超临界CO2萃取燕麦油工艺研究

以燕麦切粒为原料,进行超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油工艺研究及燕麦油品质分析。首先,通过单因素试验探讨各因素对燕麦油萃取率的影响;其次,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的工艺参数;最后用GC-MS分析燕麦油的脂肪酸组成并进行品质分析。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的最佳工艺参数为装料量50 g、静态萃取时间74 min、动态萃取时间160 min、萃取压力45MPa、萃取温度50℃,在此工艺条件下燕麦油萃取率可达56.99%;超临界CO_2萃取的燕麦油澄清透明,呈金黄色,具有特殊的麦香味,不饱和脂肪酸含量为87.49%。     

超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取甜瓜籽油,在单因素实验的基础上,运用正交实验设计优化工艺条件。结果表明超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间5 h,CO2流量8 L/min,甜瓜籽粉碎粒度24目。在最佳条件下,甜瓜籽油得率为29.34%。利用GC-MS对甜瓜籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,结果表明超临界CO2萃取的甜瓜籽油共鉴定出12种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(10.87%)、硬脂酸(5.57%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸(64.29%)、油酸(16.64%)为主。     

超临界CO2萃取红瓜子仁油工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

以红瓜子为原料、红瓜子仁油萃取率为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验进行红瓜子仁油萃取工艺优化,并对获得的红瓜子仁油进行了脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取红瓜子仁油最佳工艺条件为:红瓜子仁粒径40目,萃取压力40 MPa,CO_2流量24 L/h,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间3.5 h。在最佳工艺条件下,红瓜子仁油萃取率为99.27%。红瓜子仁油不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸(62.1%)、油酸(16.3%),不饱和脂肪酸含量达到79%,可作为一种优质植物油进行开发利用。     

山桐子油的超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及脂肪酸组成分析

为了充分利用山桐子资源,采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计优化山桐子油的超临界CO_2萃取工艺,运用气相色谱—质谱(GC—MS)分析山桐子油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取山桐子油的优化工艺条件为萃取时间147min,萃取温度53℃,萃取压力24 MPa;在该条件下,山桐子油得率为(38.25±0.41)%。山桐子油得率和影响因素间的回归模型极显著(P=0.000 9)。GC—MS结果表明,山桐子油主要由不饱和脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸含量为81.33%,亚油酸含量为71.43%。山桐子油是一种优质的食用油资源,超临界CO_2可以高效萃取山桐子油。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from crude palm oil using CO2

The aim of this study was to ascertain the influence of pressure, temperature and time on the supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from the crude palm oil. The operating conditions were shown as follows: pressures of 75, 125 and 175 bar, temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C and extraction time of 1, 3 and 5 h. The extracts were analyzed using UV spectroscopy at a wavelength of 450 nm. Then the experimental data was compared with the data obtained using a statistical method. The results from the model showed a good agreement with the experimental data. The results (obtained from the statistical model) demonstrate that a pressure of 140 bar, temperature of 102 °C and extraction time of 3.14 h are required to obtain optimum yield of β-carotene (1.028 × 10⁻²%) from the extraction process, however the maximum yield of the β-carotene (1.741 × 10⁻²%) was experimentally obtained at a pressure of 75 bar, temperature of 120 °C and extraction time of 1 h.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取石榴籽油工艺条件的研究

以石榴籽为原料,对超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素试验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对石榴籽油得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间80 min,分离釜Ⅰ温度60℃,压力10 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度35℃,压力6 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,石榴籽油得率为18.6%。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial waste

Supercritical CO₂ extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial wastes (skins and seeds) was carried out in a flow apparatus. The effects of moisture content, feed initial composition, particle size, solvent flow-rate, pressure and temperature on the extraction yield and recovery were evaluated.     

