Optimisation of a pilot‐scale spray drying process for probiotic yoghurt,using response surface methodology

The influence of drying air temperatures, drying air flow rate and feed flow rate on percentage survival rate (% SR) of starter and probiotic bacteria, moisture content, water activity and colour of probiotic yoghurt powder produced using a pilot‐scale spray dryer was investigated. Optimisation of spray drying conditions was achieved based on the desirability value. Results showed that inlet air temperature, drying air flow rate, feed flow rate and outlet air temperature of 150 °C, 478 m³/h, 2 L/h and 63.3 °C, respectively, were optimal conditions to produce powder that meets quality specifications and with a satisfactory% SR.     

白果粉加工工艺优化

利用响应面分析法研究进口温度、料液浓度、风机频率对白果粉喷雾干燥效果的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,选取进料量为300 mL/h,采用Box-Benhnken实验,以进口温度、料液浓度、风机频率为影响因素,以含水量和得率为响应值建立二次回归方程。结果表明,喷雾干燥的含水量最优工艺参数:进口温度170 ℃、风机频率50 Hz、料液浓度8%,在此条件下得到白果粉含水量4.38%;白果粉得率最佳工艺条件中为进口温度170 ℃,风机频率50 Hz,料液浓度6%,得到白果粉得率为55.88%。。     

Effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit aril powder

Gac fruit aril has an attractive orange red colour and very high level of carotenoids, giving it exceptional antioxidant properties. However, spray drying of this material has not been successful and malto dextrin is considered as a suitable drying aid to preserve its colour and antioxidant properties. This paper reports the effects of inlet drying air temperature (120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 °C) and maltodextrin addition (10%, 20% and 30%) on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac aril powder. Moisture content and bulk density, colour characteristics, total carotenoid content (TCC), encapsulation efficiency and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were significantly affected by maltodextrin concentration and the inlet air temperatures. However, pH, a_w and water solubility index were not significantly influenced by the spray drying conditions. Overall, a good quality Gac powder in terms of colour, TCC and TAA can be produced by spray-drying at inlet temperature of 120 °C and adding maltodextrin concentration at 10% w/v.     

Influence of emulsion composition and inlet air temperature on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying

The objective of this work was to study the influence of some process conditions on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. The process was carried out on a mini spray dryer and gum Arabic was used as wall material. Seventeen tests were made, according to a central composite design. Independent variables were: inlet air temperature (138-202 °C), total solid content (10-30% w/w) and oil concentration with respect to total solids (10-30% w/w). Encapsulation efficiency, lipid oxidation and powder bulk density were analyzed as responses. Powder morphology and particle size distribution were also analyzed. The feed emulsions were characterized with respect to droplet size and viscosity. Higher solid content and lower oil concentration led to higher encapsulation efficiency and lower lipid oxidation, which was related to the higher emulsion viscosity and lower droplets size. Increasing drying temperature resulted in higher lipid oxidation. Bulk density increased when higher solid content and lower inlet air temperature were used. The particles were rounded and shriveled, and their mean diameter was mainly affected by total solid content.     

喷雾干燥制备枸杞粉工艺研究

以枸杞酱为原料,通过喷雾干燥制备枸杞粉,采用单因素和正交试验相结合确定最佳工艺。试验结果表明,当麦芽糊精添加量为50％、固形物浓度为8％、进风温度为180℃、出风温度为80℃时,喷雾干燥效果最好,在此条件下喷雾制备枸杞粉的出粉率为29．1％。     

慈姑粉的喷雾干燥工艺优化

以慈姑酶解液为原料,研究助干剂对慈姑出粉率的影响,在最优助干剂添加量的基础上,以出粉率、含水量及感官评分为评价指标,优化喷雾干燥过程中进风温度、进料流量和热空气流量参数,确定最佳干燥工艺条件。结果表明:在麦芽糊精添加量为40%,进风温度为180 ℃,进料流量为25%,热空气流量为36 m3/h时,慈姑出粉率最高,达48.51%±0.63%,比不添加助干剂的出粉率高出31.32%,含水量为4.86%±0.07%,慈姑粉为乳白色,粉粒细小均匀,风味浓厚,冲调性好,感官性状最佳。采用助干剂协同喷雾干燥技术制备慈姑粉能显著提高出粉率,改善慈姑粉品质。     

A Feasibility Study on the Drying of Lime Juice: The Relationship between the Key Operating Parameters of a Small Laboratory Spray Dryer and Product Quality

