2195/2219异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能

对2195-T8与2219-T6薄板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)试验。在恒定转速(TRS)的条件下,研究了接头性能与焊接走速(TS)和不同前进侧材料之间的关系。结果表明,在研究采用的参数范围内提高焊接走速有助于增强接头的力学性能;将2195置于前进侧的接头性能要优于2219作为前进侧,而无论何种材料为前进侧,断裂始终发生在2219一侧的焊核边界;纵向拉伸的结果显示,焊核的力学性能强于2219一侧焊核边界材料。同时结合焊缝组织演化,对接头力学性能的演化规律做出了分析。     

搅拌摩擦焊接Al-Li合金接头的微观组织及力学性能

采用锥形带螺纹搅拌头搅拌摩擦焊接5mm厚的Al—Li合金轧制板材，并对接头组织、力学性能及断裂特性进行了研究．结果表明，焊核区组织发生动态再结晶，形成细小的等轴晶晶粒，在等轴晶的晶界处析出大量的偏析相．热影响区组织发生回复和粗化反应，形成粗大的棒状回复晶粒；热机影响区组织发生弯曲变形，但整体上仍保留带状组织形貌，前进侧热机影响区组织变形程度高于后退侧，该区同时还发生回复反应，且后退侧热机影响区内的回复晶粒数量多于前进侧．拉伸实验结果表明，焊接速度v=40mm／min时，接头强度达到最大值，为345MPa；v=60mm／min时，接头延伸率达到最大值，为9．6％．硬度测试结果表明，搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化，前进侧的软化区宽度大于后退侧．断口形貌分析表明，接头断裂模式为韧-脆混合型断裂．     

2219铝合金双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能分析

采用双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊对2219铝合金板进行了焊接,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,探讨了搅拌针回抽速度对接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝平稳段上层试样断裂于前进侧热力影响区,靠近热影响区;平稳段下层试样断裂于焊缝中心的搅拌针端部搅动区;而回抽段焊缝断裂于后退侧热影响区,靠近热力影响区.焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的70％,断后伸长率为80％以上;当回抽速度为6 mm/min时,断后伸长率最高.硬度最低值位于热力影响区和热影响区交界处.     

Development of novel heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In this work, a new heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) process was developed, and its impacts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructure observation, tensile tests and microhardness tests. An increase in the heating tool temperature resulted in a decrease in the grain size of the stir zone (SZ) and an increase in the grain size of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The rising heating tool temperature also aggrandised the bonded zone width and enhanced the tensile shear load strength per unit area of the HT-FSSW welded joints. With an increase in the heating tool temperature, the microhardness of SZ increased while that of the TMAZ decreased. Moreover, the slope of the Hall–Petch relationship between microhardness and grain size of the TMAZ is larger than that of the SZ.     

转速对7055铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂特征的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊对5 mm厚7055铝合金进行对接试验,通过拉伸试验研究不同转速接头断裂位置及其横截面的显微组织,断口形貌特征.结果表明,随着转速的提高,薄弱区发生了转移:当转速为700~800 r/min时,接头在热影响区发生45°剪切断裂;当转速提高至900~1 100 r/min时,接头在焊核区发生"S"形断裂;进一步提高转速至1 200~1 400 r/min时,接头沿着前进侧热力影响区或前进侧热力影响区与焊核区边界发生断裂.断口形貌分析表明,热影响区断口呈现大而深的韧窝,焊核区断口呈现小而浅的韧窝,均属韧性断裂;热力影响区边界断口呈韧-脆混合断裂特征.     

2219-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对8mm厚2219-T87铝合金进行了焊接.对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微硬度及断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明,焊核区为细小的等轴晶粒,晶粒尺寸远小于母材;热机影响区发生了弯曲变形;热影响区组织出现了明显粗化.前进边热机影响区和焊核区形成明显分界线,后退边相对模糊.搅拌摩擦焊对接头各区域沉淀相分布形态有重要影响.接头室温拉伸强度可以达到母材的70%以上.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布显示,硬度最低点位于后退侧热影响区区域,断裂位置位于后退侧热影响区处,接头的断裂形式为韧性断裂.     

