中型流化床中的生物质气化实验研究

以空气为气化介质,在中型流化床反应器上进行了生物质(木屑)气化实验研究。考察了当量比ER(0.20～0.34)、气化温度(670～820℃)对气化结果的影响,初步探讨加入二次风对气化的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内,煤气热值在5650～6665kJ/m3范围内变化,生物质产气率在1.51～2.26m3/kg之间变化,碳转化率在74.3%～90.8%之间变化,气化效率达到61.8%～78.1%;加入适量二次风可以提高气化效率和碳转化率,减少焦油含量。实验结果表明:此流化床气化炉当气化温度在720～770℃之间,当量比ER在0.24～0.28之间时,气化效果最好,此时煤气热值可达到6400～6600kJ/m3,产气率为1.75～1.95m3/kg,碳转化率为83%～89%,气化效率高达71%以上。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化研究(Ⅱ)——以水蒸汽为气化剂生产中热值燃气

以水蒸汽为气化剂,用玉米芯/煤以不同比例为原料,在600kW流化床气化炉上,按二步法制气工艺进行连续运行实验.实验研究了影响燃气热值、气体产率、燃气组成及气化效率的主要因素,确定出气化炉适宜的操作条件及较佳的原料配比范围.得出气化温度为950～1000℃,玉米芯/煤的比例为80/20,S/B在0.7～0.9范围内,燃气热值11～13MJ/m3,气体产率1.1～1.3m3/kg,气化效率75%～80%,燃气中焦油含量小于0.9mg/m3的结果.通过将本技术与国外现有生产中热值燃气的方法进行比较,发现本技术具有产生较高热值燃气和燃气中低焦油含量等优点.     

1MW木粉气化发电系统的运行测试研究

介绍了由中国科学院广州能源研究所研制开发的1MW木粉气化发电系统的运行测试结果。测试结果表明：气化炉运行温度、空燃比对气化炉的气化效率、碳的转化率、产气率以及气体成份和其热值有明显的影响。通过测试，得出了针对本系统的一套最佳工艺操作参数：气化温度沙光料(780℃)，裁边料(800℃)，空燃比10：9(m^3／kg)，气化效率可达67.96％，碳转化率可达80％，所产生的气体热值可达62MJ／m^3。     

生物质微米燃料(BMF)空气-水蒸气气化实验研究

利用自行研制的旋风气化炉,以生物质微米燃料的不完全燃烧热为气化热源,进行了微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化实验。研究了ER(0.22～0.37)、S/B(0.15～0.59)和燃料粒径对气化温度及气化结果的影响。在实验工况下,气化温度、产气率、燃气低位热值、碳转化率、水蒸气分解率、气化效率分别在586～845℃、1.42～2.21Nm~3/kg、3806～4921kJ/m~3、54.44%～85.45%、37.98%～70.72%和36.35%～56.55%范围内变化。实验结果表明:利用旋风气化炉进行微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化是可行的;ER=0.31、S/B=0.37、较小的粒径能获得较好的气化效果,特别是能获得最高的H_2含量。     

竹材流化床气化试验研究

利用自制的小型流化床气化炉,在400～700℃、过量空气系数0.2～0.8的范围内对竹材进行了气化试验研究。当气化温度为700℃、过量空气系数为0.2时,气化气热值最高,达到7200 kJ/Nm3左右;当气化温度为700℃、过量空气系数为0.4时,气化效率最高,达到60%左右;气化气产率与过量空气系数呈线性正相关,几乎与反应温度无关;当过量空气系数达到0.6以上、反应温度达到500℃以上时,碳转化率可达到85%以上。     

废轮胎整胎与生物质共气化实验研究

以树枝秸秆及废轮胎整胎为原料,在"反烧"式固定床气化炉中以空气为气化剂进行气化实验研究。结果表明,随着空气当量比ER的增加,炉内气化温度升高,气化效率提升,当ER为0.30时,炉内温度达到750℃,气化效率为56.45%,气体热值为4.68 MJ/m3;随着原料中废轮胎比例的增加,气化效率有所提高,燃气热值升高,当废轮胎质量含量为44%时,气化效率达到60.21%,气体热值为5.34 MJ/m3;气化温度是影响气化效率和气体热值的最重要因素,提高空气当量比可以使炉内温度升高,强化气化效果;同时原料中废轮胎比例也对气化效率及气体热值有较大影响,废轮胎质量含量为40%~50%较为适宜。废轮胎以整胎形式与生物质共气化是废轮胎处置与资源化利用的有效方式。     

电子废物塑料熔融盐气化特性研究

研究了在功率为6kW的熔融盐气化炉内,电子废弃物的三种塑料原料丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯、聚苯醚和聚甲醛的气化产气规律,考察了空气量对产气量、产气热值以及气体转化率的影响.结果表明:随着空气量的增加,样品的气体转化率和产气量都有所提高,在40%的理论空气量下,丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯、聚苯醚和聚甲醛的气体转化率都达到96%以上,产气单位体积热值分别在35MJ/m~3,25MJ/m~3,13MJ/m~3左右.     

