Framework for implementing traceability system in the bulk grain supply chain

Implementation of a traceability system in the bulk grain supply chain is a complex task. Grain lots are often commingled to meet buyer specifications and the lot-identity is not maintained. In this paper, a systems approach is used to develop methods for implementing bulk grain supply chain traceability in the United States, that includes both internal and chain traceability. First, the usage requirements of a traceability system are defined for all the actors in the supply chain. Second, a model is developed for implementing internal traceability system for a grain elevator that handles specialty grain. Then, we develop a model for information exchange between the supply chain actors. The model shows what grain lot information must be recorded and then passed on to the next actor. A sequence diagram is developed to show the information exchange in the grain supply chain when a user requests additional information about a suspect product. Finally, we discuss some suitable technologies to enable this information exchange. A few sample XML documents are shown for the transfer and sharing of information in the grain supply chain.     

The TraceFood Framework – Principles and guidelines for implementing traceability in food value chains

Requirements related to food safety and associated legislation and certification have increased a lot in recent years. Among these are the requirements for systematic recordings to be made throughout the supply chain so that in case of a food crisis it is possible to trace back to source of contamination, and to perform a targeted recall of potentially affected food items. These systematic recordings must be connected to the food items through unique identifiers, and the recordings, the identifiers and the documentation of how ingredients and food items join or split up as they move through the supply chain is what constitutes a traceability system. For the food industry, the traceability system is also an important tool for controlling and optimizing production, for getting better industrial statistics and better decisions, and for profiling desirable product characteristics. Current status is that many food producers have good, often electronic traceability systems internally, but exchange (especially electronic exchange) of information between the links in the supply chain is very time-consuming or difficult due to the diversity and proprietary nature of the respective internal systems. To facilitate electronic interchange of this type of data, an international, non-proprietary standard is needed; one that describes how messages can be constructed, sent and received and also how the data elements in the messages should be identified, measured and interpreted. The TraceFood Framework was designed for this purpose, and it contains recommendations for “Good Traceability Practice”, common principles for unique identification of food items, a common generic standard for electronic exchange of traceability information (TraceCore XML), and sector-specific ontologies where the meaning and the inter-relationship of the data elements is defined. The TraceFood Framework is a joint collaboration of many EU-funded projects dealing with traceability of food products; especially the integrated project TRACE where most of the work related to specification, design and testing of the framework has taken place.     

基于推广视角的后奥运时代食品供应链可追溯体系框架设计研究

随着编码和信息通信技术的发展,可追溯体系被逐渐应用到食品供应链管理中,以确保食品安全。本文通过建立一般通用的食品可追溯体系框架结构,为北京后奥运时代食品可追溯体系在供应链中的实施和推广提供一种整体分析的方法。     

湘冷链——基于区块链的冷链溯源系统

目的：解决传统溯源系统无法保证数据可靠性和完整性的问题,进一步加强对冷链食品的防护与监控。方法：基于区块链技术为湖南省市场监督管理局构建了湘冷链溯源系统,采用读写分离的存储方式,利用缓存系统提升了区块链系统读写状态数据的效率。结果：湘冷链溯源系统实现了湖南省进口冷链追溯环节的数据共享,并且针对发生疑似问题的冷链食品可以精准定位和快速上报。结论：湘冷链溯源系统基于区块链技术可信任性和可溯源性,为湖南省市场监督管理局提供了一种更为安全的冷链食品监管模式,通过追溯环节、追溯码、产品管理以及信息上链防篡改功能,实现了可信闭环冷链食品“物防”追溯体系,保障了食品安全。     

Pathways to increase consumer trust in meat as a safe and wholesome food

This paper focuses on the effect of information about meat safety and wholesomeness on consumer trust based on several studies with data collected in Belgium. The research is grounded in the observation that despite the abundant rise of information through labelling, traceability systems and quality assurance schemes, the effect on consumer trust in meat as a safe and wholesome product is only limited. The overload and complexity of information on food products results in misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Functional traceability attributes such as organisational efficiency and chain monitoring are considered to be highly important but not as a basis for market segmentation. However, process traceability attributes such as origin and production method are of interest for particular market segments as a response to meat quality concerns. Quality assurance schemes and associated labels have a poor impact on consumers' perception. It is argued that the high interest of retailers in such schemes is driven by procurement management efficiency rather than safety or overall quality. Future research could concentrate on the distribution of costs and benefits associated with meat quality initiatives among the chain participants.     

