番杏Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的克隆及特性分析

根据同源序列设计筒并引物,通过RT—PCR及RACE的方法从盐生植物番杏中克隆出Na^ ／H^ 逆向运输蛋白基因。序列分析表明,该cDNA全长2199bp,开放读码框为1665bp,可编码一个554个氨基酸的多肽,与其他植物中已经克隆的Na^ ／H^ 逆向转运蛋白具有很高的同源性。系统发育分析表明该蛋白(TtNHX1)与液泡型的Na^ ／H^ 逆向转运蛋白的亲缘较近,与质膜型的Na^ ／H^ 逆向转运蛋白亲缘关系较远。TtNHX1的表达具有组织特异性,在番杏的根、茎和叶中均有表达,而花中没有表达。经NaCl诱导后根、茎和叶中的表达量增加,而花中仍没有表达。     

植物抗体基因工程：Ⅳ．马铃薯Y病毒小鼠中和抗体重链基因的序列分析及其植物表达

序列分析表明，马铃薯Ｙ病毒小鼠中和抗体重链基因（Ｇ９）全长为１５０５个核苷酸碱基（不包括Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）尾巴），其中包括５＇端非编码区１６个核苷酸碱基、编码重链信号肽的５７个核苷酸碱基、编码成熟蛋白的１３２９个核苷酸碱基和３＇端非编码区的１０３个核苷酸碱基。与已知的小鼠抗体Ｍｏｐｃ２１的重链基因（γ１）相比，核苷酸的序列同源性为９４．４％，由核苷酸序列所推导出的氨基酸序列同源性为９２．６％，其中可变区内（ＶＨ）的氨基酸序列同源性达７４．５％，这表明二者起源于同一种系基因。将完整的抗体重链基因正向插入植物表达载体ｐＢⅠ１２１中的原ＧＵＳ基因位置上，置于花椰莱花叶病毒３５Ｓ启动子控制之下，获得了能够在植物细胞内表达马铃薯Ｙ病毒中和抗体重链基因的植物表达载体ｐＹＨ。     

植物抗体基因工程：Ⅲ．马铃薯Y病毒小鼠中和抗体链基因的序列分析及其植物表达载体的构建

序列分析表明，马铃薯Ｙ病毒小鼠中和抗体轻链基因（Ｋ６）全长为９５６个核苷酸碱基（不包括ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）尾巴），其中包括５＇端非编码区３１个核苷酸碱基，编码轻链信号肽的５７个核苷酸碱基，编码成熟蛋白的６５７个核苷酸基和３＇端非编码区的２１１个核苷酸碱基。与已知的其它Ｋ轻链基因（ＭＲＫ１６）相比，核苷酸的序列同源性为９８．７％，由核苷酸序列所推导出的氨基酸序列同源性为９７．０％，其变异主要发生在三个抗原识别位点内（ＣＯＲ）。将完整的抗体轻链基因正向插入植物表达载体ｐＢ１２１中的原ＧＵＳ基因位置上，置于花椰菜花叶病毒３５Ｇ启动子控制之下，获得了能够在植物细胞内表达马铃薯Ｙ病毒中和抗体轻链基因的植物表达载体ｐＹＬ。     

利用生物信息数据库克隆玉米基因PIS2与MFSP全长

利用玉米表达序列标签数据库(dbEST)电子克隆了玉米基因PIS2的cDNA全长,并采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术得到了包含该基因完整开放阅读框(ORF)的cDNA序列;借助水稻非冗余核酸数据库联合应用电子克隆技术和RT-PCR技术克隆得到玉米主易化子超家族蛋白基因MFSP的cDNA全长,并进一步利用植物基因组数据库(PlantGDB)快速地获得了该基因的基因组全长序列.研究证实,充分利用分子生物信息数据库,可以简便地克隆得到玉米目的基因的cDNA乃至基因组全长序列.     

一种新型双向启动子--棉花曲叶病毒启动子的分离、序列分析与功能初探

以棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuV)侵染的烟草叶片组织总DNA为模板,通过聚合酶链反应扩增CLCuV双向启动子片段并插入克隆载体.序列分析和同源性比较表明,克隆的启动子长436bp,与目前发现的9种CLCuV株系的启动子序列均不相同,同源性最高达99.32%.将启动子片段分别以不同方向与GUS报告基因和nos终止子融合,构建了瞬时表达载体.通过基因枪法将质粒载体导入烟草和棉花叶片细胞中进行瞬时表达,结果表明,互补链基因方向启动子属强启动子,在叶肉及维管组织均有较高的活性;病毒链基因方向启动子表达活性较低.本文初步证实分离的互补链基因启动子可作为新型强启动子应用于双子叶植物尤其棉花的遗传转化.     

