State of the art about dissimilar metal friction stir welding

Friction stir welding is a rather recent welding process (patented in 1991 by Thomas et al., ‘Improvements to friction welding’ UK patent application no. 9125978.8, US Patent 5460317, 1995) that has shown great potential for welding dissimilar materials even of different metallic nature, e.g. Al to steel, Mg to steel, Al to Ti, Mg to Ti, Al to Cu, Al to Mg. This review presents the specific microstructural features and mechanical properties, in particular tensile strength, of such welds. A focus will be on the material flow and welding defects, on the intermetallic compounds, on constitutional liquation, on particularities related to dissimilar lap welding and finally on process modifications to improve dissimilar friction stir weldability.     

Fatigue behaviour of dissimilar friction stir welds between wrought and cast aluminium alloys

Wrought aluminium alloy, A6016-T4, was welded to cast one ADC12 by a friction stir welding technique. A6016 was set on the advancing side, while ADC12 was on the retreating side based on the pre-tensile test results. The dissimilar welds exhibited lower fatigue strengths than A6016 but higher than that of ADC12. Fatigue strengths increased when the tool was offset into ADC12, which could be explained based on the risk volume concept. When ADC12 was set on the advancing side, the fatigue strengths decreased. Microstructural observation revealed that the macroscopic structure in the stir zone drastically changed by putting ADC12 on the advancing side, and insufficient mixing of dissimilar alloys resulted in the lower fatigue strengths.     

基于SWRXD的5083/6082异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的残余应力分布规律

以5083铝与6082铝为研究对象,利用搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding,FSW）制备了异种材料对接接头.利用短波长X射线衍射（short-wavelength X-ray diffraction,SWRXD）技术,以{311}与{111}为衍射晶面,基于极图最外圈织构参量确定了残余应力测试方向,采用d₀法研究了FSW焊件中心层的残余应力.结果表明,{111}和{311}晶面测试的纵向残余应力分布趋势相近,焊核区为拉应力并出现两个应力峰值;{111}晶面的测试结果更为离散,应力的峰值向前进侧偏移;采用{111}晶面测试的横向的残余应力分布趋势与{311}晶面测试的结果偏差较大.     

机床用铝合金/不锈钢的异质搅拌摩擦焊工艺

采用不同工艺参数下的搅拌摩擦焊对接焊方法,进行了机床用6063铝合金/304L不锈钢的异质焊接试验,并进行了接头的X光无损检测以及显微组织和力学性能测试。结果表明,搅拌头旋转速度500~650 r/min、焊接速度155~185 mm/min时可获得良好的焊接接头;接头抗拉强度可达139 MPa,达到6063铝合金母材抗拉强度的67%,达到304L不锈钢母材抗拉强度的17%。搅拌头旋转速度优选550 r/min、焊接速度优选180 mm/min。     

Role of interfacial reaction on the mechanical performance of Al/steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds

Al/steel welds were successfully fabricated by refill friction stir spot welding. The welding parameters were optimised based on the clamping ring temperature and weld strength. 85.7% of welds achieve a strength which exceeds the American Welding Society requirement when the clamping ring temperature ranges from 230 to 265°C. Cracks are formed under the pin and sleeve in the Al substrate at the Al/steel interface, which are associated with the tool sleeve plunging period and attributed to the α-Al?+?Al–Zn eutectic structure. The interdiffusion between Al and Zn at the steel surface produced an Al–Zn eutectic structure layer at the Al/steel interface, while part of the zinc coating materials is squeezed out of the sleeve periphery, leading to a brazing effect which contributes to weld strength. Nanoscale discontinuous Fe₄Al₁₃ and FeAl intermetallics form as a layer localised at the Al–Zn layer/steel substrate interface.     

Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.     

Effects of the friction stir welding process variants on residual stress

A high-strength aerospace aluminium alloy, 25?mm thick plate, has been friction stir welded using four different process variants. The process variants used were stationary shoulder single pass, conventional shoulder single pass, stationary shoulder dual pass and conventional shoulder dual pass. The goal of the reported work was to investigate effects of different process variants on residual stress. Defect-free welds were produced by all process variants. Through thickness average, longitudinal, residual stress in both as-welded and post-weld heat-treated conditions is reported.     