甜杏仁的超临界CO2萃取及产物分析

以新疆产甜杏仁为原料,采用超临界CO₂萃取技术进行萃取并对所得产物杏仁油的理化指标与脂肪酸组成,以及杏仁粉中微量元素与氨基酸组成进行了分析测定。结果表明：在萃取温度45℃,萃取压力33 MPa,萃取时间5.5 h,分离温度48℃的条件下,杏仁油得率为46.44%;杏仁油中富含油酸（70.98%）和亚油酸（22.93%）,不饱和脂肪酸含量达到93.96%;杏仁粉中含有丰富的蛋白质和微量元素,其中蛋白质含量为50.66%,钙含量为2 655 mg/kg,镁含量为3 995 mg/kg,铁含量为127 mg/kg,锌含量为116.5 mg/kg,锰含量为6.24 mg/kg;杏仁粉蛋白质中谷氨酸含量最高,为11.00%。     

超临界CO2萃取羊肉油脂及其脂肪酸组成的变化

为探究超临界CO₂萃取技术在动物油脂提取中的应用,明确萃取过程中脂肪酸的变化规律,以羊肉为原料,利用超临界CO₂萃取技术提取羊肉油脂,分析油脂提取效果,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其脂肪酸质量分数和组成进行分析。结果发现,超临界CO₂萃取羊肉油脂的萃取率可达22.04%,与未处理组相比,经超临界萃取后肉中饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著降低了11.37%(P<0.05),超临界萃取的油中饱和脂肪酸无显著变化(P>0.05);超临界萃取后肉中单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量较未处理组显著提高9.20%(P<0.05),其中棕榈油酸相对含量显著增加了61.00%(P<0.05);超临界萃取的油中单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量与未处理组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但其中棕榈油酸的相对含量显著提高了70.10%(P<0.05);超临界萃取肉和油中均未检出反式油酸,且其中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量及组成无显著变化(P>0.05)。因此,超临界CO₂萃取技术可应用于羊肉油脂提取,有利于提高超临界萃...     

Supercritical CO2 extraction optimization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil using response surface methodology

This study examined extraction of pomegranate seed oil by using supercritical carbon dioxide. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the process parameters, namely extraction pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate on the yield of pomegranate seed oil. The extraction parameters were optimized with a central composite design experiment. The linear term of pressure, followed by the linear term of CO₂ flow rate, the quadratic terms of pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate and the interactions between pressure and temperature, as well as CO₂ flow rate and temperature, had significant effects on the oil yield (p < 0.05). Maximum yield of pomegranate seed oil from the mathematical model was predicted to be 156.3 g/kg dry basis under the condition of pressure 37.9 MPa and temperature 47.0 °C with CO₂ flow rate of 21.3 L/h. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherols' content of pomegranate seed oil extracted using supercritical CO₂ were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet method. Minor difference was found in the fatty acid composition of the oils extracted by the two methods. The content of total tocopherols was about 14% higher in the oil extracted with supercritical CO₂ than that obtained by Soxhlet extraction.     

Transfer process limited models for CO2 perception in CO2 hydrate desserts

A CO₂ hydrate dessert is a carbonated frozen dessert in which CO₂ hydrates replace some or all of the ice. When a CO₂ hydrate dessert is eaten, CO₂ perception is very strong due to formation and bursting of bubbles in the mouth as well as dissolution of CO₂ leading to nociceptor stimulation. A preliminary sensory panel indicated that a CO₂ hydrate dessert could be perceived as more carbonated than a freshly opened soda. However, it was also found that a CO₂ hydrate dessert must have a significantly higher CO₂ concentration than is typical in carbonated beverages (including champagne), just to have moderate perception of carbonation. In this work, heat transfer limited and mass transfer limited models for CO₂ hydrate dissociation are compared and the implications for CO₂ perception are discussed. It is suggested that the mass transfer limited model is most applicable to the case of eating CO₂ hydrate desserts. According to this model, a thin ice shell limits the rate of CO₂ hydrate dissociation. After dissociation, CO₂ gas is dissolved in the available aqueous phase. In a CO₂ hydrate there is much more CO₂ present than could be dissolved in the water that is present, so a large fraction of the CO₂ in the dessert may be lost with the breath of the consumer.     

Supercritical CO2 cell breaking extraction of Lycium barbarum seed oil and determination of its chemical composition by HPLC/APCI/MS and antioxidant activity

The extraction parameters for oil extraction from Lycium barbarum seed including extraction pressure, temperature and time were optimized using an orthogonal test design. The optimum conditions for supercritical CO₂ extraction were as follows: extraction pressure, 30 MPa; extraction temperature, 45 °C; dynamic extraction time, 60 min; CO₂ flow, 25 kg/h. The oil yield under the conditions proposed was 19.28 g/100 g. The effect of cell wall breakage pretreatment was investigated by supercritical CO₂ rapid depressurization, and results indicated this pretreatment could result in a rapid and efficient extraction. A sensitive fluorescent reagent 2-(11H-benzo[a]carbazol-11-yl) ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (BCETS) was utilized as pre-column labeling regent to determine fatty acids (FA) from Lycium barbarum seed oils obtained by different extraction methods. The main FA were: C18:2, C18:1, C16, C20:6, C18:3, and C20. The oil from L. barbarum seed exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching test, and its antioxidant activity compared well with the references ascorbic acid and α- tocopherol.     