Characterization of Fatigue Fractures in Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam Using x-ray Micro-Computed Tomography

A post-mortem study of Alporas closed-cell aluminum foam specimens previously failed under strain-controlled fully reversed tension-compression fatigue was conducted using x-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). Volumetric renders of the 3D structure of the material were produced. Fractures were identified and marked throughout voxel-based images of the specimens. This produced a 3D plot of fracture locations. At high strain amplitudes (0.175-0.5%), fractures formed an interconnected planar zone oriented approximately perpendicular to the loading axis; typically, the angle of the plane differed from that of a tension failure. Conversely, at low strain amplitudes (0.05-0.1%), short fractures have been formed diffusely within the specimen. In both cases, observed fractures were tortuous. Our previous work with surface strain mapping via digital image correlation (DIC) suggested that for all strain amplitudes, a crack, evidenced by a zone of high extensile strain, was formed and propagated through the material. This result was confirmed at high strain amplitudes, but not at low strain amplitudes. The discrepancy is attributed to three potential causes. Using DIC, short cracks cannot be accurately resolved with relatively coarse light intensity patterns. DIC images indicate fractures under load, while μCT imaging was conducted under zero load. Finally, the localized extension seen in DIC images could be attributed to strain with no resultant fractures.     

超声表面机械研磨处理对6061铝合金FSW接头疲劳行为的影响

利用超声表面机械研磨处理(USMGT)方法对6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头进行了表面晶粒细化处理,采用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、扫描电镜等测试手段,对接头组织、力学性能及疲劳性能进行了分析。结果表明,USMGT处理后焊接接头表面形成了包含大量细化晶粒的梯度细晶层,表面细晶层的形成使接头表面硬度得到提高;接头的宏观断裂位置在热机影响区(TMAZ)和热影响区(HAZ)之间,滚压处理强化试样表层,FSW接头内部TMAZ和HAZ之间出现的软化现象无法消除,相比其他区域,该部分依然是疲劳薄弱区,承受载荷时微观裂纹源萌生位置由表面向内部迁移;滚压处理会使表层引入残余压应力,从而使得接头的疲劳性能得到提高,当应力幅值为150 MPa时,USMGT后的接头疲劳寿命达到未处理的3．5倍。     

压力对FGH96/GH4169高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头性能的影响

在惯性摩擦焊机上对FGH96/GH4169高温合金进行了焊接,焊后利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及拉伸试验机等设备分析了接头的微观组织形貌、显微硬度、拉伸性能及断口形貌. 结果表明,摩擦焊近界面处最高温度接近1 100 ℃,界面处温度超过强化相固溶温度. 焊缝区组织为细小的等轴晶粒,晶粒尺寸远小于母材,热力影响区发生了拉伸变形. 焊后接头热力影响区处的强化相部分重溶,接头界面细晶区的强化相完全重溶. 随压力增大,Co原子的扩散距离增加,接头室温抗拉强度和高温抗拉强度有所升高,断裂位置位于GH4169侧热力影响区,断裂形式为韧性断裂.     

异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织与显微硬度分析

选用优化的工艺参数对TC4/TC17异质钛合金进行线性摩擦焊及测温试验.焊后利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪等对接头微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.结果表明,线性摩擦焊接过程中界面温度超过1 200℃、超过β相变温度,在焊后冷却过程中发生再结晶,产生细小针状组织.界面混合区再结晶组织有等轴化甚至球化现象.TC4侧热力影响区由被拉长的α相及破碎的β相组成,TC17侧热力影响区的α相和β相被拉长细化.TC4侧热力影响区组织发生应变强化,TC17侧热力影响区靠近焊缝侧发生一定的软化现象,靠近母材侧强化现象明显.     

