用表面粗化ITO的欧姆接触提高GaN基LED性能

应用ICP干法刻蚀工艺和自然光刻技术,制备了ITO表面粗化的GaN基LED芯片。聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒在干法刻蚀中作为刻蚀掩膜。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察ITO薄膜的粗糙度,并且报道了优化的粗化工艺参数。结果表明,ITO表面粗化的GaN基LED芯片同传统的表面光滑的芯片相比在20 mA的驱动电流下,发光强度提高了70%。     

表面粗化对GaN基垂直结构LED出光效率的影响

用加热后的KOH水溶液腐蚀GaN材料的N极性面,用以提高GaN基垂直结构发光二极管(LED)的出光效率。经过湿法腐蚀后,构成N极性面的表面晶粒尺寸和密度成为影响垂直结构LED提取效率的主要因素,通过分析不同腐蚀条件下晶粒尺寸和密度与出光效率间的关系,得到最优化的粗化条件,使得器件的提取效率达到最佳。经由浓度为30%、温度为60℃的KOH溶液腐蚀后,未封装的垂直结构LED芯片的提取效率增加了近1倍。     

侧面粗化提高GaN基LED出光效率研究

通过对传统结构LED出光分析,提出采用侧面粗化来提高GaN基LED出光效率的方法,使用蒙特卡罗光子追踪方法对器件出光效率进行了模拟。结果表明:粗化侧面为三角状、底角为55°时出光效率最高,随机粗化可以获得比固定角度粗化更高的出光效率,同时降低材料的吸收系数可以提高LED的出光效率,在吸收系数为10/cm时,经过粗化后的LED出光效率可以达到46.1%。模拟结果证明侧面粗化可以较大地提高LED的出光效率。     

表面粗化提高GaN基LED光提取效率的模拟

影响GaN基LED的外量子效率低下的主要因素是光子在半导体和空气界面处的全反射.根据实际芯片建立LED模型,利用蒙特卡罗方法进行光线追迹模拟,分析了光子的主要损耗对出光效率的影响.计算不同的表面粗化微元,微元尺寸及微元底角对LED光提取效率的影响;比较不同微元形成的光场分布.模拟显示:所设计最佳的表面粗化结构在理想状况下可以提高光提取效率3倍以上.     

采用ICP干法刻蚀ITO提高GaN基LED的特性

针对常规双电极蓝宝石衬底GaN基LED,为了提高出光效率,在P-GaN表面生长一层ITO作为电流扩展层和增透膜。但是,在腐蚀ITO的过程中,经常会遇到ITO被侧向腐蚀的问题。本文中,通过湿法腐蚀得到的ITO薄膜大概被腐蚀掉6.43%～1/3的面积。这个问题可以通过ICP干法刻蚀来解决,ICP干法刻蚀能很好的改善ITO侧向腐蚀,并且工艺简单,能很好的改善LED器件的特性。得到的ITO薄膜边缘陡峭,面积完整,相较于湿法腐蚀ITO,在工作中ICP干法刻蚀ITO的LED,发光面积最少能提高6.43%,光强最高能提高45.9%。     

GaN基光子晶体发光二极管的优化设计

构建了基于空气孔型Ga N平板光子晶体(PC)的层状发光二极管(LED)模型。基于平面波展开方法,得到了空气孔型平板光子晶体的能带结构,分析了空气孔半径对禁带宽度的影响,得出最大禁带宽度约为21.5%。设置电偶极子位于Ga N介质层的中心,并在x-y平面内极化,辐射源采用高斯形脉冲,波长取为450 nm,采用三维的时域有限差分法计算LED的出光效率,讨论了平板光子晶体的厚度和空气孔的半径对层状LED的相对出光效率的影响,结果表明:存在最优结构参数值获得最高的相对出光效率,其值约为2。     

具有AlGaN/GaN超晶格的GaN基LED的PL分析

主要分析了具有p-ALGaN/GaN超晶格的360 nmGaN基LED的光学性能。插入的p-ALGaN/GaN超晶格结构可以看做是提高空穴注入的空穴限制层。经过PL测试发现,PL谱出现了明显的双峰以及蓝带发光,前者是由插入的超晶格引起,而蓝带荧光则是由超晶格中深能级N空位与Mg浅受主能级之前的辐射跃迁引起的。     

