Intelligent building technologies: a case of Japanese buildings

Recent developments in building technologies in the USA, Europe and Japan reflect the trend towards more intelligent and energy-efficient buildings. A variety of building products with automatic features are being developed, and electronic building systems and computerized building components are being manufactured. Virtually all buildings being built today are equipped with some degree of advanced technologies: for example, electronic control devices and communication systems, automated building facilities, and office automation facilities. This paper outlines the current status of intelligent building technologies. Key features are presented, and the architectural issues associated with the incorporation of the new technologies are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to examining technological advances in daylighting, electric lighting, and HVAC systems. Although these technologies are being incorporated in intelligent buildings throughout the world, specific examples in Japanese buildings are presented to illustrate their implementation in building design.     

Naive Bayesian decision model for the interoperability of heterogeneous systems in an intelligent building environment

The environment of an intelligent building includes systems and sensors with significant heterogeneity. With the growth of heterogeneous devices and sensor technologies in intelligent buildings, designers are often faced with more interoperation complexities among heterogeneous systems that are data-intensive in nature. Conversely, performing decision making on these systems with a variety of building data is not efficient in terms of adapting to a changing environment. Current interoperation solutions for intelligent buildings focus on dry-contact and static rule-based systems to solve interoperability in intelligent buildings. Although static rule-based systems are efficient, the bottleneck can be in the area of the scalability of heterogeneous systems that will affect the efficient performance of interoperations. Therefore, to ensure a timely decision-making mechanism among heterogeneous systems, the performance delay and interpretation capability of systems should be improved. This paper offers a framework that improves the communication responses and the ability of automated decision support among the heterogeneous systems with a rule-based repository for the management of intelligent buildings. The implementation of the framework was performed with several systems to show their adaptation to joint interoperation. It is also interwoven with Web services to offer unified integration among heterogeneous systems. Testing of the framework was performed in a local area network (LAN) setting and proved to be reliable in solving interoperation problems for intelligent buildings.     

智能建筑节能技术发展及问题研究

对我国现有智能建筑节能技术进行综合阐述,并对其存在的问题进行了详细的梳理和分析,通过分析智能建筑节能的特点,从强化建筑节能参与主体意识、加强智能建筑节能设计前期规划、规范智能建筑运营管理等方面提出解决问题的办法,对我国建筑节能事业的发展具有重要意义。     

某鼓楼式高层酒店结构抗火与防火设计分析

以某鼓楼式高层建筑为例,针对其造型独特、外观新颖和民族特色鲜明的特点,以结构抗火和防火设计中存在的难点为切入点,在确保该建筑的结构抗火和建筑防火安全的前提下,依据国家有关规范、标准,基于结构可靠度和智慧防火理念,对其结构抗火材料、安全疏散、消防登高操作场地及消防设施设计的优化措施进行探讨。提出在设计类似鼓楼式的高层建筑时,应充分考虑火灾与风荷载等多灾种的耦合性,积极应用智慧消防等新技术,全面提升其结构可靠度和消防安全性。     

我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径

简要分析了我国建筑能源消耗状况,从用能特点出发,对建筑物和建筑用能途径进行了新的分类,给出各类的现状、问题和节能潜力。在此基础上列出为实现建筑节能所需要的主要技术与产品研究领域和政策研究与保障机制。文中列出的关键技术研究为：基于模拟分析的建筑节能优化设计;新型建筑围护结构材料与部品;通风装置与排风热回收装置;热泵技术;降低输配系统能源消耗的技术;集中空调的温度湿度独立控制技术;建筑自动化系统的节能优化控制;楼宇式燃气驱动的热电冷三联供技术;燃煤燃气联合供热和末端调峰技术;节能灯、节能灯具与控制。有关政策与保障机制的研究问题为：建筑能耗数据的统计系统;住宅能耗标识方法与保障机制;大型公共建筑能耗评估与用能配额制;各种建筑用能装置的能耗标识标准与方法。     

