径向间隙对304L不锈钢振动疲劳性能的影响

基于疲劳试验和有限元分析，研究径向间隙对插套焊疲劳性能的影响. 疲劳试验表明，应力比较大时，试样易在焊趾处失效，焊趾处裂纹由外向内扩展；应力比较小时，易在焊根处失效，焊根处裂纹由内向外扩展. 未失效试样径向间隙高于失效试样. 利用有限元软件建立了插套焊有限元模型，分析了径向间隙对焊根和焊点处疲劳性能的影响. 结果表明，相对于0.1 mm的径向间隙，0.4 mm径向间隙能降低焊根和焊趾处的应力，降低幅度分别为14%和1.4%，径向间隙越大，焊根和焊趾处的应力峰值越小，疲劳性能越好.     

利用低相变点焊条熔修方法改善焊接接头疲劳强度的试验

焊趾部位存在应力集中和残余拉伸应力,使得接头处的疲劳强度远低于基体金属.通过对纵向环绕焊接接头和横向角接焊接接头试样的疲劳试验表明,低相变点焊条(low transformation temperature electrode, LTTE)熔修是提高焊接接头疲劳强度的有效方法.具体结果是,LTTE熔修的上述两种焊接接头在2×106循环周期下其疲劳强度试验结果分别为154.7MPa和173.9MPa,而TIG熔修处理的则分别为152.6MPa和173.3MPa,前者分别是后者的101.4%和100.3%.这表明,LTTE熔修方法与TIG熔修方法相当,但前者较后者简单得多,因此LTTE熔修具有极大的推广应用价值.     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

焊趾TIG熔修对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接节点疲劳性能的影响

对焊趾氩弧(tungsten-arc inert-gas welding,TIG)熔修与否的10Ni5CrMoV钢大角度焊接节点进行了疲劳试验,比较了相同加载条件下的疲劳寿命、载荷与位移关系及疲劳裂纹启裂位置,同时测量了焊接接头残余应力,并采用有限元计算方法对承载条件下焊接节点的应力应变场进行了分析.结果表明,焊趾TIG熔修显著提高了10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接节点的疲劳性能,在相同承载条件下使焊接节点的疲劳寿命提高了34%.其主要原因在于TIG熔修能有效改善焊趾处的几何形状、降低应力集中程度,从而降低焊趾在承载条件下的应力应变水平,使焊接接头疲劳性能得到提高.     

超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能机理探究

通过超声疲劳试验探究超声冲击对MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。同时,从应力集中、残余应力、晶粒细化等三个因素来探究超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的机理。结果表明：在1.0×108寿命下,焊态试样疲劳强度为31.62MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度为39.81MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度相较于焊态提高了26%。这说明超声冲击可以明显提高MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能。焊态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt1=1.95,冲击态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt2=1.67,应力集中系数降低了14.4%,所以超声冲击可以降低焊趾处的应力集中程度。超声冲击后试样焊趾处的应力由残余拉应力转变成残余压应力。超声冲击细化焊趾表面晶粒改善MB8镁合金焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能。     

Fatigue characteristics of patch plate joints by fillet welding assisted with bonding

A series of fatigue experiments and elastic analysis were carried out for investigating fatigue characteristics of patch plate joints assembled by fillet welding assisted with bonding. In the case that fatigue cracks occurred at the weld toe by the four-point bending fatigue experiment, the fatigue life of joints assembled by welding and bonding (WB) specimens were almost the same as those by only welding (W) specimens. The elastic analysis simulating the four-point bending loaded situation on W and WB specimens was performed for elucidating its reason. The stress concentration at the weld toe was even high in the WB specimens. Therefore, the fatigue life of WB specimens was not longer than that of W specimens. On the other hand, the stress around the weld root of WB specimen was around 30% of that of W specimen. The possibility of stress reduction effect by bonding was indicated around the weld root rather than around the weld toe. In order to verify this possibility, the four-point bending fatigue experiment was performed by setting the specimens so that the tensile stress was applied on the weld root. It was confirmed that the fatigue cracks occurred from the weld root in both W and WB specimens. The fatigue life defined in this study of WB specimens was from 4 to 8 times longer than that of W specimens when the applied nominal stress range was under 175 MPa. The fatigue life defined in this study of WB specimens was from 2 to 3 times longer than that of W specimens when the applied nominal stress range was over 200 MPa. The results indicated the fatigue life improvement of patch plate joints by fillet welding assisted with bonding when the fatigue cracks occurred at the weld root.     

Improvement mechanism of fatigue strength of weld joints by hammer peening on base metal

New peening technology is proposed to improve the fatigue strength of welded joints. By using this technology, compressive residual stress is introduced at weld toe by the developed peening procedure which plastic deformation is only applied to the base material near the weld toe. In this study, improvement mechanism of fatigue strength of weld joints by hammer peening on base metal was clarified by FEA. It was clarified that increasing of stress at weld toe is controlled by depression formed near the weld toe. Not only compressive residual stress at weld toe but also decreasing stress concentration at weld toe by plastic deformation on base metal was indicated as the factor of improving fatigue strength of weld joints.     