具有背面反射镜的GaN基高压LED

High-voltage light-emitting diodes （HV-LED） with backside reflector, including Ti305/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflector （DBR） or hybrid reflector combining DBR and Al or Ag metal layer, are investigated using Monte Carlo ray tracing method. The hybrid reflector leads to more enhancement of light-extraction efficiency （LEE）. Moreover, the LEE can also be improved by redesigning the thicknesses of DBR. HV-LED with four redesigned DBR pairs （4-MDBR）, and those with a hybrid reflector combining 4-MDBR and Al metal layer （4-MDBR-Al）, are fabricated. Compared to 4-MDBR, the enhancement of light-output power induced by 4-MDBR-A1 is 4.6%, which is consistent with the simulated value of 4.9%.     

p型InGaN/GaN超晶格N面GaN基LED的光电特性

随着氮(N)面GaN材料生长技术的发展,基于N面GaN衬底的高亮度发光二极管(LED)的研究具有重要的科学意义.研究了具有高发光功率的N面GaN基蓝光LED的新型结构设计,通过在N面LED的电子阻挡层和多量子阱有源层之间插入p型InGaN/GaN超晶格来提高有源层中的载流子注入效率.为了对比N面GaN基LED优异的器件性能,同时设计了具有相同结构的Ga面LED.通过对两种LED结构的电致发光特性、有源层中能带图、电场和载流子浓度分布进行比较可以发现,N面LED在输出功率和载流子注入效率上比Ga面LED有明显的提升,从而表明N面GaN基LED具有潜在的应用前景.     

Organic/metal hybrid cathode for transparent organic light-emitting diodes

We report a highly transparent organic/metal hybrid cathode of a Cs-doped electron transport layer (Cs-ETL)/Ag for transparent organic light-emitting diode (TOLED) applications. Particular attention is paid to the surface morphology on the Ag film and its influence on the optical transparency and electrical conductivity. With the use of Cs-ETL, a smooth and continuous surface morphology of Ag film was achieved, leading to a high transmittance of ～75% in TOLED with a low sheet resistance of 4.5 Ω/Sq in cathode film. We successfully applied our Cs-ETL/Ag transparent cathode to fabricate highly transparent OLEDs. Our approach suggests a new electrode structure for transparent OLED applications.     

Carbazole/triphenylamine-cyanobenzimidazole hybrid bipolar host materials for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

With a view to attain balanced charge flux for higher device performance of PhOLEDs, we have used carbazole/triphenyl amine as hole transporting moiety and cyano along with benzimidazole as electron transporting core in 3-Cbz-ImdCN, 4-Cbz-ImdCN and TPA-ImdCN. Their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties have been evaluated to shed light on structure-property-performance relationship. Good performances have been exhibited by these bipolar host materials in green PhOLEDs with maximum external quantum efficiencies were observed in the range of 5.3–11.5% using Ir(ppy)₃ emitter. Further, 3-Cbz-ImdCN hosted orange and red PhOLEDs with the Ir(MDQ)₂acac and Ir(piq)₂acac emitters revealed the external quantum efficiencies of 5.1% and 6.3%, respectively. In all the devices pure emission was observed from dopants only which clearly implies that the devices possess effective energy transfer from the host to the guest.     

AlGaN/GaN层叠结构插入层改善氮化镓基发光二极管抗静电性能研究

在GaN基发光二极管的uGaN与nGaN之间插入AlGaN/GaN层叠结构,增大了外延层的张应力,降低了外延层中的穿透位错密度,改善了外延材料的质量。对比了AlGaN/GaN层叠结构中不同Al组分对LED的抗静电能力的影响,含6.8%铝组分AlGaN/GaN层叠结构的LED人体模式抗静电能力提高到了6000V,合格率超过了95%。     

Improved III-nitrides based light-emitting diodes anti-electrostatic discharge capacity with an AlGaN/GaN stack insert layer

Through insertion of an AlGaN/GaN stack between the u-GaN and n-GaN of GaN-based light-emitting diodes(LEDs),the strain in the epilayer was increased,the dislocation density was reduced.GaN-based LEDs with different Al compositions were compared.6.8%Al composition in the stacks showed the highest electrostatic discharge(ESD) endurance ability at the human body mode up to 6000 V and the pass yield exceeded 95%.     