智能建筑火灾自动报警与消防联动系统研究

智能建筑(IB)业迅猛发展促使其安全保障核心—消防自动化系统(BAS)向信息网络化、功能高度集成化方向迅速迈进。火灾自动报警系统是BAS重中之重,担负着保护人员以及建筑物财产安全的重任。基于此研究了智能建筑中火灾自动报警系统的信息网络化设计理念与关键技术。探讨了火灾自动报警系统的子系统——探测机构、智能控制系统、执行机构、联动控制机构等设计要点。论述了FAS与其他智能系统集成融合的核心技术。系统实现了远程双向传输控制,对智能建筑消防系统的设计有一定的指导意义。     

建筑家族中的新成员--智能型建筑

阐述了智能型建筑的内涵及其强大功能和优势 ,分析了智能型建筑的发展现状与趋势 ,提出应创新和提升智能型建筑水平 ,从而更加融合现代化的科学技术 ,使其更加广阔发展     

What do we mean by intelligent buildings?

Various common definitions of intelligent buildings are discussed. A systems view of building design is a starting point for considering business, space and building management. An intelligent building helps an organisation to fulfil its objectives by facilitating the management of these resources and thereby increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation. At an even more fundamental level intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to human needs.     

Improving the energy performance of the built environment: The potential of virtual collaborative life cycle tools

Advances in information and communication technologies [ICTs] offer the opportunity to improve the way energy profiling tools and techniques are used to measure and inform the energy performance of buildings throughout their life cycle. The exploitation of this potential is one of the goals of a current EU FP7 funded project, entitled “IntUBE — Intelligent Use of Buildings' Energy Information”. The overall aim of the project is to improve the energy performance of new and existing buildings via the intelligent use of buildings' energy information. The main aim the energy profiling research being conducted as part of the IntUBE project is to contribute to the development of virtual collaborative ‘life cycle’ building tools to support energy efficient building design, operation and retrofit. In order to illustrate how this may be achieved this paper defines the functions of energy simulations within the IntUBE system, outlines the systems architecture necessary to those functions and presents a case study illustrating some of the functionality under development.     

住宅及景观设计绿色建筑节能技术的应用

结合现代节能技术的发展,重点从墙体保温方面和新能源、新技术的应用探讨了居住建筑的节能技术,分析了绿色建筑节能技术在办公及公共设施中的应用,提出了不同部位的建筑节能技术措施,以促进建筑节能技术的发展。     

绿色建筑发展之路的探索

通过对绿色建筑本质意义的阐述和技术在实用艺术品中的作用,揭示了技术与艺术矛盾统一及其在建筑中的促进与制约关系规律。尝试对绿色建筑的发展过程进行预测,将其分为四个阶段,并对每个阶段的特点做了阐述,粗线条的描述了绿色建筑发展的轨迹。指出绿色建筑在走向自由之路的同时,伴随着一系列技术的成熟,必然要与艺术融合,自觉而艺术地表现技术。论文最后对建筑全寿命周期的评价进行了分析,对绿色建筑的局限性和发展完善的方面做了探索,指出健康舒适是绿色建筑技术发展的伦理指南,加上智能化技术会使绿色建筑技术更趋完善。     

超高层建筑智能化系统设计特点分析

针对超高层建筑智能化系统的构成．结合工程应用实际情况．分析超高层建筑智能化系统的可靠性设计、电气消防系统设计、防雷及接地系统设计、电气节能设计．以及超高层建筑智能化系统的前期规划、系统规模的控制方法及智能化新技术在超高层建筑中的应用。     

电子商务在现代化物流中的实现

针对传统物流行业面对电子商务浪潮的冲击应对困难的现状,本文提出了将电子商务概念纳入到物流供应链中,以智能化系统的方式实现传统物流现代化。     

Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigerant flow systems and ground source heat pump systems

With the current movement towards net zero energy buildings, many technologies are promoted with emphasis on their superior energy efficiency. The variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are probably the most competitive technologies among these. However, there are few studies reporting the energy efficiency of VRF systems compared with GSHP systems. In this article, a preliminary comparison of energy efficiency between the air-source VRF and GSHP systems is presented. The computer simulation results show that GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRF system for conditioning a small office building in two selected US climates. In general, GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRV system, especially when the building has significant heating loads. For buildings with less heating loads, the GSHP system could still perform better than the air-source VRF system in terms of energy efficiency, but the resulting energy savings may be marginal.     

