基于稳定性理论的机床动态优化方法的研究

基于建立的刀具-工件铣削再生颤振多自由度动力学模型,研究了考虑机床结构参数和加工参数的切削稳定性评价方法。提出了基于稳定性理论以扩大稳定性区域和最大材料切除率为优化目标的机床全生命周期稳定性动态优化方法。在设计阶段,通过对影响稳定性的工艺参数动力修改扩大稳定区域;在生产阶段,进行刀具装夹结构和切削参数的优化,进一步扩大稳定区并确保稳定切削下的最大材料切除率。     

基于加工位置不确定的多工步数控铣削工艺参数优化研究*

针对铣削稳定性评价指标极限切削深度随加工位置改变而变化,导致铣削工艺参数优化模型中稳定性约束具有不确定性问题,结合不同加工位置刀具频响函数和切削稳定性理论,建立加工空间极限切削深度广义回归神经网络(GRNN)预测模型,基于该GRNN模型完善铣削稳定性约束条件,进而构建以机床各运动部件位移与粗/精加工切削参数为变量,以粗/精加工总切削时间为目标的多工步数控平面铣削工艺参数优化模型,采用粒子群算法(PSO)求解该优化模型。以某企业加工中心展开实例研究,获取机床加工位置和粗/精加工主轴转速、切削深度、切削宽度、每齿进给量的优化配置,优化后粗/精加工总切削时间比优化前缩短22.47%,并通过该配置下的无颤振铣削加工验证了优化模型的有效性。     

基于有限元法的二维正交切削刀具应力分析

运用有限元方法对二维正交切削加工刀具内部应力进行模拟分析。基于刚塑性有限元方法建立了切削加工过程仿真模型,通过模拟获得了切削加工过程中刀具应力的分布和变化情况。通过对不同切削工艺参数条件下的切削过程进行模拟,分析了刀具几何参数以及切削用量对切削加工过程中刀具应力的影响,为正确选择刀具及切削参数提供了参考。     

切削稳定性约束下的铣削参数优化技术研究

目前切削稳定性研究主要集中在不同加工方法及加工条件下的稳定性研究,以无颤振极限切深作为切削参数优化的推荐值,缺少对稳定性与优化模型的深度融合分析。针对这一问题,以材料切除率和刀具寿命构建优化目标函数,提出一种切削稳定性约束下的铣削参数优化模型。通过对铣削稳定性零阶解析算法的分析,论述了切削稳定区域的确定受切削力学模型、刀尖频率响应、及切削参数共同影响关系。在设定机床、工件和刀具的条件下,通过对稳定性叶瓣图形态随切削参数变化规律的研究,得出了极限切深不等效于最大材料去除率;以动态变化的稳定域及机床能效为约束边界,采用变化趋势相反的材料去除率和刀具寿命构建优化目标函数,通过遗传算法获取全局最优解。针对多目标优化中,各分目标权重难以量化设置的问题,提出以材料去除率期望值和刀具寿命期望值作为优化模型设置参数,实现优化参数的量化调节和优化方向的有效控制。在VMC850机床上进行了试验并采用遗传算法对多组参数设定状态进行优化,结果表明切削参数优化结果满足稳定性约束要求,且其优化方向可量化调节。     

模具数控加工切削参数优化方案模糊综合评价

模具数控加工过程影响工艺参数选择的因素较多,如刀具材料、刀具几何形状尺寸以及切削用量参数等,这些工艺参数选择往往带有较大的模糊性.针对其模糊性特点,从生产实际出发,结合专家经验,构建了模具数控加工切削参数优化方案模糊综合评价模型,并应用构建的评价模型通过对典型模具数控加工切削参数方案优化评价实验研究,证实了该评价方法的先进性、可行性和实用性,为模具数控加工切削参数的优化选择提供了一种新方法.     

车削刀具几何参数低碳优化建模与求解

为了实现车削加工过程的低碳化并提高加工质量,在分析车削加工过程中能耗特征及切削温度与刀具几何参数之间关系的基础上,以刀具前角和主偏角为优化变量,考虑加工过程机床设备和加工质量等约束,建立了车削加工刀具几何参数低碳优化模型;针对所建模型,提出一种基于改进的自适应遗传算法的优化求解方法。实例分析表明,以低碳排放为优化目标、以切削温度为约束条件优化车削刀具几何参数,可使碳排放和切削温度比原刀具参数分别降低12%和17%。所建模型和方法可为制造企业优化选择刀具几何参数降低碳排放提供理论方法支持。     

