基于最大时间约束的零部件供应商价格谈判模型

为了控制基于网络谈判过程中的谈判成本,提出了一种基于最大时间控制策略的零部件供应商谈判方法。首先研究了谈判成本的构成问题,分别为显性谈判成本和隐性谈判成本。为了满足谈判过程中对零部件供货期的不同要求,提出了异步非实时谈判策略和同步实时谈判策略。通过设定最大谈判时间,给出了供应商价格谈判的离散数学模型。在该模型中,既考虑了谈判双方对价格问题的一致性要求,也考虑了谈判双方所必须满足的最大谈判时间约束。最后,基于该模型,给出了谈判双方所开展的谈判流程的具体分析。     

随机需求和提前期环境下的精确库存成本建模

在随机需求和随机提前期环境下,用传统的方法对库存成本进行建模时,得到的结果是不精确甚至是错误的,在需求分布不规则时则很难进行成本的精确建模.为解决这类问题,使用微元法的建模思想,对随机需求和随机提前期环境下的(Q,r)库存成本模型进行了精确的建模,并在建模过程中考虑了需求离散抵达和连续抵达两种情形.针对最常见的需求依泊松流抵达的情形,进行了精确的建模并分析其属性.最后,使用遗传算法进行了仿真分析.     

Development of preparation methods for and insights obtained from atomic force microscopy of fluid spaces in cortical bone

Several preparation methods were developed to investigate the dimensions and surface structure of fluid spaces within cortical bone, using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Of special interest was the morphology of the lacunocanalicular system, which serves as a conduit between osteocytes encased in bone tissue, the intramedullary cavity, blood vessels running through the bone, and the periosteal surface of bone. Fracture and the removal of either the mineral or the organic component is a method by which each component can be investigated at a very high resolution in situ. Although fractured bone was too rough to image details of the lacunocanalicular system, post-treatment with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or papain allowed for investigation of the collagen matrix or the mineral crystals of bone, respectively. Cut and polished bone was smooth enough for identifying the lacunae of bone using AFM, but unambiguous differentiation between the canaliculi and cracks in the bone surface was not possible. However, when the lacunocanalicular system was filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), it was possible to image casts of the lacunocanalicular system by selectively etching away the surrounding bone matrix. Using this method, we identified individual canaliculi and measured their dimensions. Furthermore, by carefully etching away the bone matrix in successive etches, it was shown that the wall structure of the canaliculus is dominated by collagen fibrils. These observations have important implications for fluid flow in bone.     

The osteogenic effects of swimming on bone mass,strength, and microarchitecture in rats with unloading‐induced bone loss

The effect of nonweight‐bearing exercise on osteoporotic bones remains controversial and inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming on osteoporotic tibias of rats submitted to hindlimb suspension. Initially, 20 Wistar rats were used to confirm a significant bone loss following 21 days of unloading. Thirty rats were then divided into 3 groups and followed during 51 days: CON (nonsuspended rats), S + WB (suspended rats for 21 days and then released for regular weight‐bearing) and, S + Swim (suspended rats for 21 days and then released from suspension and submitted to swimming exercise). We observed that swimming exercise was effective at fully recovering the bone deterioration caused by suspension, with significant increments in BMD, bone strength and bone volume. On the other hand, regular weight‐bearing failed at fully restoring the bone loss induced by unloading. These results indicate that swimming exercise may be a potential tool to improve bone density, strength, and trabecular volume in tibias with bone loss induced by mechanical unloading in suspended rats. We conclude that this modality of activity could be beneficial in improving bone mass, strength, and architecture in osteoporotic individuals induced by disuse, such as bed rest or those exposed to microgravity, who may not be able to perform weight‐bearing exercises. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:784–791, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

一种具有时间和空间分辨的等离子体光谱测量系统(英文)

