、玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等热力学特性。结果表明,花生壳与花生仁的水分吸附呈Ⅲ型等温线。温度一定时,花生壳与花生仁的干基含水率随a_w增加而增加。描述花生壳与花生仁吸附特性的最适模型为GAB模型。花生壳与花生仁的q_(st)与S_d均随含水率增加而降低。扩张压力随a_w增加而升高,但随温度升高而降低。积分焓随含水率增加而降低,而积分熵随含水率增加而升高。花生壳的q_(st)和S_d均高于花生仁,而同一温度条件下花生仁的扩张压力高于花生壳。含水率相同时,花生仁积分焓低于花生壳,而花生仁的积分熵则高于花生壳。花生壳与花生仁水分吸附过程均为焓驱动、自发过程。花生壳与花生仁的T_g随含水率增加而降低,相同含水率时,花生壳的T_g值高于花生仁。根据状态图得到温度为10℃时,花生壳与花生仁的临界水分活度与临界含水率分别为0.80、0.175 4 g/g与0.68、0.095 5 g/g。研究结果可为花生干制工艺及其干制品贮藏稳定性提供理论依据。     

Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Canola Meals, and Applications to Packaging

Moisture sorption isotherms were determined for defatted canola meal at 16, 22, and 34°C. The isotherms were fitted to the Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) sorption equation. This equation was then used to develop a packaging model that predicted the changes of moisture con-tent of canola meal under stated environmental and packaging conditions. The model was tested using Melinex 813 (12 μm) and Propafilm C (28 μm) packaging films at 86% relative humidity and 23°C. The GAB equation provided a good fit to experimental data (<3% RMS). The monolayer moisture content of the meal was 9.5%. The enthalpy of sorption of the monolayer at 22°C was 84.61 KJ/mol. The model predicted the time required by packaged canola to attain a selected moisture content ± 0.5 days.     

南美白对虾壳与虾肉热力学性质比较研究

为了解南美白对虾壳(PV-S)与虾肉(PV)水分活度(aw)、含水率与温度关系,研究了PV-S与PV的吸附等温线及热力学性质。PV-S与PV水分吸附分别呈Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型等温线,描述PV-S与PV吸附特性的最适模型分别为Blahovec-Yanniotis和GAB模型。PV-S与PV净等量吸附热、微分熵随含水率增加而降低。扩张压力随aw增加而升高,随温度升高而降低。PV积分焓随含水率增加而降低,PV-S积分焓随含水率增加呈先增加后降低趋势。PV积分熵随含水率增加而增加,PV-S积分熵随含水率增加呈先降低后增加趋势。PV-S与PV水分吸附过程为焓驱动且符合熵-焓互补理论。含水率0.20 g/g时,PV-S净等量吸附热、微分熵高于PV。PV扩张压力与积分熵低于PV-S,而PV积分焓则高于PV-S。含水率为0.07 g/g时,PV-S积分焓与积分熵分别达到最大值(1.91 k J/mol)与最小值[-14.34 J/(mol K)]。研究结果可为南美白对虾干制工艺及干制品贮藏稳定性提供科学依据。     

Effect of Glycerol on Water Vapor Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Starch/Clay Composite Films

Plasticized starch/clay composite films were prepared by casting aqueous solutions containing oxidized corn starch, different concentrations of glycerol as a plasticizer and 5% clay (sodium montmorillonite, Na⁺‐MMT) on the basis of dry starch. The water‐binding properties of the composite films were evaluated by water vapor sorption isotherms at room temperature and various relative humidities (RHs). Mechanical properties and abrasion resistance were also analyzed for the films with varying glycerol contents at 68% RH and room temperature. Changes in water sorption isotherms suggested that glycerol interacted with both water and starch in a complicated way. A saturation phenomenon of glycerol, depending on RH, was observed based on the isotherms. Above this saturation content, phase separation of the system occurred with the appearance of free glycerol. According to mechanical performance and abrasion resistance, as well as water vapor sorption of the starch blend films, the three‐stage transition was presented to be related to the state of glycerol in the blend system, i.e. adsorption of glycerol onto H‐bonding sites of starch, supersaturation of glycerol as plasticizer and further supersaturation of glycerol. Only above the supersaturation content can glycerol play a plasticizer role in starch‐based composites.     