面向能耗的多刀具孔加工刀具直径及工艺参数集成优化模型

刀具直径和工艺参数对机床加工能耗影响显著。与单独优化刀具直径或单独优化工艺参数相比,开展刀具直径及工艺参数集成优化能进一步降低机床加工能耗。为实现面向低能耗的多刀具孔加工过程中刀具直径及工艺参数集成优化,首先,系统地分析了多刀具孔加工过程的加工时间和加工能耗;然后,建立以刀具直径和工艺参数为优化变量,以最小加工能耗和加工时间为优化目标的多刀具孔加工多目标集成优化模型,并采用粒子群算法对模型进行优化求解;最后,基于实际案例分析了刀具直径及工艺参数集成优化的必要性,并通过对比分析,验证了该模型的有效性和实用性。     

基于颤振预报和预测的稳定性控制理论及方法研究

针对由颤振预测控制策略指导的稳定切削控制方法实时动态调整能力差的缺点,综合颤振预报、预测理论,进行了稳定性在线寻优控制理论及方法的研究。基于刀具—工件系统铣削再生颤振动力学模型,研究了考虑系统结构参数(刀具、工件装夹刚度)和加工参数(切削加工参数优化选择)的切削稳定性评价方法,提出了以扩大稳定性区域和稳定最大材料切除率为控制目标的机床稳定性控制方法。形成了以"预报—控制—效果评估—再控制"为步骤的在线监测、智能诊断和实时控制的集成一体化策略。设计并实施了稳定性控制理论验证实验,获得了与理论分析一致的结论。     

基于BP神经网络的微铣削切削比能预测

针对微铣削加工过程中功率和加工能耗变化问题,对微铣削机床主轴系统加工功率进行了采集。建立了主轴转速、每齿进给量和切削深度3个重要切削参数影响切削比能的BP神经网络预测模型。通过45#钢子午线轮胎模具微铣削试验,获得试验数据样本来训练和检测BP神经网络,实现了不同切削参数组合下切削比能的预测,并利用遗传算法对切削参数进行寻优。预测和优化结果表明,最小切削比能可在最大切削参数组合下取得。因此在不考虑表面粗糙度和刀具磨损的情况下,高水平的切削参数组合可获得大的材料去除率和相对较小的切削比能,提高加工效率并降低加工能耗。     

重型切削硬质合金刀具破损寿命可靠性研究

在重型切削加工过程中,由机械载荷作用引起的硬质合金刀具疲劳失效是影响刀具寿命的主要原因之一。为了研究刀具的破损特性,首先分析硬质合金抗弯强度理论,并探讨其与裂纹扩展的关系建立刀具破损理论模型;其次采用三点弯曲法进行硬质合金刀具材料抗弯强度试验,建立硬质合金刀具材料抗弯强度Weibull分布模型;最后进行硬质合金刀具破损可靠性研究,同时建立硬质合金刀具破损理论寿命可靠性模型并进行验证,结果表明所建立的刀具破损理论寿命模型是可行的,同时对提高刀具使用寿命、优化工艺参数等有非常重要的借鉴意义,为进一步深入研究重型切削刀具破损寿命及可靠性奠定基础。     

Modeling and Analytical Solution of Chatter Stability for T-slot Milling

T-slot milling is one of the most common milling processes in industry. Despite recent advances in machining technology, productivity of T-slot milling is usually limited due to the process limitations such as high cutting forces and stability. If cutting conditions are not selected properly the process may result in the poor surface finish of the workpiece and the potential damage to the machine tool. Currently, the predication of chatter stability and determination of optimal cutting conditions based on the modeling of T-slot milling process is an effective way to improve the material removal rate(MRR) of a T-slot milling operation. Based on the geometrical model of the T-slot cutter, the dynamic cutting force model was presented in which the average directional cutting force coefficients were obtained by means of numerical approach, and leads to an analytical determination of stability lobes diagram(SLD) on the axial depth of cut. A new kind of SLD on the radial depth of cut was also created to satisfy the special requirement of T-slot milling. Thereafter, a dynamic simulation model of T-slot milling was implemented using Matlab software. In order to verify the effectiveness of the approach, the transfer functions of a typical cutting system in a vertical CNC machining center were measured in both feed and normal directions by an instrumented hammer and accelerators. Dynamic simulations were conducted to obtain the predicated SLD under specified cutting conditions with both the proposed model and CutPro?. Meanwhile, a set of cutting trials were conducted to reveal whether the cutting process under specified cutting conditions is stable or not. Both the simulation comparison and experimental verification demonstrated that the satisfactory coincidence between the simulated, the predicted and the experimental results. The chatter-free T-slot milling with higher MRR can be achieved under the cutting conditions determined according to the SLD simulation.     