小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种耐盐新品系的盐胁迫应答cDNA差异表达分析

用银染DDRT-PCR技术分析了小麦济南177和小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种耐盐品系杂3号在盐胁迫前后基因的差异表达情况。并通过反向Northern杂交筛选,获得27个阳性片段。从中选出10个候选片段进行序列分析,这些序列信息表明,其表达与盐胁迫应答有一定关系。Northern杂交验证了差异片段wrsi-1在耐盐品系杂3号的根中受盐诱导,可能为胁迫早期应答基因。     

水杨酸在植物胁迫抗性中的作用机制

水杨酸(SA)是植物体内一种重要的内源信号分子,不仅能调节植物的一些生长发育过程,还在植物胁迫抗性中发挥着重要的作用。本文主要简要综述了SA在诱导植物抗性方面的作用,分析和揭示了水杨酸增强植物抗性的初步机理。     

短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)脱毛蛋白酶基因的克隆与序列分析

短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)UN-31-C-42菌株是从成都市生活垃圾中分离,并经多次诱变后得到的菌株。其发酵液具有很好的脱毛效果,且对皮革胶原没有损伤。通过对该菌株发酵液中的碱性蛋白酶DHAP的纯化与N′-末端氨基酸序列测定,以及对该序列的同源性分析后,设计出相应引物,用PCR方法扩增了该菌株的碱性蛋白酶基因AP。测序结果表明,该克隆基因全长1588bp,有一个全长1149bp的编码区序列,推测蛋白质序列长383个氨基酸残基,成熟肽分子量为27．8kD。推测的成熟蛋白酶N′-末端具有与DHAPN′-末端完全匹配的序列,说明克隆到的基因为脱毛蛋白酶基因。同源性分析表明,该基因序列与已报道的其他碱性蛋白酶基因有较高的同源性。     

植物抗病基因的克隆及其在作物遗传改良中的意义

介绍了植物抗病基因的克隆及序列分析的研究进展，阐述了植物抗病基因在作物遗传改良中的应用。     

大熊猫朊病毒基因克隆与序列分析

根据已报道的哺乳动物朊病毒基因序列设计引物对,采用PCR方法扩增了大熊猫的朊病毒基因,将其克隆到T-Easy载体,序列测定及分析表明所克隆的大熊猫PRNP基因(GeneBank收录号为AF327449)片段为795bp,编码264个氨基酸的前体蛋白,推测其分子量约28．5ku。与已报道的牛(GeneBank收录号为AF455119)、绵羊(GeneBank收录号为AF367623)的相应序列作比较分析,核苷酸序列同源性分别为99％和83％,其编码的氨基酸同源性均为100％。在所克隆的大熊猫PRNP基因中未发现与朊病毒敏感性连锁的氨基酸多态性位点。     

Zn-Ni合金镀液中Ni2＋含量的直接分光光度法测定

为了简便、快速而准确地测定Zn—Ni合金镀液中的Ni2＋含量,不使用任何化学显示剂,利用分光光度法研究了Ni2＋,Ni2＋／Na2＋,Ni2＋／Zn2＋体系中Ni2＋的吸光特性。结果表明：在Ni2＋体系中,Ni盐浓度为5～100g／L,入射光波长为660nm时,Ni2＋浓度与吸光度呈线性关系;在Ni2＋／Na2＋,Ni...     

