异构环境下层次编码多视频源多共享信道分层组播

视频组播是许多当前和将来网络服务的重要组成部分,如视频会议,远程学习、远地展示及视频点播,随着网络传送基础设施的改善和端系统处理能力的增强,组播视频应用日益变得可行,组播视频传输中存在的主要问题是网络送资源的异构性和动态性,其使得视频流的多个接收方都达到可接受的流量特性变得异常困难,目前该问题的一个有效解决方式就是利用自适应的分层视频传输机制,在该机制中,各源产生层次媒体流,并在多个网络信道中传输。对视频会议类的多点到多点视频组播应用,信道往往被所有潜在的发送方共享,任何发送方都可在任何一个共享信道中发送其视频层次。在该多点到多点、共享信道、分层视频组播模型下,一个关键问题就是如何动态确定各视频源层次到各共享组播信道的映射,映射策略直接影响到会话整体视频接收质量和网络带宽利用率。典型的方式是顺序映射,该映射方式同等对待各发送方,但利用该方式,随源数目的增加,在各共享网络信度上会出现带宽可伸缩性问题,而且顺序映射方式无法适应网络传送资源和会话状态的动态变化。为此,该文设计了一种基于接收方反馈信息的自适应的层次映射算法,接收方周期性地将其当前感兴趣的发送方及接收速率的信息反馈给某控制节点,而控制节点就利用当前反馈信息动态地调整映射策略。经证实,该算法始终能比顺序层次映射算法获得更高的整体视频接收质量,并具有高的带宽利用率和很小的复杂度。     

多视频源组播会话中编码层次映射自适应模型与算法研究

多视频源组播会话是多个视频组播流构成的应用会话，它存在于分布视频会议、远程监控、远程教育等应用中．针对多视频源组播会话中编码层次映射自适应问题，已有人提出了多种算法．但都缺乏对这个问题的全面、完整的描述．本文在对多视频源组播会话中编码层次映射自适应模型与算法做全面描述的基础上．提出一种新的自适应算法和两个改进算法，并从理论上对三种算法进行了评价．经应用证明，三种算法具有较强的实用性．     

On fair and optimal multi-source IP-multicast

We investigate the problem of maximizing multicast throughput under a fairness constraint. Multiple server nodes wish to communicate to their intended set of client nodes over a shared network infrastructure. Our goal is to devise distributed algorithms to construct multicast sessions, one for each server node, such that (a) the network infrastructure is optimally utilized and (b) the network resources are fairly distributed between multicast sessions, i.e., no individual session claims more than a prescribed share of the network bandwidth resources. We are particularly interested in multi-tree multicast strategies in which every multicast session may contain many multicast trees. We show how the use of multiple trees increases network throughput and the load distribution in the network. We propose a class of round-robin algorithms that are based on successive selection of multicast trees for each multicast session, in a loosely cooperative, yet distributed fashion. Our best algorithm, the Cooperative Shortest Path Tree Packing (CSPTP) algorithm, performs well in a variety of scenarios, ranging from very sparse to dense applications. Through extensive simulations on random networks, we compare the performance of our algorithms with those commonly used in IP-multicast as well as theoretical upper bounds derived from network coding formulations. We show that the CSPTP can improve the throughput, and often achieves about 90% of the theoretical upper bound.     

LION: Layered Overlay Multicast With Network Coding

Recent advances in information theory show that the throughput of a multicast session can be improved using network coding. In overlay networks, the available bandwidth between sender and different receivers are different. In this paper, we propose a solution to improve the throughput of an overlay multicast session with heterogeneous receivers by organizing the receivers into layered data distribution meshes and sending substreams to each mesh using layered coding. Our solutions utilize alternative paths and network coding in each mesh. We first formulate the problem into a mathematical programming, whose optimal solution requires global information. We therefore present a distributed heuristic algorithm. The heuristic progressively organizes the receivers into layered meshes. Each receiver can subscribe to a proper number of meshes to maximize its throughput by fully utilizing its available bandwidth. The benefits of organizing the topology into layered mesh and using network coding are demonstrated through extensive simulations. Numerical results indicate that the average throughput of a multicast session is significantly improved (up to 50% to 60%) with only slightly higher delay and network resource consumption.     