谷物湿热平衡新模型及热力学特性的研究

建立谷物平衡水分与相对湿度在不同温度下的关系模型,并利用小麦、玉米、水稻、大米的静态平衡试验数据进行拟合。结果表明,该方程适合描述小麦、玉米、水稻、大米的等温线,可直接求解出谷物的平衡水分。另外,根据所建立的模型,预测了不同温度条件下的安全储藏水分,并对谷物的热力学性能进行了分析:吸着等热值随着平衡水分值的减小而增加,解吸等热值增加更为显著;解吸和吸附过程中吸着等热值均高于水汽化潜热;平衡水分大于25%后,吸着等热值趋于稳定,与汽化潜热值接近;根据分析所得数据,拟合了小麦、稻谷、玉米解吸与吸附过程的吸着等热曲线回归方程,为以能量化的观念实施粮仓作业管理,实现高效、合理、节能储粮提供了有利依据。     

Water Vapor Adsorption Isotherms of Guava, Mango and Pineapple

Isotherms were determined at 25° and 50°C, using an electronic water activity meter. For the 3 fruits temperature had practically no effect on the isotherms. Sorption capacity of freeze-dried pineapple was higher than that for vacuum dried. The higher sorption capacity of mango and pineapple in comparison to guava corresponded to the respective sugar contents of the fruits.     

食品及纸质食品包装材料中氯丙醇危害与检测方法

对食品及纸质食品包装材料中氯丙醇的生物危害进行了分析,列举了各国相关标准中对食品及纸质食品包装材料中氯丙醇类的限量值要求,并对目前各类标准和相关研究中提出的氯丙醇类检测方法进行了分析比较,为食品及纸质食品包装材料中氯丙醇类的检测提供借鉴。     

改善食品包装纸浆模塑材料的机械性能研究

为了拓展纸浆模塑餐具的纤维原料来源以及改善纸浆模塑材料的机械性能,本研究较系统地探讨了4种纤维原料的特性、打浆适应性、外添助剂及模压参数对纸浆模塑材料机械性能的影响。结果表明,与100%蔗渣浆相比,添加一定量的漂白化学竹浆、漂白化学针叶木浆、漂白化机阔叶木浆均能提升纸浆模塑材料的机械强度,其中阔叶木浆与蔗渣浆之间存在协同增效作用,相较于100%蔗渣浆,阔叶木浆与蔗渣浆以1∶1复配时使得纸浆模塑材料的抗张指数、耐破指数和挺度分别提高了22.0%、65.8%、12.4%;外添助剂中,改性淀粉的增强效果最好,相较于未添加助剂的蔗渣浆模塑材料,当其添加量为1.5%时,抗张指数、耐破指数、挺度分别提高了15.3%、28.3%、9.8%;纸浆模塑材料热压成型过程中,压力对其机械性能影响最大,实验条件下最佳模压参数为170℃、60 s、0.5 MPa。     

明胶与卡拉胶共凝胶体的热力学特性及微观结构的研究

本文通过对明胶与卡拉胶共凝胶体的热力学特性及微观结构的研究,得出明胶与卡拉胶形成的凝胶体的热力学特性随两种大分子的配比、体系的pH值、及盐浓度的不同而不同.微观结构的研究表明胶体的结构决定了其宏观功能特性的表现,两种大子在不同的条件下,其发生作hi的方式不同.     

