C-Mn-Ti-B超高强度钢焊接熔合区的形成过程及其组织转变

研究了C—Mn—Ti—B超高强度钢焊接熔合区及其组织转变，发现焊接接头的最高硬度位于熔合区和富奥氏体带，而不是通常所认为的淬火区；富奥氏体带的化学成分及浓度接近于焊缝金属中的成分与浓度。考虑焊接接头所经受的热循环、元素扩散以及室温下焊接接头的组织、成分变化，提出了一种新的富奥氏体带形成机制并建立了熔合区的过程模型。该模型认为：焊接热作用下的焊接接头可划分为三个特征区域：熔化区、固液共存区和固相区；在冷却过程中，熔化区转变为富奥氏体带和焊缝混合区(α γ组织)；固液共存区转变为熔合区；固相区转变为通常意义下的纯热影响区和未发生变化的基体。根据此模型，成功地解释了熔合区类马氏体组织和含碳硼化物(Cr、Fe)23；(C、B)6的转变机理。     

Mechanical properties and interface morphology of Mg/Al ultrasonic spot weld bonding welds

This paper investigates the mechanical properties and interface morphology of Mg/Al ultrasonic spot welding (USW) joint, adhesive bonding (AB) joint and ultrasonic spot weld bonding (USWB) joint. The peak load and fracture energy of USWB joint increased significantly compared to that of USW joint and AB joint. The USWB joint presented a hybrid fracture mode which was composed of the delamination failure at adhesive/Mg interface, cohesive failure within the adhesive and cleavage failure in the weld zone. The interface morphology suggested that USWB joint exhibited fewer defects in the cured adhesive matrix and elevated connection density of adhesive/metal interface, which improved joint strength and altered the fracture mode.     

镁/钢异种材料点焊接头力学性能及显微组织分析

采用三相次级整流电阻焊机进行镁/钢异种材料电阻点焊,研究并确定了工艺参数范围和最佳数值.通过金相显微镜观察了接头的显微组织特征,并采用显微硬度计测试了接头各区域的显微硬度.结果表明,接头的剪切力随着焊接时间(2 ～ 14周波)、焊接电流(20～ 37.5 kA)以及电极力(5～8 kN)的增大均呈先增大后减小的趋势.当焊接时间8周波、焊接电流32 kA、电极力7 kN时,最大接头剪切力达6.961 kN,形成纽扣断裂.接头由半椭圆形镁合金熔核和钢侧热影响区组成,镁侧熔核显微组织由柱状晶和等轴晶组成,钢侧热影响区显微组织为板条状马氏体.镁侧离熔合线越近硬度越高,而钢侧最高硬度出现在钢板的中心.     

镁/铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的组织与性能

选用5083铝合金和AZ31B镁合金为研究对象,研究焊接时间对异种合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的金属间化合物层和拉剪性能的影响.结果表明,当焊接时间为1 s时,Mg合金的流动性较差,接头中出现明显的孔洞缺陷;随着焊接时间的变长,孔洞缺陷消失.由于铝镁表面的氧化膜在焊接过程中被打碎且焊接温度高于铝镁的共晶温度,接头中心会形成一层液相层,焊后液相层凝固形成金属间化合物.接头的抗拉载荷随着焊接时间的延长先升高后降低,最优载荷在焊接时间为2 s时取得,为3.1 kN.     

异种铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊缺陷及力学性能

采用回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术对2 mm厚5052-H112与2024-T4铝合金进行了成功的连接.试验结果表明,当焊接工艺参数选择恰当时,可得到无缺陷接头;然而,焊接工艺窗口较窄,在高热输入条件下易产生多种缺陷,如粘连韧带、孔洞、裂纹、弱连接等,且这些缺陷主要分布在两板的结合面及焊具退出工件的退出线上;力学性能测试结果表明在低热输入条件下,接头的力学性能（一字拉伸与十字拉伸）最高,这与焊点在低热输入情况下组织缺陷较少有关;在一字和十字拉伸载荷作用下,接头的失效位置位于两板结合面及退出线上,在结合面处形成了有效的冶金连接.     