等离子体光谱分析技术和设备作为一种非介入式测量方法,不干扰等离子体本身,在近年来得到广泛应用。随着其工业应用的增加,能够实现空间和时间分辨的光谱检测方法和装置越来越重要。因此,本文提出了一种能实现空间和时间分辨的等离子体光谱检测方法。采用中空探针法实现空间分辨光谱诊断,可以获得等离子体能量分布、等离子体内温度测量等功能。同时,本方法采用多信息同步采集触发方法,将等离子体电信号和高速摄像信息作为时间标尺,实现对等离子体瞬时状态的时间分辨分析。工业应用表明本文的方法可以很好地应用于等离子体的在线诊断。     

行驶时间延迟的物流配送干扰管理模型及算法

针对物流配送过程中某路段行驶时间延迟而导致物流配送计划无法实现的难题,运用干扰管理方法,从客户满意度、驾驶员满意度和配送成本三方面衡量物流配送系统的扰动程度。针对带有时间窗的物流配送车辆路径问题,建立了目标规划数学模型,设计了用于求解该类问题的一种遗传算法,该算法采用二维染色体结构,以及适合多目标决策模型的适应值计算方法。最后,通过算例验证了所提干扰管理模型及算法的有效性。     

Determination of drugs and drug‐like compounds in different samples with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Direct analysis in real time (DART), a relatively new ionization source for mass spectrometry, ionizes small‐molecule components from different kinds of samples without any sample preparation and chromatographic separation. The current paper reviews the published data available on the determination of drugs and drug‐like compounds in different matrices with DART‐MS, including identification and quantitation issues. Parameters that affect ionization efficiency and mass spectra composition are also discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:875–883, 2011     

Process mean, process tolerance, and use time determination for product life application under deteriorating process

Robust design can significantly improve a producer’s competitive ability to deliver high-quality products with low development cycle time, quality loss, failure cost, and tolerance cost. However, during usage by a consumer, the functional performance of a product or some of its components may change as use time passes, leading to unexpected product failure that is usually costly in both time and money. The cost of these failures may influence the determination of optimal use time and optimal initial settings as compensation for the possible process mean changes during consumer usage. In addition to finding use time and initial settings for proper quality performance, the determination of process mean and tolerance also needs to be considered. As is known, changes in process means acquired quality loss and variability, while process tolerance has an effect on tolerance-related costs and quality loss. Because there exists a dependency among use time, initial setting of process mean, process mean, and process tolerance, these values must be determined simultaneously. Thus, in this paper, an optimization model with an acceptable reliability value is developed to minimize total cost, including quality loss, failure cost, and tolerance cost, by determining optimal use time, initial settings, process mean, and process tolerance, simultaneously. Applications of single and multiple components are presented to explain the proposed models. Finally, sensitivity analysis and model discussions on some decision variables are performed.     

Finite time stability and controller design for nonlinear impulsive sampled-data systems with applications

This paper investigates the finite time stability (FTS) for nonlinear impulsive sampled-data systems. By constructing an appropriated Lyapunov function and employing average impulsive interval (AII) method, some FTS criteria for the nonlinear impulsive sampled-data systems are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be easily verified via the LMI toolbox. The hybrid controller including sampled-data controller and impulsive controller is designed via the established LMIs. Moreover, the impulse effect considered in this paper including stabilizing impulse and destabilizing impulse. Our developed results are less conservative than the recent work in the literature. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to show the applications of the proposed criteria.     

Low‐temperature glycol methacrylate resin embedding method: A protocol suitable for bone marrow immunohistochemistry,PCR, and fish analysis

Molecular analyses such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are demanded to improve diagnostic accuracy in addition to immunohistopathology of bone marrow (BM) trephine specimens. Conventional BM embedding method needs decalcification, and its procedure may impair tissue morphology and DNA quality. Here, we report an undecalcified method by which glycol methacrylate resin is polymerized at low temperature (4°C). Using this method, BM enzyme activity and antigenic determinants are well preserved, and moreover, DNA extracted from plastic embedding sections is suitable for PCR amplification and sequencing, FISH analysis can be well done because of the DNA integrity of BM sections. If working with BM trephine specimen, our protocol offers the possibility to combine superior morphology with modern molecular analysis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:1067–1071, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Topography of four different endodontic rotary systems, before and after being used for the 12th time