焊趾处理工艺对10Ni5CrMoV钢低周疲劳性能的影响

对原始焊态、焊趾氩弧熔修、焊趾打磨和焊趾针击处理的10Ni5CrMoV钢堆焊试板分别进行了四点弯曲低周疲劳试验、焊接残余应力测量和焊趾应力集中系数计算.结果表明,焊趾氩弧熔修对低周疲劳性能改善作用明显,疲劳寿命提高幅度平均达98%;焊趾打磨对低周疲劳性能无明显改善作用;焊趾针击处理对低周疲劳性能有一定改善,但改善幅度不如焊趾氩弧熔修,其对疲劳寿命的提高幅度平均为45%.对低周疲劳寿命、残余应力和应力集中系数的综合分析结果表明,应力集中是影响焊接接头低周疲劳性能的关键因素,改善应力集中是提高焊接接头低周疲劳性能的有效途径.     

Comparison of Microstructure and Residual Stress Between TIG and MAG Welding Using Low Transformation Temperature Welding Filler

A Cr–Ni type of low transformation temperature(LTT) welding filler was devised in the present study. The LTT weld microstructures of the tungsten inert gas(TIG) and metal active gas(MAG) weldings were investigated by using electron-backscattered diffraction and orientation imaging microscopy. The results showed that the LTT weld microstructures prepared by TIG and MAG weldings were primarily martensite with 17.5% and 8.0% retained austenite,respectively. The LTT weld metal using TIG welding had larger grain size than using MAG. In addition, based on the Taylor factor calculation, the weld metal using MAG welding was more competent in repressing fatigue crack initiation.Meanwhile, the high angle and coincidence site lattice grain boundaries were dominant in the LTT weld metal using MAG welding. Moreover, the hardness of the LTT weld metal using MAG welding was higher than that of using TIG. Based on heat input and phase transformation, finite element method was applied to analyzing the tensile residual stress(RS)reduction in welded joints prepared by both conventional and LTT welding fillers, respectively. The corresponding outcome confirmed that the LTT weld metal using MAG welding was more beneficial to tensile RS reduction.     

低匹配对接接头应力集中系数计算及回归分析

针对高强钢低匹配的横向对接接头形状设计,以最大限度提高接头静载承载能力和疲劳强度为目标,采用有限元计算的方法,考察了焊缝余高、焊趾过渡圆弧半径、盖面焊道宽度、板厚等几何参数对焊趾和焊根处应力集中的影响,回归分析得出的焊趾和焊根处的应力集中系数的经验方程式,对高强钢低匹配对接接头设计具有指导意义.     

7N01铝合金十字接头抗疲劳设计

首次针对铝合金十字接头的疲劳失效模式开展研究. 借助有限元分析与疲劳试验相结合的研究手段,首先将传统的热点应力(HSS)与研究中的等效结构应力(equilibrium equivalent traction force/EETS)的应力集中系数对比,证实了EETS分析结果的网格不敏感性. 基于此,深入分析十字接头连续板厚度、接头熔深以及加载跨距对焊趾与焊根处应力的影响,并提出有效结构应力(effective traction force)计算焊根开裂角度. 结果表明,焊趾处等效结构应力不受连续板厚度、加载跨距与熔深的影响,而在焊根处,各个因素影响不一. 疲劳试验与解析预测结果高度一致,承载十字接头焊根开裂角度并非45°. 十字接头的抗疲劳设计需综合考虑接头几何特征与焊接质量,必须满足焊趾处等效结构应力(S_s,toe)高于焊根处等效结构应力(S_s,toe).     

超声冲击对SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响

采用超声冲击工艺对转向架用SMA490BW钢对接接头焊趾表面进行冲击处理,研究了超声冲击对接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。借助金相显微镜、SEM和TEM研究了冲击层金相组织、冲击前后焊趾处的形貌及表层金属晶粒细化程度。运用有限元软件计算焊接接头的应力分布,采用X射线应力仪对冲击前后焊趾表层的应力进行了测量和分析。结果表明,在5×10~6循环周次下,冲击态接头和焊态接头的疲劳强度分别为206 MPa和153 MPa,经冲击处理后疲劳强度提高了34.6%。在1×10~8循环周次下,冲击态接头的疲劳强度为195 MPa,与焊态接头的141 MPa相比提高了38.3%。在240 MPa的应力水平下,焊接接头经超声冲击处理后的疲劳寿命提高了7倍。经冲击处理的焊趾部位的应力集中系数下降了19.1%,其表面的残余拉应力得到消除,并转变为有益的残余压缩应力,焊趾表层组织得到明显细化,这3个方面均对提高焊接接头疲劳性能起到了积极贡献。     

Surface residual stresses in multipass welds produced using low transformation temperature filler alloys

Tensile residual stresses at the surface of welded components are known to compromise fatigue resistance through the accelerated initiation of microcracks, especially at the weld toe. Inducement of compression in these regions is a common technique employed to enhance fatigue performance. Transformation plasticity has been established as a viable method to generate such compressive residual stresses in steel welds and exploits the phase transformation in welding filler alloys that transform at low temperature to compensate for accumulated thermal contraction strains. Neutron and X-ray diffraction have been used to determine the stress profiles that exist across the surface of plates welded with low transformation temperature welding alloys, with a particular focus on the stress at the weld toe. For the first time, near surface neutron diffraction data have shown the extent of local stress variation at the critical, fusion boundary location. Compression was evident for the three measurement orientations at the fusion boundaries. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses and tensile transverse stresses were measured in the weld metal.     

