驱油用磺化聚丙烯酰胺的制备及溶液性能研究

采用NaHSO3-K2S2O8和偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(AIBA)复合引发剂体系及高低温分段引发法合成了丙烯酰胺/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AM/AMPS)共聚物,通过单因素实验与正交试验考察了单体质量分数、引发剂质量分数、引发温度、pH、单体配比、引发剂配比等因素对共聚物表观黏度的影响,筛选出共聚物的最佳制备条件,即单体质量分数为25%,引发剂质量分数为0.015%,引发温度为10℃,pH=7,m(AM)∶m(AMPS)=5∶1,m(K2S2O8)∶m(NaHSO3)=2∶1,m(NaHSO3-K2S2O8)∶m(AIBA)=1∶1,引发时间为1.5 h。耐温抗盐及热稳定性评价实验结果表明AM/AMPS共聚物的综合耐温抗盐性较好。     

低温引发制备高阳离子度絮凝剂

在水溶液中,以氧化还原引发剂引发聚合,制备出阳离子度60％～70％,固含量60％～70％的丙烯酰胺（AM）与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）的共聚物P（AM—DAC）絮凝剂。实验表明在10℃下引发聚合,单体质量分数60％,引发剂m（亚硫酸氢钠）：m（过硫酸钾）：m（尿素）=1：1：1,用量分别为聚合单体的质量分数0．1％,m（AM）：m（DAC）=1：8,pH值为5时,生成的聚合物的[η]达400mL／g以上。絮凝实验结果显示生成的絮团粗大、不易破碎。     

光辅助引发制备丙烯酰胺-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物

采用光辅助引发技术,通过水溶液聚合法制备丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)共聚物P(AM-DMDAAC)。考察了引发体系、单体配比、引发温度、溶液pH值、络合剂和引发剂质量分数等因素对产物特性黏数及溶解性的影响,并与传统的引发剂引发聚合结果进行了对比。在单体浓度30%,m(DMDAAC)∶m(AM)=20∶80,引发温度20℃,pH值6.0,EDTA.2Na用量0.001 0%,引发剂质量分数0.003 0%条件下,产物的特性黏数达12 dL/g以上,溶解时间67 min,用红外光谱进行了表征。     

高固体质量分数丙烯酰胺共聚物反相微乳胶的制备

考察了相关因素对丙烯酰胺(AM)/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)反相微乳液聚合反应的影响。实验发现,所得丙烯酰胺共聚物P(AM-co-AMPS)的相对平均分子质量随单体质量分数的增加而增大,随反应温度的升高、乳化剂质量分数的增加而减小;随引发剂的质量分数、pH值的增大呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;在相同实验条件下,以混合单体中m(AM)∶m(AMPS)=5时得到的P(AM-co-AMPS)相对平均分子质量最大。在反应温度为35℃,引发剂质量分数为单体质量0.23%的条件下,通过反相微乳液聚合反应,制得了质量分数w[P(AM-co-AMPS)]=31.0%透明、稳定的P(AM-co-AMPS)反相微乳胶。     

光引发合成两性聚丙烯酰胺的影响因素

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、阴离子单体丙烯酸纳(AANa)、阳离子单体丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)为原料,采用光引发聚合方式合成两性聚丙烯酰胺P(AM-DAC-AANa),探讨了合成P(AM-DAC-AANa)的最佳条件。结果表明:在n(AM)∶n(AANa)∶n(DAC)=1∶0.7∶0.2,单体质量分数为30%,引发剂用量为0.08%,光照时间为2.5h,引发温度为30℃,溶液p H为7.0条件下,得到产物的特性粘数为976m L/g。红外光谱分析表明:所得产物符合P(AM-DAC-AANa)的结构特征。     

水溶液聚合制备高固含量阳离子絮凝剂及其应用

在氧化还原引发剂作用下,通过水溶液聚合制备了丙烯酰胺(AM)与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)的共聚物P(AM-DAC)。探讨了反应温度θ、引发剂质量分数w(I)、单体质量分数w(M)对聚合物特性黏度([η])的影响。在亚硫酸钠与过硫酸铵为引发剂,w(I)=0.2%,w(M)=50%,θ=30℃,螯合剂乙二胺四钠盐(EDTA)用量为单体质量的0.02%的条件下,生成的聚合物的[η]达到160 mL/g。用IR证实了聚合物的结构;TG-DSC分析得到聚合物的玻璃化温度为130℃,热分解出现在244.6℃。对污泥进行了絮凝实验,结果表明聚合物30 m in内能迅速溶解,所生成的絮团粗大且不易破碎。     

聚羧酸系高效减水剂的合成研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,在75℃下,pH为中性时,用马来酸酐(MA)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、α-甲基丙烯酸(α-AA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)单体在水溶液下接枝共聚合成聚羧酸系高效减水剂。其性能与合成时采用的单体比例、温度、pH值、引发剂添加量和引发剂添加方法、水灰比等有关。通过实验发现,其中单体最佳比例为m(MA)/m(AMPS)/m(α-AA)/m(BA)=1︰8︰12︰1,pH值为中性,引发剂添加量为单体质量的10%,反应温度为75℃时得到的聚合物的性能最佳。通过性能检测发现,该减水剂具有优良的分散能力与流动保持性,它的减水率最高达到了28%(减水剂掺量为水泥质量的1%),水泥静浆流动度(扩展度)达到了197 mm以上,而且在60 min内几乎无坍落度损失,水泥浆体粘聚性好。     

驱油用水溶性AM-AA-NVP-DAMA四元共聚物的合成及性能

由1,3-丙二胺和马来酸酐制备的功能单体(DAMA)与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)共聚制备出了一种水溶性AM-AA-NVP-DAMA四元共聚物。共聚反应的条件为:m(AM)∶m(AA)=3∶2,引发剂质量分数0.5%,反应温度40℃,反应时间8 h,pH=7.0。利用红外光谱(IR)、核磁(1HNMR)以及扫描电镜(SEM)对该共聚物进行了表征。性能研究表明,该共聚物在95℃下的黏度保留率比部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)高16.2%;在质量分数1.8%NaCl条件下的黏度保留率比HPAM高8.7%;在质量分数0.09%CaCl2条件下的黏度保留率比HPAM高9.4%;经过500 s-1剪切5 min后的黏度保留率比HPAM高16.3%;60℃下质量分数0.2%共聚物溶液提高的采收率比HPAM高5.07%。     

丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物的制备研究

以丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合合成阳离子高分子聚合物P(DAC-AM)。讨论了单体质量比、引发剂用量、温度等因素对聚合反应的影响,得到了合适的制备参数:反应温度55℃,引发剂0.035g,单体质量比m(AM):m(DAC)=3:14;并对产物进行了红外光谱和热失重分析,确定了聚合物为P(DAC-AM),热分解温度为230℃。     

AM/AMPS共聚物的合成与耐温抗盐性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,采用氧化还原引发体系在水溶液中合成二元共聚物。结果表明:采用(NH4)2S2O8/NaHSO2CH2OH引发剂,AMPS与AM单体总质量分数25%,二者质量比3∶7,引发剂占单体总量的质量分数0.09%,其中氧化剂与还原剂质量比4∶1,pH=6,反应温度20℃时,AM/AMPS共聚物表观黏度最高,与工业部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM,3 500万)相比具有更好的耐温抗盐性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。