两级下吸式生物质气化炉气化性能的研究

在自行设计的两级下吸式生物质气化炉中,研究了空气当量比(ER)对气体组成、气体热值、气化效率以及焦油含量的影响。试验结果表明,该新型两级气化炉能够产生焦油含量较低的燃气;在空气预热的条件下,焦油含量更低,可达238 mg/m3。该新型两级气化炉的最佳ER为0.33~0.35,当ER=0.34时,气化气低位热值(LHV)最高为4 409 kJ/m3,气化效率为63.7%,焦油含量低于300 mg/m3。     

10 MW生物质气化耦合燃煤机组发电装置性能试验研究

某电厂生物质气化耦合燃煤机组发电项目于2018年9月8日完成72 h满负荷试运,项目主体是循环流化床气化耦合系统及附属设备,为评价该耦合系统的综合性能,进行了额定负荷下的产气率、气化效率、热效率及对燃煤机组煤耗影响等性能试验。试验结果表明:额定负荷下,生物质气化耦合系统以50%稻壳+50%秸秆作为原料时,燃料量为8. 61 t/h,产气率为2. 09 m~3/kg,气化效率为70. 53%,热效率为87. 65%;以100%稻壳作为原料时,燃料量为8. 57 t/h,产气率为2. 15 m~3/kg,气化效率为70. 04%,热效率为88. 12%;气化耦合系统在75%～110%负荷范围内可稳定运行;气化耦合系统额定负荷、燃煤机组维持600 MW负荷的情况下,投运气化耦合系统后,减少标煤量3 291 kg/h;气化耦合系统额定负荷、燃煤机组维持500 MW负荷的情况下,投运气化耦合系统后,减少标煤量3 122 kg/h。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究(Ⅰ)以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气.水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质/煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究.在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质/煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响.对玉米芯/煤的比例为81/19时的典型实验结果表明:气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0.21,S/B=0.20时,气体产率1.96m3/kg,燃气热值6.4MJ/m3,气化效率71.3%,燃气中焦油含量小于10mg/m3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定.     

An experimental study on air gasification of biomass micron fuel (BMF) in a cyclone gasifier

Biomass micron fuel (BMF) produced from feedstock (energy crops, agricultural wastes, forestry residues and so on) through an efficient crushing process is a kind of powdery biomass fuel with particle size of less than 250 μm. Based on the properties of BMF, a cyclone gasifier concept has been considered in our laboratory for biomass gasification. The concept combines and integrates partial oxidation, fast pyrolysis, gasification, and tar cracking, as well as a shift reaction, with the purpose of producing a high quality of gas. In this paper, characteristics of BMF air gasification were studied in the gasifier. Without outer heat energy input, the whole process is supplied with energy produced by partial combustion of BMF in the gasifier using a hypostoichiometric amount of air. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER) and biomass particle size on gasification temperature, gas composition, gas yield, low-heating value (LHV), carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were studied. The results showed that higher ER led to higher gasification temperature and contributed to high H₂-content, but too high ER lowered fuel gas content and degraded fuel gas quality. A smaller particle was more favorable for higher gas yield, LHV, carbon conversion and gasification efficiency. And the BMF air gasification in the cyclone gasifier with the energy self-sufficiency is reliable.     

Co–gasification of coal/biomass blends in 50 kWe circulating fluidized bed gasifier

This paper reports gasification of coal/biomass blends in a pilot scale (50 kWe) air-blown circulating fluidized bed gasifier. Yardsticks for gasification performance are net yield, LHV and composition and tar content of producer gas, cold gas efficiency (CGE) and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE). Net LHV decreased with increasing equivalence ratio (ER) whereas CCE and CGE increased. Max gas yield (1.91 Nm³/kg) and least tar yield (5.61 g/kg of dry fuel) was obtained for coal biomass composition of 60:40 wt% at 800 °C. Catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals in biomass enhanced char and tar conversion for coal/biomass blend of 60:40 wt% at ER = 0.29, with CGE and CCE of 44% and 84%, respectively. Gasification of 60:40 wt% coal/biomass blend with dolomite (10 wt%, in-bed) gave higher gas yield (2.11 Nm³/kg) and H₂ content (12.63 vol%) of producer gas with reduced tar content (4.3 g/kg dry fuel).     