基于量子区块链的食品冷链追溯系统构建

疫情防控背景下,冷链食品质量安全备受关注,但当前食品冷链追溯系统建设不完善,仍存在缺乏信任、信息不对称、追溯环节缺失等问题,针对这些问题,本文提出基于量子区块链的食品冷链追溯系统构建思路。在量子区块链中,区块中的记录被编码成一连串彼此缠绕的量子,运用量子密钥分发技术代替传统区块链非对称加密传输,以量子签名进行身份验证,形成纠缠量子态对照效应,达成量子共识,保证任意节点之间数据传输的真实性,防止数据被篡改。结合分布式存储、智能合约等技术实现追溯系统所有节点共同参与、共同维护。从冷链信息采集业务层、网络数据管理层以及系统应用层3个层级对冷链追溯系统进行构建,并进一步探讨系统运行机制。本文欲利用量子通信技术充分发挥区块链优势,从而更好地解决当前冷链食品追溯面临的困境,为探索构建真实高效、可持续实施的食品安全追溯系统提供参考。     

Modeling traceability information and functionality requirement in export-oriented tilapia chain

BACKGROUND: Tilapia has been named as the ‘food fish of the 21st century’ and has become the most important farmed fish. China is the world leader in tilapia production and export. Identifying information and functional requirements is critical in developing an efficient traceability system because traceability has become a fundamental prerequisite for exporting aquaculture products. RESULTS: This paper examines the export‐oriented tilapia chains and information flow in the chains, and identifies the key actors, information requirements and information‐capturing points. Unified Modeling Language (UML) technology is adopted to describe the information and functionality requirement for chain traceability. The barriers of traceability system adoption are also identified. CONCLUSION: The results show that the traceability data consist of four categories that must be recorded by each link in the chain. The functionality requirement is classified into four categories from the fundamental information record to decisive quality control; the top three barriers to the traceability system adoption are: high costs of implementing the system, lack of experienced and professional staff; and low level of government involvement and support. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rollout Strategy to Implement Interoperable Traceability in the Seafood Industry

Verifying the accuracy and rigor of data exchanged within and between businesses for the purposes of traceability rests on the existence of effective and efficient interoperable information systems that meet users’ needs. Interoperability, particularly given the complexities intrinsic to the seafood industry, requires that the systems used by businesses operating along the supply chain share a common technology architecture that is robust, resilient, and evolves as industry needs change. Technology architectures are developed through engaging industry stakeholders in understanding why an architecture is required, the benefits provided to the industry and individual businesses and supply chains, and how the architecture will translate into practical results. This article begins by reiterating the benefits that the global seafood industry can capture by implementing interoperable chain‐length traceability and the reason for basing the architecture on a peer‐to‐peer networked database concept versus more traditional centralized or linear approaches. A summary of capabilities that already exist within the seafood industry that the proposed architecture uses is discussed; and a strategy for implementing the architecture is presented. The 6‐step strategy is presented in the form of a critical path.     

大豆豆脐油脂品质特性的研究

为促进大豆豆脐资源的高效利用、延长大豆加工产业链,本文以大豆加工副产物——大豆豆脐为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂浸提法提取油脂,研究豆脐油脂的品质特性。结果表明：以石油醚为萃取溶剂,所得豆脐油脂酸价、过氧化值、总酚含量、角鲨烯含量、生育酚含量、植物甾醇含量分别为2.10 mgKOH/g油、0.026 g/100g、7.72 mg GAE/kg、87.63 mg/kg、4.44 mg/g、43.03 g/kg,其中,角鲨烯、生育酚和植物甾醇含量分别约为大豆油的3倍、4倍和34倍;豆脐油脂中亚麻酸含量高达22.2%,约为大豆油的2~5倍;豆脐油脂的主要甘油三酯及含量分别为LLLn(17.89%)、LLL(13.12%)、PLL(11.85%)、PLLn(11.36%)、LLnLn(9.66%)。通过对豆脐油脂品质特性分析,以期为大豆豆脐综合开发利用提供数据支撑。     