Efficient single layer RGB phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

We report efficient single layer red, green, and blue (RGB) phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a “direct hole injection into and transport on triplet dopant” strategy. In particular, red dopant tris(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium [Ir(piq)₃], green dopant tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium [Ir(ppy)₃], and blue dopant bis(3,5-difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl)iridium [FIrpic] were doped into an electron transporting 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl)benzene (TPBi) host, respectively, to fabricate RGB single layer devices with indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and LiF/Al cathode. It is found that the maximum current efficiencies of the devices are 3.7, 34.5, and 6.8 cd/A, respectively. Moreover, by inserting a pure dopant buffer layer between the ITO anode and the emission layer, the efficiencies are improved to 4.9, 43.3, and 9.8 cd/A, respectively. It is worth noting that the current efficiency of the green simplified device was as high as 34.6 cd/A, even when the luminance was increased to 1000 cd/m² at an extremely low applied voltage of only 4.3 V. A simple accelerated aging test on the green device also shows the lifetime decay of the simplified device is better than that of a traditional multilayered one.     

Investigation of n-ohmic contact of vertical GaN-based light-emitting diodes on graphite substrate with Ag-In bonding

Vertical light-emitting diodes (VLEDs) were successfully transferred from a GaN-based sapphire substrate to a graphite substrate by using low-temperature and cost-effective Ag-In bonding, followed by the removal of the sapphire substrate using a laser lift-off (LLO) technique. One reason for the high thermal stability of the AgIn bonding compounds is that both the bonding metals and Cr/Au n-ohmic contact metal are capable of surviving annealing temperatures in excess of 600 °C. Therefore, the annealing of n-ohmic contact was performed at temperatures of 400 °C and 500 °C for 1 min in ambient air by using the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. The performance of the n-ohmic contact metal in VLEDs on a graphite substrate was investigated in this study. As a result, the final fabricated VLEDs (chip size: 1000 µm×1000 µm) demonstrated excellent performance with an average output power of 538.64 mW and a low operating voltage of 3.21 V at 350 mA, which corresponds to an enhancement of 9.3% in the light output power and a reduction of 1.8% in the forward voltage compared to that without any n-ohmic contact treatment. This points to a high level of thermal stability and cost-effective Ag-In bonding, which is promising for application to VLED fabrication.     

Light extraction enhancement in organic light-emitting diodes through polyimide/porous silica hybrid films

In this work, light extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a spin-coated polyimide/porous silica hybrids were enhanced. The polyimide/porous silica thin films (C1 and C2) were accomplished by spin coating a hybrid film composed of a polyimide-silica composite blended with various amount of porous silica nanoparticles into the opposite site of ITO glass. The optical, thermal, and morphology properties were controlled by adding various amount of porous silica. The incorporation of light extraction layer improved the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) by as much as 24.8% based on integrating sphere measurement condition when compared to that of a reference device without a light extraction layer. Furthermore, the device utilizing the light extraction layer showed identical EL spectra as the reference device did. Additionally, the optical emission distribution of the device was close to the Lambertian profile. The polyimide/porous silica hybrids demonstrated in this work are useful and efficient for OLED device for the enhancement of EL performance, indicating the potential in a wide range of applications, such as displays, lightings and so on.     

Phosphorescent dye-doped hole transporting layer for organic light-emitting diodes

Hole transport materials are critical to the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). While 1,1-bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane (TAPC) with a high triplet energy is widely used for high efficiency phosphorescent OLEDs, devices using TAPC as a hole transport layer (HTL) have a short operating lifetime due to the build-up of trapped charges at the TAPC/emitting layer (EML) interface during device operation. In this work, to solve the operating stability problem, instead of using conventional HTLs, we use a(fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium (III))(Ir(ppy)₃) doped layer as an HTL to replace the conventional HTLs. Because of the hole injecting and transporting abilities of the phosphorescent dye, holes can be directly injected into the emitting layer without an injection barrier. OLEDs based on a phosphorescent dye-doped HTL show significant improvement in operational stability without loss of efficiency.