牡丹籽油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及抗氧化活性的研究

以牡丹籽为原料,利用超临界CO2萃取法提取牡丹籽油。采用单因素试验对影响牡丹籽油萃取率的3个因素(温度、压力和时间)进行了考察;以萃取率为响应值,以温度、压力和时间3个主要影响因素设计正交实验(L9 33),对提取条件较为温和、对油脂抗氧化性成分破坏较小的超临界提取工艺进行了优化;采用DPPH法和亚铁离子(Fe2 )诱导的过氧化体系法,以油酸和亚油酸为对照,研究了压榨法和超临界CO2萃取法两种工艺提取的牡丹籽油清除DPPH自由基和抗脂质过氧化能力的差异。结果表明,萃取时间对萃取率影响最大,其次为萃取温度,萃取压力对萃取率影响最小;超临界CO2萃取法提取牡丹籽油的优化工艺条件为：温度35℃、压力30 MPa、时间60 min,牡丹籽油的萃取率为28.86%;牡丹籽油的抗氧化性质与脂溶性抗氧化剂类似;超临界油清除DPPH自由基的能力明显高于压榨油,而经Fe2 诱导的脂质过氧化程度则低于压榨油,说明超临界CO2提取的牡丹籽油品质优于压榨油,建议采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取高附加值牡丹籽油。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of Mortierella alpina single cell oil: Comparison with organic solvent extraction

Analysis of supercritical fluid extracted (SFE) and organic solvent extracted lipids from freeze dried Mortierella alpina biomass was carried out. The effect of biomass pre-treatment on effectual lipid recovery was also investigated. Results indicated that the methods employed viz., SFE and organic solvent (Sox Tec™) exhibited significant variation in lipid extraction efficacy. Efficacy of SFE on lipid recovery (38.73%) was significantly lower when compared to that of Sox Tec™ method (51.47%) because the organic solvent can also extract polar lipids. Biomass pretreatment by enzymatic method resulted in a substantial increase in lipid recovery. Maximum disruption of cell wall evidenced by scanning electron microscopy of treated cells warranted their higher mass transfer and efficient extraction. Characterisation of the extracted lipids by GC and GC–MS revealed considerable variation in the fatty acid profile. The FT-IR spectrum indicated a prominent cis-stretching vibration, no evident trans- stretching vibration and no major discrepancies between the SFE and Sox Tec™ extracts.     

西兰花籽油超临界CO2萃取工艺及脂肪酸组成分析

以西兰花籽为原料,采用超临界CO_2萃取西兰花籽油。通过单因素实验考察了萃取压力、萃取温度、CO_2流量、萃取时间和粉碎粒度对西兰花籽油出油率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交实验优化并确定了超临界CO_2萃取西兰花籽油的最佳工艺,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析西兰花籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取西兰花籽油的最佳工艺条件为粉碎粒度40目、萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间4 h、CO_2流量7 BV/h。在最佳工艺条件下,西兰花籽出油率为24.03%。西兰花籽油脂肪酸组成主要为芥酸(58.26%)、油酸(23.76%)、亚油酸(8.99%)、棕榈酸(3.56%),其中不饱和脂肪酸含量为92.36%。     

超临界CO2夹带乙醇萃取裂殖壶藻油脂的工艺研究

研究了超临界CO_2夹带乙醇流体从裂殖壶藻Schizochytriumsp.中提取富含DHA油脂的新工艺。基于气液相平衡性质,确定了夹带剂乙醇的添加范围,并对提取过程进行动力学分析,确定了二氧化碳的使用量。通过中心组合设计的响应面优化试验,获得了最佳提取工艺条件:温度52℃、压力38 MPa、乙醇摩尔比0.04。该条件下,微藻油脂的回收率约为88.2%,显著高于纯超临界CO_2萃取的回收率(71.9%)。根据Peng-Robinson方程考察了混合流体的密度变化对油脂溶解度的影响,部分解释了操作条件对油脂回收率的影响。脂肪酸组成分析显示,新工艺得到的油脂中的DHA质量分数约为39.9%,略高于传统工艺。由此可知,超临界CO_2夹带乙醇流体是一种极性范围广、溶解能力强的绿色提取介质,非常适用于中性微藻油脂的提取。     