乳清粉对高筋粉热力学和糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、粉质仪和拉伸仪研究乳清粉对高筋粉热力学特性、糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响。DSC测试结果表明添加3.0%和5.0%乳清粉时,高筋粉的糊化起始温度和热焓值较空白高筋粉(未添加乳清粉)明显上升。RVA测试结果显示混合粉的峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值及回生值随着乳清粉添加量的增加呈下降趋势,糊化温度呈上升趋势。粉质试验结果表明添加乳清粉显著降低了高筋粉的吸水率和面团形成时间,增加了面团的稳定时间和粉质质量指数。拉伸试验结果显示面团的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比例随着乳清粉含量的增加呈上升趋势,延伸度则呈下降的趋势。总体而言,添加乳清粉增强了高筋粉的热稳定性和抗老化能力,优化了面团的流变学特性。     

Physicochemical,Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Corn Starch and Chitosan Composite Films

Biodegradable flexible films were developed from corn starch (CS) and chitosan (CH); their microstructure, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. Chitosan and starch blend filmogenic suspensions showed a pseudoplastic behavior, similar to that of chitosan solutions. Smooth surfaces, homogeneous and compact film structures were observed from microstructure studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of glycerol reduced film opacity and increased film solubility of both CS and composite CS‐CH films. Water vapor permeability values of composite CS‐CH films plasticized with glycerol ranged between 3.76 and 4.54× 10⁻¹¹ g s⁻¹ m⁻¹ Pa⁻¹, lower than those of the single component films. CS‐CH films were resistant and their flexibility increased with glycerol addition. Tensile strength values of CS‐CH films were comparable to those of low‐density and high‐density polyethylenes but lower than that obtained for cellophane, however, composite biodegradable films showed lower elongation at break values than the synthetic commercial ones. In conclusion, CS‐CH films can be described as biofilms with a homogeneous matrix, stable structure and interesting water barrier and mechanical properties, with great possibilities of utilization, and with the advantage of biodegradability.     

Sorption Characteristics of Soy Protein Films and their Relation to Mechanical Properties

Effects of plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, and 1:1 mixture of glycerol and sorbitol) on moisture sorption characteristics of hydrophilic soy protein isolate (SPI) films were investigated at three levels of plasticizer concentration (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 g plasticizer/g SPI). The combined effects of relative humidity and plasticizer on mechanical properties of soy protein films were also examined. Moisture affinities of soy protein films were affected by hydrophilicity of plasticizer and its concentration. Under given RH conditions, films with higher glycerol ratio absorbed more moisture with higher initial adsorption rate, and films with higher plasticizer contents exhibited higher equilibrium moisture contents. Monolayer moisture contents of SPI films increased as glycerol ratio in a plasticizer mixture and plasticizer concentration increased. Plasticizer and absorbed water loosened the film synergistically, resulting in higher elongation but lower tensile strength. RH effects on mechanical properties of SPI films were varied with plasticizers and their concentration. Films of lower glycerol contents were more sensitive to RH variation as compared to the higher glycerol samples, whereas sorbitol concentration affected the RH region where a sharp decrease in TS value occurred.     

我国纸质与塑料食品包装材料生产使用现状与安全性评价

介绍了常见的食品包装用材料及制品,主要有纸质食品包装、各种塑料食品包装,并分别对其材质、特点和目前的生产使用现状进行了介绍及评价,各种材质的食品包装其使用范围和用法都是各不相同的,消费者在使用中要注意哪些问题、生产者对产品质量如何把控等,均给出了相关指导和建议     

多糖聚合物涂层对纸基包装材料水蒸气阻隔性能的研究进展

纸基包装材料在一定湿度环境中具有较高的水蒸气渗透性,这极大地限制了其在食品包装领域的广泛应用。多糖聚合物涂层的纸基包装材料充分利用多糖聚合物良好的成膜性能和生物相容性及木质纤维材料优异的强度性能,在水蒸气高阻隔材料领域具有一定的应用潜力。本文介绍了4种常用多糖聚合物（纤维素、淀粉、壳聚糖和海藻酸盐）的理化性质,从传质小分子性质（极性和非极性）考虑,分析了多糖聚合物本身的结构特点及其在水蒸气阻隔方面存在的问题;重点探讨了通过化学改性（酯化、醚化、接枝和交联等）和使用有机/无机纳米填料（纤维素纳米晶、纳米黏土和纳米金属氧化物等）提高多糖聚合物涂层水蒸气阻隔性能的研究进展;最后,提出了多糖聚合物涂层纸基包装材料的未来研究方向及发展趋势。