低匹配十字接头的“等承载”设计

为提高低匹配接头的静载承载能力和疲劳抗力,根据提出的“等承载”设计思想和实现条件,在确定十字接头应力集中最小化的焊缝形状方案的基础上,通过有限元计算及其结果的回归分析,建立了十字接头几何参数与焊趾、焊根应力集中系数的关系方程,进行了0.571匹配比十字接头等承载目的的接头形状参数设计. 结果表明,设计延缓了拉伸及弯曲过程中低强焊缝和焊趾应力的增长速度,低强焊缝不先于母材屈服,应变集中先位于焊趾,随后向母材转移,接头断裂模式转变为安全的全面屈服断裂. 该设计对高强度钢低匹配接头的应用具有重要意义.     

In situ analysis of the strain evolution during welding using low transformation temperature filler materials

ABSTRACT

Compared to conventional welding consumables using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative method to mitigate tensile residual stresses due to delayed martensite transformation of the weld. For the effective usage of LTT filler materials, a deeper understanding of the complex processes that lead to the final residual stress state during multi-pass welding is necessary. Transformation kinetics and the strain evolution of multi-pass welds during welding were investigated in situ at the beamline HEMS@PETRAIII, Germany. Compared to conventional welds, the total strain was reduced and compression strain was achieved when using LTT filler materials. For an optimal use of the LTT effect in the root of multi-pass welds, the alloying concept must be adapted taking care of dilution.     

超声冲击对MB8镁合金对接接头疲劳性能的影响

采用HJ-Ⅲ型超声冲击设备对MB8镁合金对接接头焊趾区域进行冲击处理.利用EHF-EM200K2-070-1A电液伺服疲劳试验机对超声冲击前后的MB8镁合金对接接头进行疲劳对比试验.采用光学显微镜和高分辨率的透射电镜对超声冲击后的MB8镁合金对接接头的表层组织进行了分析.结果表明,在试验循环基数为2×106周次的条件下,超声冲击态接头的疲劳强度为52.8 MPa,比焊态试样的疲劳强度提高了37.5%,在同等应力水平下,接头的疲劳寿命提高了58～65倍.超声冲击后,焊趾处的应力集中程度降低,焊址及附近区域发生明显塑性变形,变形层厚度大约为70 μm,并在焊趾表面获得了纳米晶组织,同时把焊接残余拉应力转变为压缩应力.超声冲击可以大幅度地提高MB8镁合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命.     

Fatigue strength of tungsten inert gas-repaired weld joints in airplane critical structures

In this work the effect of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) repairs on the axial fatigue strength of an AISI 4130 steel welded joint used in airframe critical to the flight-safety was investigated. Fatigue tests were performed at room temperature on 0.89 mm thick hot-rolled plates with constant amplitude and load ratio of R = 0.1, at 20 Hz frequency. Monotonic tensile tests, optical metallography and microhardness, residual stress and weld geometric factors measurements were also performed. The fatigue strength decreased with the number of GTAW repairs, and was related to microstructural and microhardness changes, as well as residual stress field and weld profile geometry factors, which gave origin to high stress concentration at the weld toe.     

铝合金CT试样焊接残余应力重分布分析

对7005铝合金焊接试样建立有限元模型,模拟分析从试板提取紧凑拉伸试样(CT试样)后试样内部的残余应力重分布情况.结果表明,CT试样缺口开在焊缝中心线时,横向残余应力在试样中心线两端为压缩状态,中部为拉伸状态,纵向残余应力为压缩状态;缺口开在焊趾时,横向残余应力在两端为压缩状态,中部为拉伸状态,纵向残余应力为拉伸状态;...     

Fatigue properties of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth

It has been generally recognized that the fatigue life of welded joints is little influenced by the strength of steels owing to the high-stress concentration and the tensile residual stress near the weld toe. In this paper, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth (ferrite/martensite (F/M) steel) is investigated. F/M steel has a microstructure with an elongated and banded martensite phase distributed in a ferrite matrix and a fatigue crack growth rate of about one-half to one-tenth in the thickness direction, compared with conventional steel. As a result, the fatigue life of an out-of-surface gusset-welded joint increases with the decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue life of welded joints using F/M steel with the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth increases to about twice that of joints using conventional steel. Whereas the fatigue crack growth rate decreases significantly, the fatigue life of welded joints increases only slightly. This can be attributed to the stress ratio independent of the fatigue crack growth rate. In other words, the fatigue crack growth rate of F/M steel increases with the increase of the stress ratio, approaching that of conventional steel. In the case of welded joints, even if a fatigue test is carried out at a low-stress ratio, the region near the weld toe is under a high-stress ratio due to tensile residual stress. Therefore, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints becomes comparatively small so that the effect of fatigue crack retardation of F/M steel decreases.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.