Concentrated lime juice with 20% total soluble solids was dried using three levels of maltodextrin (40%, 50%, and 60% solid base) and a BüCHI B-190 spray dryer. The drying air temperature and flow rate were 140 °C, 155 °C, and 170 °C and 47.1, 53.5, and 57.8 m³/h, respectively. A total of 27 experiments were conducted (in triplicate) with the feed rate, temperature, and compressed air flow for the atomizer kept constant. Analysis of the data revealed that product recovery increased when the maltodextrin in the feed and drying air flow rate were increased, but the inlet air temperature had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on powder recovery. The moisture content of the powder varied with the maltodextrin level, inlet air temperature, and air flow rate. Using scanning electron microscope images, larger particle size was observed with the increase of maltodextrin concentration. Powder bulk density also increased from 0.41 to 0.68 g/cm³, depending on the level of maltodextrin, whereas the drying air temperature and flow rate were not as effective. The results of this study are beneficial for scaling up the spray drying of lime juice to the food industry.     

响应面试验优化喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉及其冲调性分析

以核桃分心木为原料,从分心木速溶粉冲调性的角度出发,采用单因素试验研究喷雾干燥进风口温度、进料流量及热风流量对核桃分心木速溶粉润湿性、分散性、水分含量及颗粒大小的影响,并选择进风口温度、进料速率、热风流量3 个因素,以润湿时间及分散时间为响应值进行响应面优化试验。喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉的最优参数为进风口温度170 ℃、进料流量1.8 L/h、热风流量35 m3/h。采用上述实际操作参数重新制作核桃分心木速溶粉样品进行实验,实际测得润湿时间为13.2 s,分散时间为5.8 s,与模型预测值相符。     

Production of a red–purple food colorant from Opuntia stricta fruits by spray drying and its application in food model systems

Opuntia stricta fruit juice is a potential source of betacyanin pigments which can be used as a natural red-purple food colorant. In this work a powder food colorant was obtained by co-current spray drying of O. stricta fruit juices with a bench-scale two fluid nozzle spray dryer. Glucose syrup (DE 29) was used as drying aid. Optimum conditions for spray drying were as follow: juice content (20% v/v; 1.2 °Brix), glucose syrup content (10% w/v), liquid feed rate (0.72 l/h), spray air flow-rate (0.47 m³/h), drying air flow-rate (36 m³/h), and inlet drying air temperature 160 °C. Color was retained during the drying process (>98%) and drying yield was high (58%). The powder colorant showed high color strength (4.0), being this color strength stable when stored at room temperature for one month. This colorant was successfully applied in two food model systems: a yogurt and a soft-drink. Food presented a vivid red-purple tonality very attractive for consumers that was maintained after one month under refrigeration (4 °C) (ΔE < 5).     

红枣粉喷雾干燥加工工艺优化

本研究通过向枣浆中加入大豆蛋白和果胶酶来优化红枣粉的喷雾干燥加工工艺,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面分析法优化料液浓度、进风温度、雾化器转速,以红枣粉集粉率和水分含量为响应值,最终得出喷雾干燥红枣粉的最优工艺参数:进料浓度18%,雾化器转速440 r/s,进风温度170 ℃,在此条件下经验证实验所得红枣粉出粉率为57.81%±0.75%,含水量4.76%±0.08%。此方法提高了红枣粉集粉率,改善了红枣粉的品质,为红枣制粉深入研究提供参考。     

基于响应面分析法的小球藻藻粉喷雾干燥工艺优化

以小球藻藻粉得率为主要目标,选取进料浓度、进风温度和进料速度三个因素进行中心组合实验(Box-Benhnken),通过响应面分析法对小球藻藻粉干燥工艺进行优化研究。利用Design Expert软件,得到了小球藻粉最佳的喷雾干燥条件:进风温度200℃,进料浓度77.8g/L,进料速度100mL/h。在此工艺条件下,喷雾干燥所得的藻粉得率最高,其最大得率理论值为48.18%,与实测值47.20%基本一致。     

黄刺玫果粉喷雾干燥工艺优化及物性检测

用响应面法对黄刺玫果粉的喷雾干燥工艺进行优化并对果粉指标进行检测。以果粉得率、多酚含量为主要考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对黄刺玫果粉喷雾干燥的进料速度、出口风速、料液浓度主要因素进行考察。结果表明:采用响应面法建立的模型具有显著性意义,在本实验条件下,影响果粉得率的主要因素依次为:进料速度>出口风速>料液浓度。各因素最佳参数为:进料速度6.0 mL/min、出口风速4.0 m/s、料液浓度60%。果粉得率77.5%,与预测值78.6%的偏差为1.4%;实验所得黄刺玫果粉粒度均一细腻,粒径7.71 μm,色泽粉紫,口味酸甜,具有黄刺玫果特有的香味和良好的水溶性。多酚含量为36.62 mg/g,含水率小于5.0%。结论:喷雾干燥法是制备黄刺玫果粉理想的一种干燥方法。     