Effects of microstructural asymmetries across friction stir welded AA2024 joints on mechanical properties

The effect of offset of the centre of a tensile specimen to the weldline on global tensile properties of friction stir welded AA2024 joints was investigated using experiments and numerical analysis. The size and geometry of these discrete zones, such as the central low hardness zone, the low hardness zone-I near the thermo-mechanically affected zone, the low hardness zone-II near the base metal and the base metal, were determined from a cross-sectional hardness map. Results show that tensile specimens with different area of the joint placed in the centre of the specimen do not affect the tensile strength and fracture path of a joint, strain is affected. Predictions based on local tensile properties follow well the measured global tensile behaviour.     

Variations in stir zone and thermomechanically affected zone of dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

Variations in composition, microhardness (in the thermomechanically affected zone) and texture in the tool domain of the dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys were investigated. The contents of the major alloying elements in the weld zones were determined using inductively coupled plasma?atomic emission spectroscopy. It was observed that a slight drop in the content of the alloying elements results from the friction stir welding process with the Mg content being the most affected amongst the major alloying elements in the two alloys. By relating the mass fractions of the major alloying elements in the parent metals of both alloys to those of the stir zone, the relative proportions of the two alloys in the stir zone were estimated with the results showing that at least 60% of the materials in the stir zone are from the retreating side of the weld. It was also revealed that the changes in the hardness profile in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side are predominantly influenced by changes in grain size in that domain. Finally, the investigation further revealed that the texture component in the tool shoulder domain is different from the texture component in the tool pin domain.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布

采用小孔法对3 mm厚2024-T4铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的残余应力分布规律进行研究.为了衡量钻孔引入应变对结果的影响,测量了退火2024铝合金板钻孔产生的应变,将其作为附加应变对焊接试件上测得的应变结果进行修正.结果表明,在试验条件下得到的焊接接头的残余应力以纵向应力为主,横向应力相对很小;纵向高应力区集中在轴肩作用区域,呈不对称分布,前进侧应力高于返回侧,在轴肩作用区域之外应力值迅速降低,在距焊缝中心较远的区域转变为压应力;纵向残余应力峰值为164.5 MPa.分析认为,机械搅拌和焊接温度场的叠加作用造成焊缝两侧纵向残余应力的不对称分布.     

Comparative study of fatigue behaviour in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds fabricated by scroll grooved tool without probe

Abstract

Aluminium alloy A6061-T6 or magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet was welded to steel sheet by a friction stir spot welding technique using a scroll grooved tool without a probe. The material flow in the nugget of the Mg/steel weld was less than that in the Al/steel one. The Al/steel weld exhibited higher static tensile–shear strength than the Al/Al weld, while the strengths of Mg/steel and Mg/Mg welds were comparable. Tensile–shear fatigue tests were performed using lap shear specimens of both dissimilar and similar welds. The dissimilar welds exhibited nearly the same fatigue strengths as the similar ones. The effective nugget size in the dissimilar welds was defined as the area where Al or Mg alloy remained on the steel side after static fracture. When the fatigue strengths of dissimilar welds were evaluated based on the effective nugget size, the normalised fatigue strengths of Al/steel and Mg/steel welds were comparable.     

铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

铝/钢异质金属复合结构具有轻质节能、降低成本、可以满足不同的工作条件等特点,在航空航天、船舶制造等领域的应用日益受到重视。由于铝和钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝和钢的连接成为焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相连接方法,具有热输入低、高温停留时间短、焊接变形小等特点,对克服铝/钢异质金属性能差异带来的焊接困难具有优势,已成为铝/钢异质金属焊接的研究热点。综述了铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,主要涉及搅拌头材料选择与结构设计、焊缝成形、焊接工艺窗口、力学性能、接头冶金结合、连接机制以及外源辅助搅拌摩擦焊新技术,可以为铝/钢异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,最后对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Microstructure and properties in friction stir weld of 12Cr steel

Friction stir welding was employed for joining of 12Cr heat resistant ferritic steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties in the obtained welds were examined and their relationship was established. The stir zone microstructure was found to consist of quenched martensite with numerous fine dispersoids uniformly distributed in grain interiors. The formation of this microstructure remarkably strengthened the stir zone. Tempering for 3·6 ks at 923 K reduced the as welded hardness of friction stir weld to nearly base material level.     