Atomic force microscope: a tool for studying ionophores

The aim of the investigations was to show the analytical use of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip coated with an ion-selective membrane and to show that the ion-selective boundary potential is detectable as a force induced by ion-selective electrostatic interactions, which are more pronounced than double-layer forces. This new technique allows the area-specific ion exchange over boundaries to be displayed with a destruction-free technique by AFM in an aqueous buffer. From experiments with ISEs (ion-selective electrodes), a boundary potential for valinomycin was assumed to be established in close vicinity to a K+-releasing surface. To trace this boundary potential, an AFM tip was coated with a potassium-selective polymer film containing valinomycin as used in preparing ISEs. The K+-releasing substrate was prepared by incorporating a lipophilic potassium salt into a plasticized PVC layer. In contact with an electrolyte such as sodium chloride solution, an ion exchange takes place. Analogue experiments were performed using a sodium-selective ionophore, DD16C5, incorporated into the coating of the AFM tip, with a Na+-releasing substrate. The boundary potential was traced and investigated with the help of force vs distance curves. The resulting adhesion forces for a valinomycin-coated tip in a 150 mM NaCl solution were 9.8+/-3.275 nN using a blank PVC substrate and 330.15+/-113.0 nN using a substrate containing 10 wt % potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate. The selectivity of the ion-selective AFM tips was measured on sodium relative to potassium-releasing substrates and studied in different salt solutions with concentrations between 10 mmol L(-1) and 1 mol L(-1). For valinomycin, a force selectivity coefficient log Kf(K,Na) of -2.5+/-0.5 for K+ against Na+ and a selectivity coefficient log Kf(Na,K) of -4 +/- -0.5 for DD16C5 were measured. In addition, the surface of the polymer substrate was imaged by AFM in contact mode with and without lipophilic potassium salt. The modulation of the force-distance curves induced by the ion exchange was compared to the experimental change in elasticity of the blank and ion-exchanging substrate. The Young's moduli measured with strain force analysis on a potassium-containing substrate were 5 times smaller than the ones registered with nanoindentation and did not explain the modulation of the force vs distance curves.     

Investigation of sodium sulfate phase transitions in a porous material using humidity- and temperature-controlled X-ray diffraction

Crystals growing in confined spaces can generate stress and are a major cause of damage in porous materials. To investigate such deleterious processes, appropriate in situ techniques are required. This paper describes the use of X-ray diffractometry under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH-XRD) for the direct observation of phase transition reactions in a porous substrate. An improved environmental chamber without temperature gradients is presented and applied to the investigation of phase transformations in the system Na2SO4 + H2O. This salt is generally considered as particularly damaging and frequently used in accelerated weathering tests. It is demonstrated that RH-XRD can be successfully applied for the direct observation of several relevant phase transitions in glass frits used as porous substrates. The conversion of Na2SO4(III) to Na2SO4(V) and the hydration of Na2SO4(V) both proceed fairly rapidly as true solid-state reactions without deliquescence of the educt phases. In contrast, crystallization from solution is kinetically hindered as there is a strong tendency of aqueous Na2SO4 to form supersaturated solutions also in narrow pores. The important implications of this behavior of the salt are also briefly discussed in the paper.     

Preparation of a Cation Exchanger from Cork Waste：Thermodynamic Study of the Ion Exchange Processes

An ion exchanger was prepared by sulfonation of cork-waste chars. The exchange properties of the resultant material were characterized using Na+, Ca2+ or Fe3+ aqueous solutions. The content of metal ions in the solutions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. On the basis of the results obtained, the chemical equilibrium and its thermodynamic aspects related to the ion exchange process were studied. It was found that equilibrium constant K varies by the order: Na+0 and △5°>0, with -△G° following the sequence: Ca2+>Na+>Fe3+.     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-蒙脱土纳米复合材料的研究

以插层聚合的方法并实验证实 ,成功地合成了PM MA/Benton纳米复合材料。研究了 3种复合体系 :(1)单体MMA ,引发剂AIBN与钠基膨润土直接共混预聚合体系 ;(2 )钠基膨润土经长链烷基季铵盐改性处理后 ,再与单体MMA混合 ,进行预聚 ;(3)先将长链烷基季铵盐与单体混合预聚 ,再加入膨润土继续聚合。将以上 3种预聚物经浇注、硬化、熟化而制得有机玻璃板。通过X射线衍射、热失重、热分析实验研究了其结构特征和结晶行为 ;通过热变形维卡温度测定和氧指数测量对其性能进行了表征     

Relative sensitivity factors for alkali metal and ammonium cations in single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectra

A variety of factors have been investigated with regard to the quantitation of chemical species within individual ambient aerosol particles analyzed by laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Spectrum to spectrum differences in the interaction of the particle with the ionization laser beam, which affect the absolute peak areas in the mass spectra, can be minimized by using relative peak areas instead of absolute peak areas in each spectrum. Whereas absolute peak areas vary by an average of 59% for a given ion peak in single particle mass spectra of a monodisperse aerosol of particles formed from the same solution, relative peak areas in the same mass spectra vary only by an average of 16%. Relative sensitivity factors (RSF) relating the mass spectral ion intensity of NH4+ and the alkali metal cations Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ in single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry to their bulk concentrations have been determined. The values for Li+/Na+, K+/Na+, Rb+/Na+, Cs+/Na+, and NH4+/Na+ are found to be 0.14, 5.1, 6.0, 7.9, and 0.014, respectively. The higher response for heavier cations of the alkali metals is consistent with the periodic trends of both ionization potential and lattice energies of the species of interest. The response factor for sodium and potassium cations has been used to accurately determine the relative amounts of Na+ and K+ in sea-salt particles, by analyzing a sample of approximately 360 ambient sea-salt particles. The relative amounts of Na+ and K+ are found to be 97 and 3% in particles, respectively, whereas in seawater they are, on average, 98 and 2%.     

Crown ether-doped sol-gel materials for strontium(II) separation

Hybrid organic/inorganic sol-gel materials containing an encapsulated crown ether ligand were found to selectively remove 91.4 +/- 1.3% of Sr2+ from a solution containing excess of competing ions such as Ca2+. The crown ether ligand, 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane-7,16-bis(malonate) ligand (Na4oddm), with known high affinity for Sr2+ was encapsulated in hydrophilic SiO2 through a simple sol-gel process. Washing the Sr(2+)-loaded gel with acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt recovered the Sr2+ from the sol-gel sorbent and regenerated the doped gel for subsequent Sr2+ intake. The approach reported here is a new alternative to the use of crown ethers in metal ion separation through, for example, solvent extraction or the use of sorbents containing chemically grafted crown ether ligands.     

Layered Birnessite Cathode with a Displacement/Intercalation Mechanism for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Mn-based rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)are highly promising because of their high operating voltages,attractive energy densities,and eco-friendliness.However,the electrochemical performances of Mn-based cathodes usually suffer from their serious structure transformation upon charge/discharge cycling.Herein,we report a layered sodium-ion/crystal water co-intercalated Birnessite cathode with the formula of Na0.55Mn2O4·0.57H2O(NMOH)for high-performance aqueous ZIBs.A displacement/intercalation electrochemical mechanism was confirmed in the Mn-based cathode for the first time.Na+and crystal water enlarge the interlayer distance to enhance the insertion of Zn^2+,and some sodium ions are replaced with Zn^2+ in the first cycle to further stabilize the layered structure for subsequent reversible Zn^2+/H^+ insertion/extraction,resulting in exceptional specific capacities and satisfactory structural stabilities.Additionally,a pseudo-capacitance derived from the surface-adsorbed Na^+ also contributes to the electrochemical performances.The NMOH cathode not only delivers high reversible capacities of 389.8 and 87.1 mA h g^−1 at current densities of 200 and 1500 mA g^−1,respectively,but also maintains a good long-cycling performance of 201.6 mA h g^−1 at a high current density of 500 mA g^−1 after 400 cycles,which makes the NMOH cathode competitive for practical applications.     

Modelling Cl- homeostasis and volume regulation of the cardiac cell

We aim at introducing a Cl- homeostasis to the cardiac ventricular cell model (Kyoto model), which includes the sarcomere shortening and the mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. First, we examined mechanisms underlying the cell volume regulation in a simple model consisting of Na+/K+ pump, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, volume-regulated Cl- channel and background Na+, K+ and Cl- currents. The high intracellular Cl- concentration of approximately 30 mM was achieved by the balance between the secondary active transport via NKCC1 and passive currents. Simulating responses to Na+/K+ pump inhibition revealed the essential role of Na+/K+ pump in maintaining the cellular osmolarity through creating the negative membrane potential, which extrudes Cl- from a cell, confirming the previous model study in the skeletal muscle. In addition, this model well reproduced the experimental data such as the responses to hypotonic shock in the presence or absence of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Finally, the volume regulation via Cl- homeostasis was successfully incorporated to the Kyoto model. The steady state was well established in the comprehensive cell model in respect to both the intracellular ion concentrations and the shape of the action potential, which are all in the physiological range. The source code of the model, which can reproduce every result, is available from http://www.sim-bio.org/.