外遮阳百叶隔热性能与采光分析

外遮阳百叶能合理控制太阳光线进人室内,减少建筑空调能耗和人工照明用电,改善室内光环境,已成为当前追求"绿色建筑"目标的一项具体措施.该文通过理论分析和模拟,借助EnergyPlus、Radiance等软件,结合光和热两方面综合考虑,对空调时期上海地区布置不同角度和活动的外遮阳百叶办公房间的空调能耗、照明能耗及室内光环境进行了模拟、分析与比较.算例结果表明:外遮阳对照明能耗和建筑光环境的影响不容忽视;夏热冬冷地区固定式遮阳百叶的不同角度设置对建筑能耗的影响较大,其中实施活动式外遮阳措施能大幅度降低建筑能耗,有效改善室内光环境.     

浅析高层办公建筑外遮阳设计

建筑外遮阳除了丰富建筑造型、体现与建筑一体化设计的理念之外,还有一个重要的功能就是控制太阳辐射,调节室内热环境,提高节能率。文章利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeS T-c,以南昌地区一栋办公建筑为例,通过对设置不同外遮阳类型的房间进行室内温度的分析对比,总结出不同楼层及外遮阳类型对室内温度的影响,并通过对设置不同外遮阳类型的房间进行空调季平均能耗的模拟计算,来验证结论的正确性。     

过渡季节双层玻璃幕墙自然通风模式的模拟研究

采用EnergyPlus对夏热冬冷地区某双层玻璃幕墙房间在过渡季节的通风模式进行模拟研究,分析双层玻璃幕墙在三种自然通风运行模式以及有无遮阳百叶时的空腔气流速度和温度的分布规律以及房间室温的分布规律。指出双层玻璃幕墙建筑在过渡季节采用通风口全开的通风模式可以达到较好的自然通风效果,提高了室内热舒适性。     

活动式建筑外遮阳设施对室内光环境的影响

针对常见的两种活动式建筑外遮阳设施,在其提供有效遮阳效果时,对建筑自然采光和室内光环境的影响进行了计算和分析研究,指出活动外遮阳百叶自然采光效果更为理想。     

EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL WALL SHADING ON BUILDING'S THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AND AIR CONDITIONING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOT SUMMER AND COLD WINTER AREA

介绍了夏热冬冷地区外墙遮阳在建筑中的实际应用,并从墙体受太阳辐射热影响的机理,阐述了外墙遮阳对室内热环境与建筑空调能耗的影响.以南京地区一栋典型居住建筑为例,使用清华大学开发的建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-h,模拟并分析了对于两种不同构造的外墙,分别通过采取外遮阳措施,减小外表面太阳辐射吸收系数对夏季室内热环境和空调能耗的影响程度,并用实验方法对模拟结果进行了辅证.     

夏热冬冷地区外墙遮阳对建筑热环境与空调能耗的影响

介绍了夏热冬冷地区外墙遮阳在建筑中的实际应用,并从墙体受太阳辐射热影响的机理,阐述了外墙遮阳对室内热环境与建筑空调能耗的影响。以南京地区一栋典型居住建筑为例,使用清华大学开发的建筑能耗模拟软件DeST—h,模拟并分析了对于两种不同构造的外墙,分别通过采取外遮阳措施,减小外表面太阳辐射吸收系数对夏季室内热环境和空调能耗的影响程度,并用实验方法对模拟结果进行了辅证。     

谈西安地区教学建筑的遮阳设计

合适的遮阳设计可以改善建筑的室内热环境．但窗口设置遮阳之后,对房间的采光和通风产生不利的影响。本文以西安地区为例,结合当地的气候特．董及高校教室的具体情况,详细论速了教学建筑南向及西向的遮阳设计,提出了适合该地区的遮阳措施。     

活动式建筑遮阳设施对南京地区居住建筑室内自然通风的影响

针对南京地区三种活动式建筑遮阳设施,对其居住建筑室内自然通风的影响进行了计算和分析研究,指出活动外遮阳百叶自然通风效果最为理想。     

以西安地区为例谈教学建筑的遮阳设计

合适的遮阳设计可以改善建筑的室内热环境,但窗口设置遮阳之后,对房间的采光和通风产生不利的影响。以西安地区为例,结合当地的气候特点及高校教室的具体情况,详细论述了教学建筑南向及西向的遮阳设计,提出了适合本地区的遮阳措施。     

自然通风状态下围护结构性能对福州住宅室内热舒适性影响的研究

本文采用建筑热工模拟软件DeST-h和ePMV热舒适模型研究了自然通风下福州市住宅围护结构性能对室内热舒适性的影响。选择一栋11层高层住宅作为研究对象,计算分析了该建筑标准层7个不同朝向典型房间在自然通风环境下的逐月、全年热舒适状况,全面系统地研究了外墙、外窗、外遮阳、房间朝向等因素对改善自然通风下室内热舒适的效果和相关规律,并提出室内热舒适性改善的措施建议。     

Field study on indoor thermal environment in an atrium in tropical climates

Solar penetration through the transparent envelope can severely deteriorate indoor thermal environment inside an atrium building particularly in tropical climates. This paper reports the application of two low-cost measures, namely high level internal solar blinds and water spray, to minimise overheating problems on the three levels inside the atrium of a guesthouse in Southern China, where summer is hot and humid. The blinds reduce direct solar penetration at the top of the atrium whilst the evaporative spray system cools down the glazed surfaces of the atrium envelope. A site test was undertaken over 10 consecutive days covering both overcast days and clear days in July 2004. Measurement of indoor thermal environmental parameters was conducted on three levels in the atrium and the recorded data represent the internal conditions: with and without internal blinds protection from solar, and with and without water spray. This study has shown that on hot and clear summer days, with water spray and without blinds the average air temperature difference from 1200 to 1800 h between both first floor and second floor, and second floor and external were 5.7 and 1.7 K, respectively; whilst with blinds and without water spray the average air temperature differences were 8.7 and 4.8 K, respectively.     