异种铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的组织与性能

选用6061-T6与7075-T6铝合金为研究对象,研究异种合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的组织和拉剪性能. 将7075铝合金作为上板,主要讨论套筒下扎深度对接头成形和性能的影响. 结果表明,当套筒刚扎透上板时,接头内部无缺陷产生. 随着套筒下扎深度的增大,接头内部会出现孔洞、撕裂和未充分回填等缺陷. 当使用较小的套筒扎入量时,决定接头性能的关键位置,即钩状缺陷处和焊点中心搭接面处的结合情况良好. 接头的断裂载荷随着套筒下扎深度的增大先增大后减小,最大载荷在深度为3.4 mm时达到7 236 N.     

Interface morphology and microstructure of high-power ultrasonic spot welded Mg/Al dissimilar joint

High-power ultrasonic welding technology, which has the excellent characteristics of low-energy input and high efficiency, can effectively shorten the welding time, reduce the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and improve the strength of Mg/Al dissimilar welded joints in the future manufacturing industry. Mg/Al dissimilar metal ultrasonic welded joints with favourable mechanical properties were obtained through reasonable selection of sonotrode patterns and optimisation of welding parameters. The connection mechanisms of joints were discussed based on the analysis of weld interface morphology, microstructure evolution, and the composition and distribution of Mg–Al IMCs that varied with welding energy. The mechanical interlocking phenomenon and discontinuously distributed Mg₁₇Al₁₂ with low thickness were observed at the weld interface, which helped to improve the joint performance.     

旋转频率对镁/铝异种金属填充式摩擦点焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

以AZ31镁合金和5A06铝合金为研究对象,采用填充式摩擦点焊技术实现了镁/铝异种金属的有效连接,测试了不同旋转频率下摩擦点焊接头的剪切力,并观察和分析了旋转频率对焊点形貌、界面组织以及元素分布的影响规律.结果表明,随着焊接工具旋转频率的增加,焊点的剪切力先增加后减小,且在2400 r/min附近有最高的剪切力,约为1.9 kN.当旋转频率较低时,镁/铝之间界面反应不充分,无明显的界面层组织,甚至存在"未焊合"区.当旋转频率较高时,镁/铝间形成的界面层较厚(约5μm),界面组织明显,界面结合良好.     

点焊工艺对汽车用镁/钢点焊接头性能的影响

采用电阻点焊实现了对镁合金和钢的焊接,研究焊接电流、焊接时间和焊接压力对镁/钢点焊接头拉剪力和熔核直径的影响。结果表明,随着焊接压力、焊接电流或焊接时间的增加,镁/钢点焊接头拉剪力先增加后减小。在预压时间300ms,焊接电流30kA,焊接时间180ms,焊接压力6kN时,得到镁/钢点焊接头最大拉剪力6.64 kN。     

Al/Ni异种金属超声波点动焊接工艺及界面组织分析

对1060铝合金和N4镍合金异种金属进行了超声波点动焊接,优化了焊接工艺,分析了接头界面组织,焊接接头组织微观形貌和力学性能.结果表明,超声波焊接能够实现1060铝合金和N4镍合金异种金属的有效连接,能够得到韧性和强度都很高的焊接接头;确定了铝镍异种金属超声波焊接的焊接工艺参数为焊接压力25.2~36.0 MPa,焊接时间75~85 ms;当焊接压力为32.4 MPa,焊接时间为85 ms时,抗剪强度超过铝侧母材.焊接接头界面的XRD和EDS分析结果表明,接头界面存在由Al,Ni两种元素互扩散而形成的2 μm厚的反应扩散层.     