多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架

为了解决网络路由的扩展性问题。大型网络通常被划分成若干个不同的域。拓扑聚集是对这些域的拓扑状态信息进行汇总的过程。在拓扑聚集的基础上,QoS层次多播路由算法用来构造满足QoS要求的域闻多播树。现有的QoS层次多播路由算法在其拓扑聚集和路径计算的过程中都只考虑了存在两个QoS特征值的情况。本文提出了一种具有多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架HMRMQ（Hierarchical Multicast Routing with Multiple QoS constraints）,此算法框架不仅为基于多QoS特征值的拓扑状态聚集和状态信息表示提供了新的方法,而且提出了一种适应于多QoS约束的层次多播路由新算法。我们提出的状态信息表示法和拓扑聚集算法都具有很好的扩展性,分布式的路由算法也便于某些安全性策略的实施。理论分析和实验结果不仅证明了HMRMQ的正确性和有效性,同时也表明了HMRMQ在网络路由的扩展性、路由成功率、网络代价以及报文负载等方面都具有良好的性能。     

基于网络编码的多播路由算法研究

网络编码的提出在一定程度上提高了多播通信的传输性能。简要总结了网络编码多播传输理论的研究进展,并对网络编码多播路由问题进行了研究。分析了已有算法的优势及不足,同时考虑影响资源消耗的因素,文中提出了一种基于最短路径和最大共享链路集的网络编码多播路由算法。通过在随机网络拓扑模型下的性能仿真实验分析,发现与传统的IP最短路多播和约简网络下网络编码多播路由算法相比,该算法可显著减少网络带宽资源消耗,同时能够有效均衡链路负载。     

A subtree-based approach to failure detection and protection for multicast in SDN

Software-defined networking (SDN) has received tremendous attention from both industry and academia. The centralized control plane in SDN has a global view of the network and can be used to provide more effective solutions for complex problems, such as traffic engineering. This study is motivated by recent advancement in SDN and increasing popularity of multicasting applications. We propose a technique to increase the resiliency of multicasting in SDN based on the subtree protection mechanism. Multicasting is a group communication technology, which uses the network infrastructure efficiently by sending the data only once from one or multiple sources to a group of receivers that share a common path. Multicasting applications, e.g., live video streaming and video conferencing, become popular, but they are delay-sensitive applications. Failures in an ongoing multicast session can cause packet losses and delay, which can significantly affect quality of service (QoS). In this study, we adapt a subtree-based technique to protect a multicast tree constructed for OpenFlow switches in SDN. The proposed algorithm can detect link or node failures from a multicast tree and then determines which part of the multicast tree requires changes in the flow table to recover from the failure. With a centralized controller in SDN, the backup paths can be created much more effectively in comparison to the signaling approach used in traditional multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks for backup paths, which makes the subtree-based protection mechanism feasible. We also implement a prototype of the algorithm in the POX controller and measure its performance by emulating failures in different tree topologies in Mininet.     

一种基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法

随着Internet、移动网络和高性能网络的不断发展,在网络和不确定参数下具有多约束QoS多播路由优化技术已成为网络及分布式系统领域的一个重要研究课题,这也是下一代Internet和高性能网络的难题。它吸引了许多爱好者。论文研讨了具有多约束QoS多播路由问题,其中主要包含延迟、延迟抖动、带宽、分组丢失率等QoS约束,文中描述了一种适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型。论文在网络环境及不确定参数下,提出了一种在网络规模、可行性方面优化Internet、移动网络和其他高性能网络的基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法(MQROGA)。MQROGA在网络环境及不确定参数下能够优化网络资源,如带宽、延迟、分组丢失率等得到一个最优解和次优解。仿真实验结果表明,MQROGA为QoS多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径。     

Protecting multicast services in optical internet backbones

Many applications in the future Internet will use the multicasting service mode. Since many of these applications will generate large amounts of traffic, and since users expect a high level of service availability, it is important to provision multicasting sessions in the future Internet while also providing protection for multicast sessions against network component failures. In this paper we address the multicast survivability problem of using minimum resources to provision a multicast session and its protection paths (trees) against any single-link failure. We propose a new, and a resource efficient, protection scheme, namely, Segment-based Protection Tree (SPT). In SPT scheme, a given multicast session is first provisioned as a primary multicast tree, and then each segment on the primary tree is protected by a multicast tree instead of a path, as in most existing approaches. We also analyze the recovery performance of SPT and design a reconfiguration calculation algorithm to compute the average number of reconfigurations upon any link failure. By extending SPT to address dynamic traffic scenarios, we also propose two heuristic algorithms, Cost-based SPT (CB_SPT) and Wavelength-based SPT (WB_SPT). We study the performance of the SPT scheme in different traffic scenarios. The numerical results show that SPT outperforms the best existing approaches, optimal path-pair-based shared disjoint paths (OPP_SDPs). SPT uses less than 10% extra resources to provision a survivable multicast session over the optimal solution and up to 4% lower than existing approaches under various traffic scenarios and has an average number of reconfigurations 10–86% less than the best cost efficient approach. Moreover, in dynamic traffic cases, both CB_SPT and WB_SPT achieves overall blocking probability with 20% lower than OPP_SDP in most network scenarios.     

