单词嵌入表示学习综述

单词嵌入表示学习是自然语言处理(NLP)中最基本但又很重要的研究内容, 是所有后续高级语言处理任务 的基础. 早期的单词独热表示忽略了单词的语义信息, 在应用中常常会遇到数据稀疏的问题, 后来随着神经语言模 型(NLM)的提出, 单词被表示为低维实向量, 有效地解决了数据稀疏的问题. 单词级的嵌入表示是最初的基于神经 网络语言模型的输入表示形式, 后来人们又从不同角度出发, 提出了诸多变种. 本文从模型涉及到的语种数的角度 出发, 将单词嵌入表示模型分为单语言单词嵌入表示模型和跨语言单词嵌入表示模型两大类. 在单语言中, 根据模 型输入的颗粒度又将模型分为字符级、单词级、短语级及以上的单词嵌入表示模型, 不同颗粒度级别的模型的应用 场景不同, 各有千秋. 再将这些模型按照是否考虑上下文信息再次分类, 单词嵌入表示还经常与其它场景的模型结 合, 引入其他模态或关联信息帮助学习单词嵌入表示, 提高模型的表现性能, 故本文也列举了一些单词嵌入表示模 型和其它领域模型的联合应用. 通过对上述模型进行研究, 将每个模型的特点进行总结和比较, 在文章最后给出了 未来单词嵌入表示的研究方向和展望.     

一种在源数据稀疏情况下的数据降维算法

流形学习方法是根据流形的定义提出的一种非线性数据降维方法,主要思想是发现嵌入在高维数据空间的低维光滑流形。从分析基于流形学习理论的局部线性嵌入算法入手,针对传统的局部线性嵌入算法在源数据稀疏时会失效的缺点,提出了基于局部线性逼近思想的流形学习算法,并在S-曲线上采样测试取得良好降维效果。     

基于等维度独立多流形的DC-ISOMAP算法

流形学习已经成为机器学习与数据挖掘领域中一个重要的研究课题.目前的流形学习算法都假设所研究的高维数据存在于同一个流形上,并不能支持或者应用于大量存在的采样于多流形上的高维数据.针对等维度的独立多流形DC-ISOMAP算法,首先通过从采样密集点开始扩展切空间的方法将多流形准确分解为单个流形,并逐个计算其低维嵌入,然后基于各子流形间的内部位置关系将其低维嵌入组合起来,得到最终的嵌入结果.实验结果表明,该算法在人造数据和实际的人脸图像数据上都能有效地计算出高维数据的低维嵌入结果.     

基于多通道图卷积自编码器的图表示学习

针对基于图卷积的自编码器模型对原始图属性和拓扑信息的保留能力有限、无法学习结构和属性之间深度关联信息等问题,提出基于多通道图卷积自编码器的图表示学习模型。设计拓扑和属性信息保留能力实验,验证了基于图卷积的自编码器模型具备保留节点属性和拓扑结构信息的能力。构建特定信息卷积编码器和一致信息卷积编码器,提取图的属性空间特征、拓扑空间特征以及两者关联特征,生成属性嵌入、拓扑嵌入和一致性嵌入,同时建立与编码器对称的卷积解码器,还原编码器过程。使用重构损失、局部约束和一致性约束,优化各编码器生成的低维嵌入表示。最终将蕴含不同图信息的多种嵌入进行融合,生成各节点的嵌入表示。实验结果表明,该模型在BlogCatalog和Flickr数据集上节点分类的Micro-F1和Macro-F1明显高于基线模型,在Citeseer数据集上节点聚类的精度和归一化互信息相比于表现最优的基线模型提升了11.84%和34.03%。上述实验结果证明了该模型采用的多通道方式能够在低维嵌入中保留更丰富的图信息,提升图机器学习任务的性能表现。     

流形学习算法综述

流形学习算法作为一种新的维数降维方法工具,其目标是发现嵌入在高维数据空间中的低维流形结构,并给出一个有效的低维表示。目前,流形学习已成为模式识别、机器学习和数据挖掘领域的研究热点问题。介绍了流形学习的基本思想、一些最新研究成果及其算法分析,并提出和分析了有待进一步研究的问题。     