Root canal preparation may damage NiTi instruments resulting in wear and deformation. The aim of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of the surface topography of the cervical third of four different rotary systems, before and after being used twelve times, in 1.440 resin blocks with simulated root canals with standardized 45° curvatures, and analyzed by atomic force microscopy &#150; AFM. The blocks were divided into four groups and prepared according to the manufacturers recommendations: Group 1 ‐ K3®; Group 2 ‐ Protaper Universal®; Group 3 ‐ Twisted Files® and Group 4 ‐ Biorace®. After each preparation, the instruments were washed and autoclaved. A total of 240 instruments were selected, being 30 new instruments and 30 after having been used for the 12th time, from each group. These instruments were analyzed by AFM and for quantitative evaluation, the mean RMS (Root mean square) values of the cervical third of the specimens from the four groups were used. The result showed that all the rotary files used for the 12th time suffered wear with change in the topography of the cervical region of the active portion of the file (ANOVA p < 0.01). Classifying the specimens in increasing order, from the least to the greatest wear suffered, Group 3 (2.8993 nm) presented the least wear, followed by Group 4 (12.2520 nm), Group 1 (36.0043 nm) and lastly, Group 2 (59.8750 nm) with the largest amount of cervical surface wear. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Qualitative analysis of files of four different rotary systems,before and after being used for the twelfth time

The aim of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of the surface topography of the cervical third and tip of four different rotary systems, before and after being used 12 times, in resin blocks with simulated root canals with standardized 45° curvatures, and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). A total of 1,440 resin blocks with simulated root canals and standardized curvatures were used. The blocks were divided into four groups and prepared by the crown down technique according to the manufacturers' recommendations: Group 1 (G1)—K3®, Group 2 (G2)—Protaper Universal®, Group 3 (G3)—Twisted Files®, and Group 4 (G4)—Biorace®. After each preparation, the instruments were washed and autoclaved. A total of 24 instruments were selected, being three new instruments and three after having been used for the 12th time, from each group. These instruments were analyzed by SEM. To perform the evaluation, 24 micrographs were observed by 12 evaluators who attributed a score to the images according to a template. In the qualitative analysis of the cervical region and tip of new instruments, it was observe that the files of Groups G4 and G2 were the least rough and those of G1, the roughest. In the same manner, the cervical region of the instruments was qualitatively analyzed after the 12th time of using them, and there was no statistically significant difference at a level of 1% (ANOVA P < 0.01) between G2 and G4 as well as between G1 and G3. As regards the tip, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference, at a level of 1%, between the groups: G1 and G3, G1 and G4, and between G3 and G4, and there was statistically significant difference at a level of 1%, between group G2 and the other groups, with G3 having the greatest roughness (ANOVA P < 0.01). Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

多工艺路线的作业车间模糊调度优化

对具有模糊加工时间和模糊交货期的多工艺路线的作业车间调度问题进行了研究；以最大化平均满意度为调度目标，建立了作业车间模糊调度的数学模型，提出了一种基于遗传算法的全局优化的调度算法；设计了包含工序及其加工机床信息的染色体编码，对染色体的解码方法、交叉方法和变异方法进行了研究。仿真结果表明，该算法是可行的，与其他同类研究相比，有一定的优越性。     

ELNES for boron, carbon, and nitrogen K-edges with different chemical environments in layered materials studied by density functional theory

Electron energy-loss near-edge fine structures (ELNES) were calculated for graphene, doped graphene, a hexagonal BN monolayer, and a hexagonal BC₂N layer using an ab initio pseudopotential plane wave method including the core-hole effect. Spectral features that can be used to distinguish different chemical environments are identified. The spectral features are closely related to the atomic species and arrangement. The connection between chemical environments and fine structures is discussed.