Performance evaluation of smoothing algorithms for transmittingprerecorded variable-bit-rate video

The transfer of prerecorded, compressed variable-bit-rate video requires multimedia services to support large fluctuations in bandwidth requirements on multiple time scales. Bandwidth smoothing techniques can reduce the burstiness of a variable-bit-rate stream by transmitting data at a series of fixed rates, simplifying the allocation of resources in video servers and the communication network. This paper compares the transmission schedules generated by the various smoothing algorithms, based on a collection of metrics that relate directly to the server, network, and client resources necessary for the transmission, transport, and playback of prerecorded video. Using MPEG-1 and MJPEG video data and a range of client buffer sizes, we investigate the interplay between the performance metrics and the smoothing algorithms. The results highlight the unique strengths and weaknesses of each bandwidth smoothing algorithm, as well as the characteristics of a diverse set of video clips     

基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法

随着大量新型的多媒体在高性能网络、移动网络及Internet中的应用，满足QoS约束的多播路由问题成为越来越重要，它吸引了许多爱好者．本文讨论了多约束QoS多播路由问题，主要包含延迟、延迟抖动、带宽和分组丢失率等QoS约束，文中描述了一种在动态网络环境及不确定参数下适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型．提出了一种在网络规模、可行性方面为Imernet、移动网络和高性能网络下基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法（MQMRGA）．仿真结果表明该算法收敛速度快、可靠性高．MQMRGA为QoS多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径．     

EMSC: a joint multicast routing,scheduling, and call admission control in multi–radio multi–channel WMNs

This paper deals with the problem of joint multicast routing, scheduling, and call admission control in multiradio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. To heuristically solve this problem, we propose a cross-layer algorithm named “extended MIMCR with scheduling and call admission control phases (EMSC)”. Our model relies on the ondemand quality of service (QoS) multicast sessions, where each admitted session creates a unique tree with a required bandwidth. The proposed scheme extends the MIMCR algorithm to fairly schedule multiple non-interfering transmissions in the same time slot. It also exploits a call admission control mechanism to protect the QoS requirements of the multicast traffics. EMSC reduces the number of occupied time slots, with consideration of spatial reuse, both Intra-flow and Inter-flow interferences, and selecting the minimuminterference minimum-cost paths. This subsequently leads to better radio resource utilization and increases the network throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other algorithms and improves the network performance.     

A new high performance approach: merging optimal multicast sessions for supporting multisource routing

Each single source multicast session (SSMS) transmits packets from a source node s _i to a group of destination nodes t _i , i=1,2,…,n. An SSMS’s path can be established with a routing algorithm, which constructs multicast path between source and destinations. Also, for each SSMS, the routing algorithm must be performed once. When the number of SSMS increases to N≥2, the routing algorithm must be separately performed N≥2 times because the number of source nodes increase to N≥2 (for each SSMS the routing algorithm must be performed once). This causes that time of computation and bandwidth consumption to grow. To remove this problem, in this paper, we will present a new approach for merging different SSMSs to make a new multicast session, which is performed only with one execution of a routing algorithm. The new approach, merging different sessions together, is based on the optimal resource allocation and Constraint Based Routing (CBR). We will show that as compared to other available routing algorithms, it improves time of computation and bandwidth consumption and increases data rate and network efficiency. The new approach uses CBR and merges more than one single source multicast session (SSMS) problem to one multisource multicast session (MSMS) problem. By solving one MSMS problem instead of solving more than one SSMS, we can obtain an optimal solution that is more efficient than optimal solutions of SSMS problems.     