Steam catalytic gasification of municipal solid waste for producing tar-free fuel gas

In the paper, a two-region municipal solid waste (MSW) steam catalytic gasification process was proposed. The gasifier was composed of two individual reactors: one is the gasification reactors and the other is the catalytic reactor. The MSW was initially gasified and the produced tar was gasified in the gasification reactor, and further, the tar not gasified entered the catalytic reactor together with the fuel gas and was catalytically decomposed to fuel gas. The influences of the catalysts, steam and temperature on the content of tar, dry gas yield and composition, and carbon conversion efficiency were studied. The results indicated that under the optimum operating conditions, the dry gas yield can be up to 1.97 Nm³/kg MSW and the tar in the product can be completely eliminated. The concentration of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane in the fuel gas produced was 50.8%, 9.32% and 13.3%, respectively.     

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of corn straw catalyzed by blast furnace gas ash

A lab scale gasifier was built to perform the gasification experiment. The effects of temperature and steam flow on the process were investigated, and the effects of the addition of blast furnace gas ash (BFGA) on product composition, the value of H₂/(CO + CO₂), the lower heating value (LHV) of product gas, and productivity are summarized. The experimental results clearly indicate that the addition of BFGA in the steam gasification of corn straw pellets effectively enhances the ability of the downdraft gasifier to produce hydrogen-rich gas. Compared with the non-catalytic gasification process, the addition of BFGA promotes the formation of H₂, inhibits the generation of methane, CH₄, and other hydrocarbon gases, C_nH_m, and increases the H₂/(CO + CO₂) ratio. Unlike the process without the BFGA, the LHV of the product gas with BFGA increases with increasing temperature. When the water vapor volume was 0.75 kg/h, the gas production rate was the same at 850 °C with BFGA and at 950 °C without ash gas. The addition of BFGA clearly leads to a significant improvement in the ability of gasifiers to produce hydrogen-rich gas.     

Syngas production by chemical looping gasification of rice husk using Fe-based oxygen carrier

The chemical looping gasification (CLG) of rice husk was conducted in a fixed bed reactor to analyze the effects of the ratio of oxygen carrier to rice husk (O/C), temperature, residence time and preparation methods of Fe-based oxygen carriers. The yield of gas, H₂/CO, lower heating value of syngas (LHV), conversion efficiency and performance parameters were analyzed to obtain CLG reaction characterization and optimal reaction conditions. Results showed that when O/C increased from 0.5 to 3.0, the gas production, H₂/CO, CO₂ yield and carbon conversion efficiency gradually increased, while the yield of H₂, CO and CH₄ and LHV gradually decreased. At the same time, a highest gasification efficiency was obtained when O/C was 1.5. As increasing temperature, the gas production, CO yield, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency gradually increased, while the yield of H₂, CH₄ and CO₂, H₂/CO and LHV gradually decreased. Sintering and agglomeration was obvious when the temperature was higher than 850 °C. When the reaction time increased from 10 min to 60 min, the gas production, CO yield, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency gradually increased, but the yield of H₂, H₂/CO and LHV decreased, among which 30 min was the best reaction residence time. In addition, coprecipitation was the best preparation method among several preparation methods of oxygen carrier. Finally, O/C of 1.5, 800 °C, 30 min and coprecipitation preparation method of oxygen carrier were the optimal parameters to obtain a gasification efficiency of 26.88%, H₂ content of 35.64%, syngas content of 56.40%, H₂/CO ratio of 1.72 and LHV of 12.25 MJ/Nm³.     

The effect of oxygen carrier content and temperature on chemical looping gasification of microalgae for syngas production

The study of the effect of oxygen carrier content and temperature on chemical looping gasification (CLG) of Chlorella vulgaris was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. In order to obtain the characterization and optimal conditions of CLG for syngas production, this paper analyzed the product fractional yields, gaseous yields, conversion efficiency, SEM, XRD and composition analysis of oxygen carriers. The results indicated that CLG had a greater performance on gasification characteristics. When O/C increased from 0.5 to 3.0, gas yield, CO₂ yield and carbon conversion efficiency increased gradually, but LHV, H₂ and CH₄ yields decreased. Meanwhile, CO yield and gasification efficiency increased firstly and then decreased. Oxygen carrier Fe₂O₃ exhibited the characteristics of step-wise reduction (Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄ → FeO) in CLG process. More FeO were generated at O/C of 0.5 and then caused serious sintering and agglomeration. High temperature was helpful to improve gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency. However, higher temperature would cause sintering and then weaken the activity of oxygen carrier. Moreover, under the experimental condition, O/C of 1.0 and 800 °C were the optimal parameters to obtain a high conversion efficiency of biomass, high products yield, good LHV and great reducibility of oxygen carrier.     