百叶遮阳对室内光环境的影响

利用Radiance和Daysim等光照模拟软件对百叶外遮阳从照度、光照均匀度、眩光等多方面定量分析其倾角的变化对室内光环境的影响情况。选择了三个处在不同光照分区的城市分析在不同的全年光照条件下百叶遮阳不同倾角对室内全年照明能耗的影响。模拟结果显示:百叶对室内照度的影响很大,百叶遮阳在90°时,室内照度下降了70%,60°时下降了86%,30°时下降了93%;百叶遮阳的增加可以有效地提高室内照度的均匀性;晴天,百叶遮阳可以有效降低室内照度至视觉舒适度范围,阴天,其对室内照度不利,导致室内照明能耗增加;在不同光照条件下,百叶遮阳对全年照明能耗的影响不同。     

百叶外遮阳太阳散射辐射计算模型及程序实现

窗户外部的遮阳系统可以减少进入室内的太阳辐射得热量。目前,在计算遮阳系统对太阳辐射的遮挡作用时,仅仅从几何角度上考虑遮阳构件对直射辐射的减少作用,没有考虑对散射辐射的影响,但在实际中,遮阳构件的存在,对散射辐射的影响不能忽略,特别是对于百叶类型的遮阳构造,由于其布置较为紧密,对直射辐射遮挡较多,进入室内的太阳辐射主要为散射辐射,因此建立详细的散射辐射计算模型,可以正确反映和评估其遮阳效果,并为计算遮阳构件对建筑能耗的影响提供基础。通过分析散射辐射入射到百叶遮阳板上的光学特性,建立用于计算太阳散射辐射透过和反射的数学模型,并根据该模型得到用于计算机编程的算法。该模型和算法可以应用于不同的百叶遮阳系统,为建筑能耗模拟中考虑百叶遮阳板对空调能耗的影响提供理论基础。     

Efficient calculation of daylight coefficients for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration systems

The daylight coefficient (DC) method is a powerful and efficient method to perform annual daylight illuminance simulation. A set of coefficients are calculated for a given room space and static fenestration systems prior to simulation start. Time series of indoor daylight illuminances are obtained by only knowing the sky luminance. However, for rooms with dissimilar dynamic complex fenestration systems (such as windows with movable shadings) whose optical behaviour (transmission, reflection and scattering) may change during simulation, the efficiency of the DC method may be compromised as another whole set of coefficients must be re-calculated. This study presents the development of a new methodology to compute the DC set for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration components only once prior to simulation start. A validation study is carried out, in which the daylight illuminances in an office space equipped with a clear window and internal Venetian blinds are compared using predictions from the present model, the Radiance program, as a benchmark model employing detailed optical model of Venetian blinds, and the Daysim program employing a simple engineering blinds model. Findings from the validation study show that the present model yields overall accurate results when compared with the benchmark model for any window orientation, although some local illuminance differences are observed in areas under direct sunlight exposure.     

内置百叶中空玻璃的热工能性及适应性研究

对内置可调百叶中空玻璃的热工性能进行了计算后,分析了百叶状态、百叶颜色及间层填充气体对其热工性能的影响,并进一步研究了其在夏热冬暖地区的适应性。     

Illuminance-based slat angle selection model for automated control of split blinds

Venetian blinds play an important role in controlling daylight in buildings. Automated blinds overcome some limitations of manual blinds; however, the existing automated systems mainly control the direct solar radiation and glare and cannot be used for controlling innovative blind systems such as split blinds. This research developed an Illuminance-based Slat Angle Selection (ISAS) model that predicts the optimum slat angles of split blinds to achieve the designed indoor illuminance. The model was constructed based on a series of multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). The illuminance values at the sensor points used to develop the ANNs were obtained by the software EnergyPlus™. The weather determinants (such as horizontal illuminance and sun angles) were used as the input variables for the ANNs. The illuminance level at a sensor point was the output variable for the ANNs. The ISAS model was validated by evaluating the errors in the calculation of the: 1) illuminance and 2) optimum slat angles. The validation results showed that the power of the ISAS model to predict illuminance was 94.7% while its power to calculate the optimum slat angles was 98.5%. For about 90% of time in the year, the illuminance percentage errors were less than 10%, and the percentage errors in calculating the optimum slat angles were less than 5%. This research offers a new approach for the automated control of split blinds and a guide for future research to utilize the adaptive nature of ANNs to develop a more practical and applicable blind control system.     

覆土建筑冬季室内热舒适性研究

通过对西安地区某覆土建筑冬季室内热环境的测试,分析了测试房与对比房的温度测试数据。结果表明测试房内各测点逐时温度均高于对比房,室内温度变化幅度也明显小于对比房,且覆土建筑的室内温度略高于当地室内设计采暖温度。在测试的基础上采用主观温度法对室内热舒适性进行参考性评价,结果显示测试房室内热环境较好地满足了使用者对热舒适的需求。因此,覆土建筑在冬季能够有效维持室内温度,提高热舒适性,同时能够降低建筑采暖能耗。     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

晚间通风房间热环境的改善

在实测的基础上，指出晚间通风系统虽然可以在夏季空调房间内保持较低的室内温度，但是室内的热环境有时却不能使人满意，为此可以采用提高室内空气流速的方法加以改善。