异种材料的搅拌摩擦焊技术

进行了铝合金与工业纯铜、铝合金与低碳钢的搅拌摩擦焊接实验.实际焊接了对接接头、丁字接头、搭接接头,观察了焊接接头组织,测量了接头性能.结果表明,用搅拌摩擦焊方法代替熔化焊方法焊接异种材料,可以获得组织致密、无缺陷的接头,接头强度较高,且工艺适应性、结构适应性较好,焊接工艺参数、各组元在焊缝金属中的比例等对形成良好的焊缝有重要的影响.     

Numerical simulation of laser preheating of friction stir welding of dissimilar metals

Friction stir welding, FSW, of harder metal alloys is difficult to perform, like here dissimilar welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel in butt joint configuration. One major limitation is tool wear which can be reduced by preheating with a laser beam. A mathematical model to calculate the tool forces during FSW was developed further. The calculations show that the laser beam reduces forces at the pin and shoulder of the FSW-tool, accompanied by reduced heat generation through the tool. Within its operating limits, the process has low sensitivity on the lateral position of the leading laser beam. The model supports the understanding and optimisation of the complex interaction zone of forces and heat around the FSW-tool.     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack behaviour of A3003/SUS304 lap friction stir welded joints

Friction stir welding (FSW) can weld dissimilar metal joints without a thick and brittle intermetallic compound layer at the weld interface. In this study, the dissimilar lap joint of A3003 aluminium alloy and SUS304 stainless steel was successfully welded by FSW, and the joint obtained was tested to examine the properties of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate. Its fracture toughness was different by the directions of crack propagation. The fracture toughness of advancing side (AS) to retreating side (RS) was stronger than that of RS to AS, and that of cryogenic temperature was stronger than that of room temperature. Its fatigue crack growth rate also showed the same tendency as its fracture toughness. These data were compared with the past data and discussed.     

镁/铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的组织与性能

选用5083铝合金和AZ31B镁合金为研究对象,研究焊接时间对异种合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的金属间化合物层和拉剪性能的影响.结果表明,当焊接时间为1 s时,Mg合金的流动性较差,接头中出现明显的孔洞缺陷;随着焊接时间的变长,孔洞缺陷消失.由于铝镁表面的氧化膜在焊接过程中被打碎且焊接温度高于铝镁的共晶温度,接头中心会形成一层液相层,焊后液相层凝固形成金属间化合物.接头的抗拉载荷随着焊接时间的延长先升高后降低,最优载荷在焊接时间为2 s时取得,为3.1 kN.     

5052与6061异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)方法对6 mm厚的5052和6061异种铝合金进行了焊接,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析母材和焊接接头的显微组织和断口形貌,利用XRD分析了搅拌区域的物相组成,并测试了室温拉伸性能和显微硬度。结果表明,5052合金置于前进侧时更有利于材料在焊核区域的相互混合,焊接接头的最低硬度在5052合金一侧热影响区(HAZ),并在这个区域发生了断裂,断裂特征为韧性断裂。焊接接头的最大抗拉强度为225 MPa,伸长率为5.77%。     

铝合金与钢的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形及接头性能

用搅拌摩擦焊方法焊接了异种材料铝合金与低碳钢,分析了接头的截面形貌及力学性能.结果表明,当焊接工艺参数合适时,可以获得表面成形良好、无变形的铝合金与钢的对接接头和搭接接头.对于对接接头,金相分析表明,在焊缝横截面,低碳钢与铝合金呈较好的混合状态,在平行焊缝表面的平面内,两种材料呈交叠分布.力学性能试验表明,焊核内局部区域具有较高的显微硬度,可能是形成了钢与铝的金属间化合物,拉伸试样断裂在焊核区边缘偏低碳钢一侧.对于搭接接头,接合面处的钢呈形似"钳子"或弯钩状的分布,钢铆进了铝合金焊缝中,两种材料能有效地达到塑性结合,接头的抗剪切性能较好.