Experimental study on non-woody biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier

The current paper concerns the process of non-woody biomass gasification, particularly about releasing processes of detrimental elements. The gasification of corn straw was carried out in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier under atmospheric pressure, using air as an oxidizer. The effects of the operating conditions on gasification performance in terms of the temperature profiles of the gasifier, the composition distribution of the producer gas and the release of sulphur and chlorine compounds during gasification of corn straw were investigated. Besides, the gasification characteristics were evaluated in terms of low heating value (LHV), gas yield, gasification efficiency and tar concentration in the raw gas.     

Novel hydrogen‐rich gas production by steam gasification of biomass in a research‐scale rotary tubular helical coil gasifier

The concept of biomass steam gasification offers platform for production (i) of hydrogen, (ii) hydrocarbons and (iii) value added chemicals. Majority of these developments are either in nascent or in pilot/demonstration stage. In this context, there exists potential for hydrogen production via biomass steam gasification. Gaseous products of biomass steam gasification consist of large percentage of CO, CH₄ and other hydrocarbons, which can be converted to hydrogen through water‐gas‐shift reaction, steam reforming and cracking respectively. Although there are many previous research works showing the potential of production of hydrogen from biomass in a two stage process, challenges remain in extended biomass and char gasification so as to reduce the amount of carbon in the residual char as well as improve conversion of heavy hydrocarbon condensates to hydrogen rich gas. In the current work, the characteristics of biomass steam gasification in an in‐house designed rotary tubular helical coil reactor at temperatures less than 850 °C, in the presence of superheated steam, were presented. The objectives were to obtain high carbon conversion in the primary biomass steam gasification step (upstream) and high product gas yield and hydrogen yield in the secondary fixed bed catalytic step (downstream). The influence of temperature, steam‐to‐biomass ratio and residence time on product gas yield in the rotary tubular helical coil gasifier was studied in detail using one of the abundantly available biomass sources in India‐rice husk. Further, enhancement of product gas yield and hydrogen yield in a fixed bed catalytic converter was studied and optimized. In the integrated pathway, a maximum gas yield of 1.92 Nm³/kg moisture‐free biomass was obtained at a carbon conversion efficiency of 92%. The maximum hydrogen purity achieved under steady state conditions was 53% by volume with a hydrogen yield of 91.5 g/kg of moisture‐free biomass. This study substantiates overall feasibility of production of high value hydrogen from locally available biomass by superheated steam gasification followed by catalytic conversion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of biomass gasification in a ternary diagram

The present paper addresses the development of an alternative approach to illustrate biomass gasification in a ternary diagram which is constructed using data from thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of air-blown atmospheric wood gasification. It allows the location of operation domains of slagging entrained-flow, fluidized-bed/dry-ash entrained-flow and fixed/moving-bed gasification systems depending on technical limitations mainly due to ash melting behavior. Performance parameters, e.g. cold gas efficiency or specific syngas production, and process parameters such as temperature and carbon conversion are displayed in the diagram depending on the three independent mass flows representing (1) the gasifying agent, (2) the dry biomass and (3) the moisture content of the biomass. The graphical approach indicates the existence of maxima for cold gas efficiency (84.9%), syngas yield (1.35 m³ (H₂ + CO STP)/kg (waf)) and conversion of carbon to CO (81.1%) under dry air-blown conditions. The fluidized-bed/dry-ash entrained-flow processes have the potential to reach these global maxima since they can operate in the identified temperature range from 700 to 950 °C. Although using air as a gasifying agent, the same temperature range posses a potential of H₂/CO ratios up to 2.0 at specific syngas productions of 1.15 m³ (H₂ + CO STP)/kg (waf). Fixed/moving-bed and fluidized-bed systems can approach a dry product gas LHV from 3.0 to 5.5 MJ/m³ (dry STP). The ternary diagram was also used to study the increase of gasifying agent oxygen fraction from 21 to 99 vol.%. While the dry gas LHV can be increased significantly, the maxima of cold gas efficiency (+6.5%) and syngas yield (+7.4%) are elevated only slightly.     

掺混比例对生物质和煤流化床共气化特性影响的试验研究

采用新型床料在鼓泡流化床中进行了2种典型的木本和草本生物质与烟煤的空气-水蒸气气化试验,研究了生物质掺混比例对燃气组分和热值、气化效率及碳转化率等参数的影响规律.结果表明:当松木屑的掺混比例从0%增大到100%时,H2和CO的体积含量分别增加了4.6%和4.4%,CO2的体积含量减少了3%,CH4和CnHm的含量也有所增加;当稻秸的掺混比例从0%增大到100%时,CO的体积含量先从25.8%上升至27.5%,再下降至25.3%,其他燃气组分的变化趋势与松木屑和煤气化的相类似;随着生物质掺混比例的增加,2种生物质和煤共气化的气化效率和碳转化率均有所提高,且在共气化过程中存在协同效应.