焊接速度对6005A-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

文中研究了转速和热输入特征值WP一定两种条件下焊接速度对6005A-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响. 结果表明,转速一定时,接头抗拉强度随焊接速度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势;热输入特征值WP一定时,随着焊接速度的增加,接头的抗拉强度持续减小;接头呈现出三种断裂方式,分别为发生于热影响区的Ⅰ型断裂、发生于焊核区的Ⅱ型断裂和发生于热力影响区的Ⅲ型断裂;Ⅰ型断裂和Ⅱ型断裂为韧性断裂;Ⅲ型断裂为包含韧性断裂和脆性断裂的混合型断裂;接头拉伸断裂位置并非总出现在硬度最低处;焊接速度小于1 000 mm/min时,WP ≤ 1有利于提高接头力学性能,而焊接速度大于1 000 mm/min时,WP > 1更有利于提高接头力学性能.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir-Welded Mg-2Nd-0.3Zn-0.4Zr Magnesium Alloy

A 2 mm thick Mg-2Nd-0.3Zn-0.4Zr (NZ20K) and AZ31 plates were friction stir welded. The microstructures of joint were compared and the tensile properties at room temperature and 200 °C were measured. The fracture features and the microhardness of joints were investigated. The effect of the strengthening phases in NZ20K joint was discussed compared with AZ31 joint. The results indicate that NZ20K shows better property especially at high-temperature environment. The grain of NZ20K in the nugget zone (NZ) is refined obviously with uniform distribution of strengthening phase particles and it shows clear boundary between NZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The grains of TMAZ are elongated because of the stir action of tool pin. The heat-affected zone is narrow with coarse grains. Mg₁₂Nd is the main strengthening phase in NZ20K joint through XRD analysis. The ultimate tensile strength of NZ20K joint decreases a little from room temperature to 200 °C for its main strengthening phase particle-Mg₁₂Nd being stable when the temperature goes up. On the contrast, the ultimate tensile strength of AZ31 joint decreases a lot at 200 °C for its strengthening phase soften or dissolve at high temperature. The hardness of NZ20K joint is higher than AZ31 joint and the lowest hardness of both joints is achieved on the advancing side where the fracture occurred.     

Microstructures and ion-irradiation behaviour of friction stir welded 12Cr-ODS steel

12Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel was successfully joined by friction stir welding (FSW), and the joints were irradiated with 3?MeV Au ions at 500°C. The morphology of grains, dislocations, sizes and distributions of nano-sized oxide particles (NPs) in different zones of the FSW joints were analysed. It was found severe plastic deformation occurred and fine equixed grains were formed in stir zone (SZ). The NPs coarsen obviously in thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side (AS) due to the relative movements of plastic materials with high-velocity gradient. The size distributions of the NPs in base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and RS-TMAZ are concentrated in a smaller range than those in SZ and AS-TMAZ. Finer grains and high density of dislocations result in hardness increasing obviously in SZ. Irradiation introduced higher hardening in HAZ because of its less grain boundaries and dislocation density compared with SZ and BM.     

工艺参数对2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

文中采用不同搅拌摩擦焊工艺对2195铝锂合金的可焊性进行了研究.结果表明,接头抗拉强度随旋转频率的提高先增后减,随焊接速度的提高先增后减.当旋转频率为600 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度最高,为432.8 MPa,是母材强度的77.3%.接头区域的硬度低于母材.热影响区内临近HAZ/TMAZ界面的区域是整个接头中软化程度最大的区域.根据热输入的变化,断裂方式可以分为两种:模式1:断裂发生在热影响区,呈现塑性断裂特征,断口特征为等轴韧窝;模式2:断裂发生在焊核区,断裂方式为韧-脆混合型断裂.     