一种改进负载均衡的网络编码多播路由算法

已有研究证明,在多播网络中使用网络编码可以显著提高多播通信的性能。总结了网络编码多播理论的研究进展,同时对网络编码多播路由问题进行了研究与分析。考虑到影响链路负载和资源消耗的因素,提出了一种改进链路负载均衡的网络编码多播路由算法,优化了路径间链路的共享。通过使用常见的Waxman网络拓扑模型,产生随机网络拓扑。在这些拓扑中,分别针对传统IP多播路由、低速率网络下的网络编码多播路由以及提出的路由算法进行性能仿真。仿真结果表明,与其他两种路由算法相比,该算法在可达吞吐量、资源消耗和负载均衡等性能上均有很好的表现。     

An efficient and scalable loss-recovery scheme for video multicast

With the increased popularity of multimedia services on the Internet, efficient video multicast strategies that can scale easily are of critical importance. This paper addresses the issue of video multicast loss recovery and presents an efficient and scalable scheme: Active Injection Recovery (AIR). The proposed scheme has three distinguishing features: active injection of repair packets into loss regions, on-demand construction of loss-recovery structures, and unique rate control over repair traffic. All of these features can save considerable network resources in a large-scale video multicast session. In addition, the proposed scheme simultaneously meets the three well-known requirements for efficiency and scalability in multicast loss recovery: request suppression, local recovery, and retransmission scoping. Another important feature of the proposed scheme is its low recovery latency, which is essential for video multicast. Our results show that the proposed scheme achieves significantly better overall performance as compared to existing multicast loss recovery schemes.     

Routing in sparse splitting optical networks with multicast traffic

In this paper, we investigate the problem of Multicast Routing in Sparse Splitting Networks (MR-SSN). Given a network topology with the multicast capable nodes distributed uniformly throughout the network, and a multicast session, the MR-SSN problem is to find a route from the source node of the multicast session to all destinations of the multicast session such that the total number of fibers used in establishing the session is minimized. In this paper, we develop a rerouting algorithm for a given Steiner tree, which makes it feasible to route a multicast session using a tree-based solution in sparse light splitting optical networks. In addition, we present a heuristic based on Tabu Search (TS) that requires only one transmitter for the source node and one wavelength for each multicast session. To evaluate the performance of heuristics, we formulate the MR-SSP problem as an integer linear program (ILP), and optimally solve small instances using the commercially available linear solver, CPLEX. We test our heuristic on a wide range of network topologies. Our experimental results show that: (1) The difference between our solution and ILP optimal solution, in terms of the number of fibers used for establishing a multicast session, is within 10% in almost all the instances and within 5% in about half of the instances. (2) The average delay, taken over all destination nodes, falls within three times the optimal value. (3) A sparse light splitting all-optical network with 30% of multicast capable cross-connects has an acceptable low cost and relatively good performance. (4) The improvement achieved by TS heuristic increases considerably when the session size is large, the number of Splitter-and-Delivery cross-connects is small, and the network connectivity is dense.     

多约束QoS动态多播路由算法

YAM和QoSMIC是支持QoS动态多播路由算法,允许多播组成员动态地加入/退出,同时为接收方提供多个可选择的多播接入路径,以满足不同应用的QoS需求。该文在分析这些算法的基础上,研讨了具有延迟、延迟抖动、带宽和代价等多约束QoS的多播路由问题,描述了一种适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型,提出了一种具有多约束QoS的动态多播路由算法(MQDMR),MQDMR试图有效地减少生成多约束QoS的多播树的开销。在MQDMR中,一个多播组成员能动态地加入/退出一个多播会晤,且不干扰现有的多播树。仿真实验结果表明,MQDMR比YAM和QoSMIC具有较小的延时和较少的代价。     

A QoS multicast routing protocol for dynamic group topology

Multicast routing is establishing a tree which is rooted from the source node and contains all the multicast destinations. A multicast routing tree with multiple QoS constraints may be the tree in which the delay, delay-jitter, packet-loss and bandwidth should satisfy the pre-specified bounds. This paper discusses the multicast routing problem with multiple QoS constraints, which may deal with the delay, delay-jitter, bandwidth and packet-loss metrics, and describes a network model for researching the routing problem. It presents a QoS multicast routing protocol with dynamic group topology (QMRPD). The QMRPD attempts to significantly reduce the overhead of constructing a multicast tree with multiple QoS constraints. In MPRMQ, a multicast group member can join or leave a multicast session dynamically, which should not disrupt the multicast tree. It also attempts to minimize overall cost of the tree, and satisfy the multiple QoS constraints and least cost's (or lower cost) requirements. In this paper, the proof of correctness and complexity analysis of the QMRPD are also given. Simulation results show that QMRPD is an available approach to multicast routing decision with dynamic group topology.