Influence of process conditions on the physicochemical properties of açai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) powder produced by spray drying

The objective of this work was to study the influence of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of açai powder. The process was carried out on a mini spray dryer and maltodextrin 10DE was used as carrier agent. Seventeen tests were made, according to a central composite design. Independent variables were: inlet air temperature (138–202 °C), feed flow rate (5–25 g/min) and maltodextrin concentration (10–30%). Moisture content, hygroscopicity, process yield and anthocyanin retention were analysed as responses. Powder moisture content and process yield were positively affected by inlet air temperature and negatively affected by feed flow rate, which are directly related to heat and mass transfer. Process yield was also negatively influenced by maltodextrin concentration, due to the increase on mixture viscosity. Powders hygroscopicity decreased with increasing maltodextrin concentration, decreasing temperature and increasing feed flow rate. Powders with lower moisture content were more hygroscopic, which is related to the greater water concentration gradient between the product and the surrounding air. Anthocyanin retention was only affected by temperature, due to its high sensitivity. In respect to morphology, the particles produced at higher temperature were larger and a great number of them showed smooth surface.     

An integrated process for utilization of pomegranate wastes — Seeds

In this work, a new method for pomegranate seeds application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of seed oil and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying. Extraction temperature, solvent/solid ratio, amplitude level, and pulse duration/pulse interval ratio were the factors investigated with respect to extraction yield. Ultrasound was sound to increase extraction yield, but mainly to shorten the treatment time by over 12 times. Different materials were used as encapsulating agents. Ratio of core to wall material, inlet air temperature, drying air flow rate, and feed solids concentration were the factors investigated with respect to encapsulation efficiency. The resulting microcapsules were evaluated in terms of moisture content, bulk density, and rehydration ability. The optimum operating conditions were found to be: wall material, maltodextrin/Tween 80; ratio of core to wall material, 0.23; inlet air temperature, 150 °C; drying air flow rate, 22.8 m³/h; feed solids concentration, 30% (w/w).Industrial relevancePomegranate seeds, a by-product of pomegranate juice and concentrate industries, present a wide range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the seeds could have more beneficial applications in food industries instead of being used as animal feed or in commercial cosmetic products. In this work, a new method for pomegranate seeds application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of seed oil and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying.     

喷雾干燥速溶红枣粉工艺优化及其冲调性分析

以红枣为原料,通过单因素试验探究喷雾干燥进风温度、雾化器转速、进料流量对速溶红枣粉的分散性、润湿性、水分含量及颗粒粒度的影响,确定进风温度、雾化器转速、进料流量3个因素为自变量,分散时间和润湿时间为响应值进行响应面优化试验。结果表明喷雾干燥制备速溶红枣粉的最优参数为:进风温度170℃、进料流量1.3 L/h、雾化器转速400 r/s,在此条件下测得润湿时间为3.86 s,分散时间为2.27 s,与模型预测值相符。     

Fish oil microencapsulation as influenced by spray dryer operational variables

The effects of spray‐drying air temperature, aspirator rate (drying air mass flow rate), peristaltic pump rate (feed mass flow rate) and spraying air mass flow rate on microencapsulation properties of fish oil including moisture content, particle size, bulk density, encapsulation efficiency and peroxide were investigated. The process was carried out on a mini spray dryer, and skim milk powder was used as the encapsulating wall material. Results indicated that increasing inlet air temperature increased the particle size, encapsulation efficiency and peroxide value but decreased the bulk density and moisture content of product. Increasing aspirator rate resulted in increased particle size and peroxide value but decreased the moisture content and bulk density. Increase in feed mass flow rate increased the moisture content, particle size, bulk density and peroxide value but decreased the encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency and bulk density increased with the increasing aspirator rate but moisture content, particle size and peroxide value decreased.     