高镁铝合金搅拌摩擦交叉焊接头微观组织与力学性能

为满足大型铝合金船舶壁板的制造需求,对新一代高镁铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦交叉焊接试验. 结果表明,交叉焊接头成形良好,搅拌区晶粒尺寸最小,热力影响区晶粒形态没有明显方向性,与单道搅拌摩擦焊相比,交叉焊接头搅拌区晶粒组织更细. 显微硬度测试结果表明,交叉焊接头显微硬度变化范围较小,前进侧接头软化明显;拉伸试验测试结果表明,交叉焊接头抗拉强度为340 MPa,为母材强度的87%,对比搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度358 MPa略微降低,在热影响区断裂,断裂方式为45°韧性断裂;疲劳裂纹萌生于焊缝底部,在最大应力150 MPa下循环超2 × 106次未断裂,疲劳性能良好,瞬断区断裂方式为韧性断裂.     

Microstructural characterisation of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Friction stir welding was applied to a 2 mm thick 304 austenitic stainless steel plate. The microstructural evolution and hardness distribution in the weld were investigated. The stir zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed dynamically recrystallised and recovered microstructures, respectively, which are typically observed in friction stir welds in aluminium alloys. The hardness of the SZ was higher than that of the base material and the maximum hardness was observed at the TMAZ. The higher hardness at the TMAZ was attributed to high densities of dislocations and subboundaries. Microstructural observations revealed that the ferrite was formed along grain boundaries of the austenite matrix in the advancing side of the SZ. It is suggested that the frictional heat due to stirring resulted in the phase transformation of austenite to ferrite and that upon rapid cooling the ferrite was retained in the SZ.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.     

2A12铝合金FSW板材时效成形性研究

为评价2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊构件时效成形工艺,设计了以时间参数为变量的焊后时效成形工艺模拟试验,进行了FSW(FSW-搅拌摩擦焊)焊件蠕变时效力学性能及成形性研究。结果表明,在搅拌头转速750 r/min、焊速60 mm/s的焊接工艺参数下,当时效成形时间为8 h时,FSW焊接件抗拉强度达到354.1 MPa,为母材强度的79.2%,其断裂位置基本位于热影响区前进侧。在该工艺下最佳回弹时间为8 h,此时回弹率为33.49%。硬度最低点在热影响区,该区域内硬度随时效时间的增加呈递减趋势。     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的组织分析

通过对7A52铝合金进行大量的搅拌摩擦焊接试验,对焊缝的宏观组织、微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.焊缝可分为热影响区、热机影响区和焊核等三个区域.其中,焊核为明显的再结晶等轴晶粒,晶粒明显细化;热机影响区出现了晶粒粗化现象,由母材的细纤维组织变形为具有一定弧度的弯曲粗纤维组织;热影响区的晶粒与母材相似,但出现了晶粒粗化现象.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布呈高-低-高-低-高的趋势,其中焊缝顶部的硬度达到了母材的硬度,硬度最低处位于前进侧的热影响区区域.     

基于数字图像相关技术的SLM-IN718细观表面裂纹扩展机制

开展了室温下不同应力比(R = 0.1及R = -1)的原位疲劳试验,并结合数字图像相关技术(DIC)分析了选区激光熔化IN718镍基高温合金(SLM-IN718)的细观超高周表面裂纹扩展机制。结果表明：首先,DIC分析表明SLM-IN718受载时裂纹尖端出现了类似于蝴蝶形的塑性应变区,这与采用Von Mises屈服准则相一致;其次,分析裂尖前方应变场特征、位移场特征,确定SLM-IN718存在裂纹闭合效应,并对其裂纹闭合效应进行评估,对SLM-IN718而言,R = 0.1与R = 0条件下载荷分别达到最大载荷的53%与29%时裂纹张开;此外,建立了虑及裂纹闭合效应的裂尖塑性区尺寸评估模型,计算值与实测值一致性较好;最后,结合DIC分析结果探讨了SLM-IN718低应力条件下的表面裂纹扩展机制。