点焊工艺参数对汽车用镁铝异种合金接头组织和性能的影响

采用电阻点焊实现了对镁铝异种金属的焊接,研究了焊接压力、焊接电流、焊接时间对Mg/Al点焊接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着焊接压力、焊接电流和焊接时间的增加,Mg/Al异种金属点焊接头拉剪力先增加后减小;熔核晶粒尺寸随着焊接电流的增大、焊接时间的延长而增大;焊接压力7 k N、焊接电流40 k A、焊接时间100 ms时,Mg/Al异种金属点焊接头拉剪力达到最大值3.3 k N。     

铜/钨异种金属A-TIG电 弧点焊工艺及性能研究

针对钨板轧制过程中,铜/钨接头处的连接问题,本文采用TIG对铜/钨异种金属进行焊接,分别对涂覆SiO2和未涂覆SiO2活性剂的试件进行搭接点焊,并对焊点形貌、接头截面及微观形貌和抗拉强度进行分析。结果表明,未涂覆SiO2的焊点呈凸起状,且不规则,界面结合处存在较多的孔洞缺陷,涂覆SiO2的焊点中心出现圆形凹坑,界面处孔洞等缺陷减少;接头界面处均发生了铜/钨的互扩散,涂覆SiO2的试件比未涂覆的界面更加致密;相同电流下,涂覆SiO2的接头强度比未涂覆SiO2的高,并且接头断裂位置明显不同     

Ti/Al异种金属微电阻点焊接头特征及性能研究

对0.2 mm厚的1060纯铝和TC4钛合金薄板进行了微电阻点焊试验,研究了焊接电流I、焊接时间T和电极压力F对接头力学性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对点焊接头的连接特征及断裂行为进行了深入研究,采用微区射线衍射仪(micro-XRD)测定了焊点的物相组成。结果表明：在焊接电流为0.3 ~ 0.7 kA范围内,焊点的拉剪力随着焊接电流的增加先增加后趋于平稳,在焊接时间2~6 cyc范围内,焊接时间对焊点的拉剪力无显著影响,在电极压力为40~280 N范围内,随着电极压力增加焊点拉剪力先增加后降低;当I=0.7 kA、T=3 cyc、F=160 N时点焊接头的拉剪力最高为91 N,断裂发生在热影响区;1060/TC4异种金属微电阻点焊形成了共同的熔核,熔核与TC4之间界面较为平整,但是与1060的结合面呈凹凸不平,在熔核内部生成了AlTi₃、Al₂Ti和Al₃Ti金属间化合物,焊核与铝侧界面处生成了针状化合物Al₃Ti,对焊点的强度起到重要作用。     

镁/铝异种金属填充式摩擦点焊接头特性

采用填充式摩擦点焊技术对镁/铝异种金属进行工艺试验,并对点焊接头的力学性能和微观组织进行分析.结果表明,当采用合理的搭接接头设计和工艺参数进行镁/铝异种金属摩擦点焊时,可获得表面平整、抗剪切能力强的焊点,其焊点剪切力可达1865 N.组织分析发现,在焊核与镁母材之间的竖直界面处易出现少量的孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,接头的断裂正发生在该区;而在镁/铝之间的水平界面结合良好,存在一定厚度的界面层组织,且该界面层组织的硬度要比两侧母材的硬度明显高很多,这与摩擦点焊过程中脆硬相的金属间化合物的形成有关.     

Production and bond strength of similar-titanium ultrasonic welded joints

The joinability of unalloyed titanium and the bond strength of similar titanium welded joints by ultrasonic welding were investigated. It turned out that sound welded joints of similar titanium were obtained by using the jig for fixing both base metals. In the case of non-fixing and fixing the lower base metal, sound welded joints were not usually obtained due to the slip between the two base metals. Producing welded joints having sufficient bond strength required a certain threshold value of the ultrasonic energy. When the ultrasonic welding was carried out under the condition where the ultrasonic energy was higher than a threshold value (approximately 2000 W s), the welded joints were fractured within the titanium base metal but not at the interface. The values of the bond strength were associated with the fixing method and the surface roughness of the base metals. The bond interface was joined metallurgically for the most part, although some small voids were observed on the bond interface by SEM and EPMA observation.     