超临界CO2萃取甲鱼油工艺研究

采用超临界CO_2萃取法从甲鱼四肢根部脂肪块中萃取甲鱼油。运用单因素试验及正交试验优化甲鱼油萃取工艺,并对甲鱼油理化指标及脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:最佳萃取工艺条件为萃取压力45 MPa、萃取温度55℃、萃取时间5 h,在此工艺条件下,甲鱼油萃取率为96.42%;所得甲鱼油理化指标符合粗鱼油行业一级标准;甲鱼油含33种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达79.97%。     

Characteristics of flaxseed hull oil

Oils from two commercial flaxseed hulls extracted by six procedures were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics. Oil yield ranged from 9% to 28% depending on solvent and extraction. Lipid fractionation of crude flaxseed hull oil yielded 92.5% neutral lipids, 3.1% phospholipids, 2.4% acidic lipids and 2.1% free fatty acids. Flaxseed hull oil exhibited three thermal transitions between −35 and −13 °C with solvent dependent polymorphism. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed three step oxidation of flaxseed hull oil with mean onset and oxidation temperatures at 121 and 150–253 °C, respectively depending on the extraction procedure. Flaxseed hull oil exhibited two-fold difference (0.6–1.2 μm Trolox equivalent/g) in antioxidant activity measured by a photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay. Supercritical CO₂ extracted the most oil with the highest antioxidant capacity of all evaluated procedures resulting in a defatted flaxseed hull containing the highest (53 mg/g) secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) level.     

Preparation of isoflavones enriched soy protein isolate from defatted soy hypocotyls by supercritical CO2

Soy hypocotyls, the byproduct from soy protein industry, rich in isoflavones, was attempted to develop into a value-added functional food, soy protein isolate (SPI). Soy hypocotyls were defatted by supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) under the following conditions as 35 MPa, 2 h, 45 °C with a constant flow rate of CO₂ at 5 l/min, fed from the bottom of the extraction vessel. Via extraction, the oil contents were lowered from 10.5 g/100 g in original soy hypocotyls to 0.2 g/100 g in defatted soy hypocotyls (DSH) with a Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI) value of 91.2 that contained about 2.18 g/100 g of isoflavones and 63.6 g/100 g of proteins. SPI was then extracted from DSH under the optimized conditions including: the pH of water solution at 6, the ratio of DSH to water solution as 1:10 and the extraction temperature at 30 °C with the extraction time of 30 min. The freeze-dried SPI contained 92.46 g/100 g of the proteins and 640 mg/100 g of isoflavones, where the three major β-glycosides, glycitin, daidzin and genistin accounted for about 83.7% of the total isoflavones. The yields of SPI and isoflavones were about 48% and 30% in terms of their respective total contents in DSH.     

超临界CO2提取板栗油工艺优化研究

利用冷冻干燥板栗粉为原料,探讨了影响超临界CO_2提取板栗油的工艺参数,采用PlackettBurman设计实验和Central Composite设计实验优化了板栗油提取工艺。利用Plackett-Burman实验,从影响板栗油提取因素中筛选出提取温度和提取时间2个显著影响因素。以显著影响因素为基础,经过最陡爬坡实验,获得40℃提取温度和120 min提取时间可以逼近最大板栗油提取率区域,并以此作为中性组合实验中心。中心组合实验获得板栗油提取率回归方程和板栗油优化提取工艺,回归方程达到显著水平(F=60.58,P0.000 1),拟合很好(R_(Pred)~2=0.842 6,R_(Adj)~2=0.961 1);超临界CO_2提取板栗油优化工艺参数:板栗粉为60目、提取压力为30 MPa、提取剂流量为20 L/h、提取温度为43℃、提取时间为140 min。优化实验参数条件下,板栗油提取率均值为82.15%。