基于可信区块链和可信标识的粮油质量安全溯源研究

粮油质量安全关乎国家的稳定发展,但目前还存在诸多粮油质量安全问题,特别是异构系统间数据的可信互联、高效互通得不到保障。因此,本研究首先在对粮油质量安全全链条信息流转特性进行分析的基础上,构建粮油质量安全全链条架构,并对典型环节进行关键信息分类。然后基于可信区块链和可信标识构建粮油质量安全可信溯源模型,对区块数据结构、标识体系编码规则、存储方式等进行定义和重构,并提出链网连接器的概念及具体架构方案。最后,以典型粮油品种小麦为例,基于超级账本Fabric开源框架设计并研发了小麦质量安全可信溯源系统,对模型进行了系统实现验证和案例分析。结果表明,研究的模型及系统实现了粮油质量安全全链条信息互联互通,并且保证了跨链信息交互的安全与全流程可追溯性。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制子失活方法的研究进展

胰蛋白酶抑制子是大豆食品与饲料的主要抗营养因子,这种抑制子的失活能明显提高大豆仪器与饲料的营养价值和食用安全性,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制子的钝化方法有物理、化学、生物还原、酶解、发酵以及天然化合物法等。本文介绍了大豆胰蛋白酶抑制子失活诸方法与技术,并对其发展前景作初步探讨。     

Consumer interest in information provided by food traceability systems in Japan

Food traceability systems are an important means to provide food safety and quality information to consumers. We studied consumers’ interest in the information provided through food traceability systems by examining a national representative sample of 6243 Japanese consumers through a 2006 online survey. The ratio of respondents who have accessed information through traceability systems is low. With respect to the 11 kinds of information we focused on in our study, respondents attached most importance to harvest date, production method, and production method certification. Our results show that more educated females have a stronger desire to access more specific information related to fresh produce, whereas less educated males are more likely to trace information through fresh produce traceability systems. We have outlined the implications of these findings.     

Triacylglycerols composition of oil in OS soybean cultivars

Oil content in grain and triacylglycerol composition of several Croatian soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L) Merrill) was investigated. Trials were conducted at two localities during three years and involved seven soybean cultivars. All investigated cultivars were created in soybean breeding program at the Agricultural Institute Osijek in Croatia. Oil content in grain was determined by NMR method. Triacylglycerols were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector and identified by comparing their retention time to standards.Oil content was similar in soybean cultivars within year and localities but varied significantly among years. Chromatograms of every injected sample showed 15 individual triacylglycerol peaks, and the main components are trilinolein, dilinoleoolein, and dilinoleopalmitin. A small difference of triacylglycerol composition was noticed among soybean cultivars whereas larger one was noticed among the investigated years. The obtained results will be able to use in further breeding work for soybean cultivars grain quality improvement.     

An RFID application in the food supply chain: A case study of convenience stores in Taiwan

Food hazards can appear at any stage of global food supply chains, making it essential to define critical control points to capture the data about ingredients, manufacture and dates-certain (sell-by, use-by), etc., and provide it in a transparent manner to supply chain participants and consumers. The government of Taiwan has appointed a non-profit research organization to conduct a pilot project to launch a potential national-wide food traceability system to increase the intangible value of purchased food and to enhance food safety. This paper discusses a financially viable business model for a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) application to a food traceability system. We conduct a case study of RFID implementation in the chain of convenience stores in Taiwan. The Taiwanese experiment may have implications for policy-makers, industry and public health officials elsewhere.     