不同异种钢管道焊接接头残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,开发了一个顺次耦合的热应力有限元计算程序,对0Cr18Ni9/20和1Cr5Mo/20异种钢焊接接头残余应力进行了有限元模拟分析.结果表明,无论是采用奥氏体不锈钢焊条A302焊条还是镍基焊条Incone182焊条,0Cr18Ni9/20钢和1Cr5Mo/20钢焊接接头中最大的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力产生在20钢侧的热影响区,0Cr18Ni9侧有最小的焊接残余应力.采用Incone182来代替A302可以有效地降低残余应力值,提高抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力.     

不等厚异种铝合金电阻点焊的工艺分析

采用三相次级整流电阻点焊机,对不等厚度异种铝合金2A16(1mm)+2870(2mm)进行点焊试验,并选取焊点试片制备金相进行光学组织分析及做抗拉强度试验.通过改变电板结构和焊接参数(电极压力、焊接电流、焊接时间),确定了合理的工艺方案,试验结果表明:使用a种电极(有圆弧过渡的雏台形电极),在电极压力4kN,焊接电流3...     

Influence of Zn coating on friction stir spot welded magnesium-aluminium joint

For friction stir spot welded (FSSW) magnesium–aluminium joints, the formation of Mg–Al intermetallics in the hook region and cracking at the interface damaged seriously the strength of Mg–Al joints, resulting in lower joint load of only 0.8?±?0.2?kN. When adding the hot-dipped Zn coating on the Al substrate surface prior to FSSW, a brazed layer, composed of Mg–Zn and Al–Zn diffusion zones at the edge of the shoulder, and a transition layer, composed of MgZn₂, Zn-rich zone and residual Zn in the hook region, were formed in the FSSW Mg–Al joint, eliminating the cracking and Mg–Al intermetallics in the FSSW joint without the Zn coating. The load of the joint with the Zn coating increased to 3.7?±?0.3?kN.     

Effect of process parameters on SPRC35 spot welded automotive panels

This paper presents an experimental study on the resistance spot weldability of SPRC35 (steel plate re-phosphorised cold rolled) sheets. The sheets were joined by using resistance spot welding as lap joint. The weld nugget diameter and tensile shear force were investigated. Tensile-shear tests were applied to the welded specimens to understand the tensile shear force that the joint can withstand. Mathematical models were developed for both nugget diameter and tensile shear force. Use of automatic mode, will increase the dependence on the use of equations to predict the nugget diameter. The developed models have been checked for their adequacy and significance by the F test and t test respectively. The results obtained from the mathematical models have been optimized and also tested using conformity test runs.     

Development of processing windows for friction stir spot welding of aluminium Al5052 /copper C27200 dissimilar materials

Friction stir spot welding technique was used to join dissimilar combinations of aluminium alloy (Al5052) with copper alloy (C27200) and friction stir spot welding windows such as tool rotational speed–dwell time and tool rotational speed–plunge depth diagrams for effective joining of these materials were developed. Using a central composite design model, empirical relations were developed to predict the changes in tensile shear failure load values and interface hardness of the joints with three process parameters such as tool rotational speed, plunge depth and dwell time. The adequacy of the developed model was verified using ANOVA analysis at 95% confidence level. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the developed model to maximize tensile strength and minimize interface hardness. A high tensile shear failure load value of 3850 N and low interface hardness value of HV 81 was observed for joints made under optimum conditions, and validation experiments confirmed the high predictability of the developed model with error less than 2%. The operating windows developed shall act as reference maps for future design engineers in choosing appropriate friction stir spot welding process parameter values to obtain good joints.