DB4Trans:数据库内置知识图谱嵌入模型训练引擎

知识图谱嵌入技术将知识图谱中的实体和关系嵌入到连续的向量空间中,在简化图谱操作的同时保留知识图谱的固有结构,并有助于完成诸如图谱补全、链接预测等下游任务.随着基于知识的人工智能的日益普及和应用,知识图谱的数据规模正在急剧增加.然而,大部分的知识图谱嵌入工作主要关注模型训练的结果,忽略了对于数据规模的可扩展性,在处理大规模知识图谱时表现出较差的性能.近年来的一些研究工作将数据库技术应用于机器学习算法的优化,同时提供了用于数据库内机器学习的各类工具.通过将知识图谱嵌入模型与数据库在数据管理上的优势进行有效的结合,能够在保证知识图谱嵌入模型训练的准确率和效率的同时,提供更好的可扩展性以支持大规模知识图谱数据的训练.基于此,本文提出一种数据库内置知识图谱嵌入模型训练引擎DB4Trans.首先,设计了一种用于知识图谱嵌入模型训练的数据存储方案,对实体和关系进行编码并建立索引结构,以实现模型训练过程中对中间结果的快速访问和更新;其次,提出了一种数据库内置的模型训练优化算法,对数据库与内存间的数据批量交换方案进行设计以支持大规模数据的训练与存储;最后,在不同数据集上进行了测试,比较了模型训练与预测的...     

维数约简算法简述

机器学习是近几年研究的热点,维数约简算法是机器学习的必要手段,本文从维数约简算法的定义讲起,介绍了几种典型的数据降维算法,其中包括线性降维和非线性降维,流形学习是非线性降维的代表算法。并且介绍了每个算法的构造过程及其特点,在此基础上分析了所有维数约简算法的执行效率时间和空间复杂度,并且给出了每个算法的特点和算法的核心思想,最后在此基础上给予总结,为后面研究者提供参考和借鉴。     

半监督图核降维方法

基于图结构的数据表示和分析,在机器学习领域正得到越来越广泛的关注。以往研究主要集中在为图数据定义一个度量其相似性关系的核函数即图核,一旦定义出图核,就可以用标准的支持向量机(SVM)来对图数据进行分类。将图核方法进行扩充,先利用核主成分分析(kPCA)对图核诱导的高维特征空间中的数据进行降维,得到与原始图数据相对应的低维向量表示的数据,然后对这些新得到的数据用传统机器学习方法进行分析;通过在kPCA中利用图数据中的成对约束形式的监督信息,得到基于图核的半监督降维方法。在MUTAG和PTC等标准图数据集上的实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

高维数据流形的低维嵌入及嵌入维数研究

发现高维数据空间流形中有意义的低维嵌入是一个经典难题.Isomap是提出的一种有效的基于流形理论的非线性降维方法,它不仅能够揭示高维观察数据的内在结构,还能够发现潜在的低维参教空间.Isomap的理论基础是假设在高维数据空间和低维参数空间存在等距映射,但并没有进行证明.首先给出了高维数据的连续流形和低维参数空间之间的等距映射存在性证明,然后区分了嵌入空间维数、高维数据空间的固有维数和流形维数,并证明存在环状流形高维数据空间的参数空间维数小于嵌入空间维数.最后提出一种环状流形的发现算法,判断高维数据空间是否存在环状流形,进而估计其固有维教及潜在空间维数.在多姿态三维对象的实验中证明了算法的有效性,并得到正确的低维参数空间.     

基于图神经网络和依存句法分析的文本分类

文本分类被广泛应用于新闻分类、话题标记和情感分析等语言处理场景中,是自然语言处理中的一个基本而重要的任务。目前的文本分类模型一般没有同时考虑文本单词的共现关系和文本自身的句法特性,从而限制了文本分类的效果。因此,提出了一个基于图卷积神经网络的文本分类模型(Mix-GCN)。首先基于文本单词之间的共现关系和句法依存关系,将文本数据构建成文本共现图和句法依存图;接着,利用GCN模型对文本图和句法依赖图进行表示学习,得到单词的嵌入向量;然后通过图池化方法以及自适应融合的方法得到文本的嵌入向量;最后通过图分类方法完成文本分类。Mix-GCN模型同时考虑了文本中相邻单词之间的关系和文本单词之间存在的句法依存关系,提升了文本分类性能。在6个基准数据集上与8种知名文本分类方法进行了比较,实验结果表明Mix-GCN具有良好的文本分类效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.