Decision-making and assessment tool for design and construction of high-rise building drainage systems

The drainage system is one of the most essential facilities in building service engineering. This paper introduces a decision-making framework and a performance evaluation method for drainage systems within high-rise buildings through an empirical observation and a basic understanding of the stack fluid mechanism. A schematic structure for high-rise building drainage systems is presented to clarify this vital facility. Results include a decision-making flow patch and assessment tool for performance evaluation of drainage system design in high-rise buildings. Case-studies obtained from investigations were used to confirm the practicality of this evaluation method. The results of this study can support the decision-making process and be used as an assessment tool for current design and automation in construction of high-rise building drainage systems.     

ECA-based interoperability framework for intelligent building

The field of intelligent building includes a variety of systems with high level of heterogeneity. Recent advancements in sensor technologies and industrial electronics have increased the growth of heterogeneous systems in building environment. Many of these heterogeneous systems are disparate and not intended to perform mutual interoperation. Hence, it is rather difficult to execute interoperation especially in achieving desired services preferred by building owners and occupants. Complexity of interoperation is one the main reason for ambiguity in interoperability among heterogeneous systems in intelligent building. In intelligent building, an unrestricted joint execution of tasks between heterogeneous systems is essential to offer services that meet the building occupants’ requirements. In this paper, we present an Event-Condition-Action (ECA) based interoperability framework for intelligent building management by providing decision support ability among heterogeneous systems. The framework is interwoven with Web Services to provide unified integration among heterogeneous systems. The framework has been implemented with several systems to demonstrate their efficiency for joint interoperation. The framework was tested in Ethernet environment and proved to be reliable in intelligent building setting.     

Operative Platform Applied to Building Automation

Abstract:   This article introduces an advanced control structure to be applied to building automation. This structure is composed by three interrelated levels: the Operational level— where the field equipment is controlled, the Inter-Active level— where inhabitants communicate the building their preferences regarding control variables (lights, temperature, etc.), and the higher-level control, the Overall Building Well-Being Model , which manages the global building, taking into account the optimization of the inhabitants preferences, constrained by the available resources. At this third level, the inter-building communication is available. Each building has the capability to communicate with its neighbors, informing about fires, floods, security problems, power consumption expectations, and so on.
This article implements one of the three above-referred interrelated control levels: the Operational-level control . This operative platform is structured over a cascade hierarchical control architecture where inner loops are performed by local PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), and the outer loop is managed by a centralized SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) that interacts with the entire PLC network. The lower-level control loop assures high processing velocity tasks, the upper-level control loop updates the local references, knowing the complete system state. This operative model is tested on two prototypes, where all instrumentation in place is controlled by the industrial PLC network. Both prototypes worked perfectly showing the huge potential of communication systems between distributed processes. These communication systems allow intelligent centralized algorithms to manage decision-making problems in real-time environments. The system presented in this article combines several technologies (local PLCs, SCADA systems, and network communications) to reach the goal of efficient management of intelligent buildings.     

楼宇节能协调控制系统的介绍

本文介绍楼宇设备的节能协调控制系统,该系统随着开放式协议的应用,使空调、照明设施的联动成为可能。目前在楼宇中已经开始推广使用节能协调控制系统。     

超高层建筑智能化设计要点

结合超高层建筑功能特点和智能化技术应用现状,提出超高层智能化设计要点,旨在探讨和提供适宜此类建筑特点的技术措施。     

Performance evaluation of an intelligent hybrid floor-collector system

The paper presents the intelligent features of a hybrid floor-slab/wall-air-collector system, that is being developed at the Fraunhofer Institut für Bauphysik, and was analyzed by the author. The system can be identified as an intelligent system for “truly intelligent” buildings, namely, a sub-system that integrates the building fabric and the interior temperature control system to produce an automatically controlled environment, that improves comfort while saving energy.