Retardation of post-mortem changes of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) stored in ice by legume seed extracts

Meat quality of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) treated with soybean and bambara groundnut extracts at different concentrations was monitored during 10 days of iced storage. During storage, the control sample (without treatment) had a higher pH, TCA-soluble peptide content, heat soluble collagen content, proteolytic activities and psychrophilic bacterial count than did samples treated with soybean and bambara groundnut extracts. Conversely, shear force value and likeness scores of the control sample decreased (p<0.05), more likely associated with softening of muscle. The decrease in myosin heavy chain in the control sample was found after 6 days of storage. However, no changes in protein patterns of samples treated with soybean extracts at 2.5 mg/mL were found after 10 days of storage. Therefore, the injections of legume seed extracts, especially soybean extract, at a sufficient concentration, could be a means to retard muscle softening and maintain the qualities of freshwater prawn during iced storage.     

大豆有机成分辅助矿物元素指纹特征产地溯源

为提高矿物元素指纹图谱技术对大豆产地溯源的稳定性和准确性。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定黑龙江嫩江及北安共168?份大豆及对应土壤样品中矿物元素含量并分别测定大豆中蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性总糖和灰分含量。结果表明,采用步进式方法筛选出的10?种特征指标建立的判别模型对训练集大豆产地的整体正确判别率为96.4%,其中对黑龙江嫩江、北安大豆产地的正确判别率分别为98.1%、95%。回代检验对验证集大豆产地的整体正确判别率为98.2%,其中对黑龙江嫩江、北安大豆产地的正确判别率分别为100%、96.7%。验证集中对黑龙江嫩江、北安大豆产地的整体正确判别率高于测试集两产地的正确判别率（98.2%＞96.4%）,说明这7?种矿物元素和3?种有机成分是用于大豆产地判别的主要特征指标,携带了充分的产地判别信息。     

Traceability of mussel (Mytilus chilensis) in southern Chile using microsatellite molecular markers and assignment algorithms. Exploratory survey

The international seafood trade has adopted the food chain or “from farm to fork” concept in terms of standards and regulations regarding food quality, safety and authenticity, from primary production to the consumer. This has led to an increasing need for traceability, but administrative traceability systems (physical labeling, information recording and automatic data treatment) are not flawless and require validation through analytical procedures. Currently, DNA-based methods used for species identification and population genetics, coupled with allocation algorithms can be used to verify administrative traceability systems. We evaluated the potential of a panel of nine microsatellite markers combined with allocation algorithms for their ability to assign Mytilus individuals from southern Chile to their geographical origin, evaluating the performance of four assignment methods: genetic distance and frequency-based criteria and a Bayesian based method using prior information or not. The reallocation test showed that the Bayesian method with prior information performed best. When tested with a real traceability verification case, the frequency-based algorithm showed the best results, re-allocating individuals to their original population at least 6 times more often than individuals from other locations in a challenging scenario with low genetic differentiation among locations. In order to apply this allocation method for traceability purposes, it would be necessary to strengthen this SSR panel with more informative loci and complement it with SNP markers.     

可追溯体系在食品供应链中的应用

食品可追溯体系是一种以增进产品质量为目的,以信息处理为技术基础的质量安全保障体系,目前已成为很多国家管理食品质量安全的重要手段。本文简要说明了食品可追溯含义及食品可追溯体系分类和应用的技术,并介绍了可追溯体系在食品供应链中的应用及构建食品供应链可追溯体系的意义。     

Hsu model analysis considering grain volume variation during soybean hydration

To overcome the nonideality of the model presented by Hsu, who assumed that soybean grains suffered no change in volume during hydration, a distributed parameter model was developed following an approach similar to that used by Hsu, but considering that the grain volume varies as a function of hydration time. This new model presents more complex numerical solution and it was compared with the original Hsu model at constant volume. The models were fitted to experimental measurements of moisture content of soybean grains over time by the least squares method. The results showed that the volume of soybean grains increased 30% from the beginning to the end of hydration and the effective diffusivity values of the variable volume model were about ten times larger than those obtained from the Hsu model, indicating that the hypothesis of constant volume adopted by Hsu is unrealistic and leads to considerable errors in the estimation of effective diffusivity of water in soybean grains. In addition, an analysis of the behavior of the effective diffusion coefficients as a function of temperature and moisture content was performed.