鱼油微粉的制备及其稳定性分析

为优化鱼油微粉的制备工艺以及初探其稳定性,本文以鱼粉加工副产物富集所得鱼油为原料,筛选复合壁材,研究喷雾干燥法制备鱼油微粉的工艺条件,考察芯壁比、固形物浓度、乳化温度、进风温度、喷雾压力、进料流量等因素对鱼油微胶囊效果的影响,并测定鱼油微粉的微观结构、溶解性及稳定性。结果表明,壁材选择阿拉伯胶/β-环糊精/玉米糖浆（质量比2:1:6）效果较好,微粉制备的最适工艺参数为:芯壁比32%、固形物浓度25%、乳化温度52 ℃、进风温度206 ℃、喷雾压力35 MPa、进料流量300 mL/h,此条件下制得的鱼油微粉包埋率达92.66%。微粉颗粒表面光滑,无破裂或孔洞,且水溶性好。鱼油微粉的贮藏稳定性显著高于未微胶囊化的鱼油（P<0.05）,且添加抗氧化剂的微胶囊鱼油具有更好的抗氧化能力。     

喷雾干燥条件对果蔬粉加工特性影响研究进展

果蔬粉加工是果蔬综合利用的重要方法之一。果蔬因富含糖类和热敏性成分,普通干燥无法制备性能优良的果蔬粉产品。喷雾干燥因效率高,出风温度低,产品性能好,是目前果蔬粉常用方法。喷雾干燥中,不同干燥条件对果蔬粉产率、品质有着重要影响。该文综述进风温度、助干剂种类和添加量、进料浓度、进料流量、热空气流量对果蔬粉产率和品质的影响,分析果蔬粉产率、性质变化的原因,以期为喷雾干燥法制备果蔬粉提供参考。     

Optimization for encapsulation of green tea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">sinensis</Emphasis> L.) extract by spray drying technology

Green tea has been credited with providing a wide variety of health benefits like higher total antioxidant, cancer prevention, and anti-irritant etc. Microencapsulation technology is used to prevent antioxidant loss during processing which involves entrapment of active material into carrier material. The experiments were designed using response surface methodology based on three level two factor (green tea extract, 10–25 % and drying inlet air temperature, 120, 130 and 140°C) central composite design. The feed emulsion was prepared with green tea extract as core material and 40 % maltodextrin concentration as wall material with the ratio of core to wall (1:2) and it was fed into the spray dryer at varied drying inlet air temperature to get encapsulated green tea extract powder. The quality characteristics were analysed such as moisture content, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and the process conditions were optimized using desirability function methodology. At optimum spray drying condition moisture content, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were found to be 3.1 % w.b., 72.91 % free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method, 57.81 mg/g of dry matter, expressed as gallic acid equivalent respectively with desirability value of 0.92.     

The effect of protein types and low molecular weight surfactants on spray drying of sugar-rich foods

The effect of protein types and low molecular weight surfactants (LMS) on spray drying of sugar-rich foods has been studied using sucrose as a model sugar and sodium caseinate (NaCas) and pea protein isolate (PPI) as model proteins. Sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and Polysorbate 80 (Tween-80) were chosen as model ionic and non-ionic LMS. The sucrose:NaCas and sucrose:PPI solid ratios were maintained at (99.5:0.5) and (99:1), respectively and spray-dried maintaining 25% solids in feed solutions. It was found that the proteins preferentially migrated to the air–water interface reasonably swiftly and the addition of LMS resulted into partial or complete displacement of the proteins from the air–water interface. More than 80% of amorphous sucrose powder was produced with the addition of 0.13% (w/w) of NaCas in feed solution. PPI was not as effective and produced less than 50% recovery even at 0.26% (w/w) in feed. Addition of 0.01–0.05% SSL displaced 2.0% and 29.3% of proteins from the surface of sucrose–NaCas–SSL droplet, respectively, resulting in a 6.5 ± 1.2% to 51.9 ± 1.9% reduction in powder recovery. The extent of protein displacement was higher when SSL was added into sucrose–PPI solution; however, the powder recovery was not much affected. The addition of 0.01% Tween-80 in sucrose–NaCas solution resulted in a 48.2 ± 1.5% reduction in powder recovery and at 0.05% concentration, it displaced a substantial amount or all the NaCas from the droplet surface and no powder was recovered. The addition of 0.01% and 0.05% Tween-80 into sucrose–PPI solution resulted into very low powder recoveries (24.9 ± 0.4% and 29.5 ± 1.8%, respectively). The glass transition temperature (T_g) results revealed that the amount of protein required for successful spray drying of sucrose–protein solutions depends on the amount of proteins present on the droplet surface but not on the bulk concentration. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the powders of sucrose–NaCas/PPI and sucrose–NaCas/PPI with 0.01% SSL were mostly amorphous while those with sucrose–NaCas/PPI–Tween-80 (0.01%), sucrose–PPI–Tween-80 (0.05%) and sucrose–NaCas/PPI–SSL (0.05%) were crystalline.