Optimization of machining parameters using genetic algorithm and experimental validation for end-milling operations

Optimization of cutting parameters is valuable in terms of providing high precision and efficient machining. Optimization of machining parameters for milling is an important step to minimize the machining time and cutting force, increase productivity and tool life and obtain better surface finish. In this work a mathematical model has been developed based on both the material behavior and the machine dynamics to determine cutting force for milling operations. The system used for optimization is based on powerful artificial intelligence called genetic algorithms (GA). The machining time is considered as the objective function and constraints are tool life, limits of feed rate, depth of cut, cutting speed, surface roughness, cutting force and amplitude of vibrations while maintaining a constant material removal rate. The result of the work shows how a complex optimization problem is handled by a genetic algorithm and converges very quickly. Experimental end milling tests have been performed on mild steel to measure surface roughness, cutting force using milling tool dynamometer and vibration using a FFT (fast Fourier transform) analyzer for the optimized cutting parameters in a Universal milling machine using an HSS cutter. From the estimated surface roughness value of 0.71 μm, the optimal cutting parameters that have given a maximum material removal rate of 6.0×10³ mm³/min with less amplitude of vibration at the work piece support 1.66 μm maximum displacement. The good agreement between the GA cutting forces and measured cutting forces clearly demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the model presented and program developed. The obtained results indicate that the optimized parameters are capable of machining the work piece more efficiently with better surface finish.     

Chatter prediction based on frequency domain solution in CNC pocket milling

Chatter has been a problem in CNC machining process especially during pocket milling process using an end mill with low stiffness. Since an iterative time-domain chatter solution consumes a computing time along tool paths, a fast chatter prediction algorithm for pocket milling process is required by machine shop-floor for detecting chatter prior to real machining process. This paper proposes the systematic solution based on integration of a stability law in frequency domain with geometric information of material removal for a given set of tool paths. The change of immersion angle and spindle speed determines the variation of the stable cutting depth along cornering cut path. This proposed solution transforms the milling stability theory toward the practical methodology for the stability prediction over the NC pocket milling.     

基于SVR-GA算法的广义加工空间机床切削稳定性预测与优化研究

针对机床零件加工位置和进给方向不确定造成刀尖频响函数变化,导致切削稳定性叶瓣图与无颤振工艺参数预测具有不确定性问题,提出一种耦合支持向量回归机(SVR)与遗传算法(GA)的切削稳定性预测与优化方法。该方法采用锤击法模态实验和空间坐标变换,获取样本空间不同加工位置与进给方向的刀尖频响函数;进而结合传统切削稳定性预测方法构建以各向运动部件位移、进给角度、主轴转速、切削宽度、每齿进给量为输入的极限切削深度SVR预测模型;采用该SVR模型作为切削稳定性约束建立材料切除率优化模型,通过遗传算法求解各运动轴位移、进给角度与切削参数的最优配置。以某型加工中心展开实例研究,实验结果表明获取的优化配置能实现稳定切削,验证了该方法的有效性。     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

Three-dimensional stability lobe and maximum material removal rate in end milling of thin-walled plate

Chatter phenomenon often occurs during end milling of thin-walled plate and becomes a common limitation to achieve high productivity and part quality. For the purpose of chatter avoidance, the optimal selection of the axial and radial depth of cut, which are decisive primary parameters in the maximum material removal rate, is required. This paper studies the machining stability in milling of the thin-walled plate and develops a three-dimensional lobe diagram of the spindle speed, axial, and radial depth of cut. Through the three-dimensional lobe, it is possible to choose the appropriate cutting parameters according to the dynamic behavior of the chatter system. Moreover, this paper studies the maximum material removal rate at the condition of optimal pairs of the axial and radial depth of cutting.     

切削用量对铣削非标内螺纹刀具磨损的影响

与传统螺纹加工方法相比,铣削螺纹不仅具有较高的加工精度和加工效率,而且不受螺纹结构的制约,可较为自由地选取合理的加工参数。应用DEFORM-3D软件对铣削非标内螺纹刀具磨损进行仿真,运用正交仿真试验研究切削速度、最大切削厚度和径向切削深度等切削用量对刀具磨损的影响,并对加工参数进行了优化。结果表明:切削刃圆角处刀具磨损最严重,在研究范围内,径向切削深度对刀具磨损的影响最大。     

一种基于数字孪生的重型数控机床碰撞检测方法

目前数控机床碰撞检测通常利用系统的仿真功能对加工G代码进行检测,仅考虑数控机床加工过程中加工轨迹上刀具与理想状况下的工作台、夹具之间是否有干涉现象,难以满足开放式重型数控机床动态的加工环境、装夹方式以及刀具尺寸变化等实际情况。将数字孪生引入重型数控机床碰撞检测,构建了感知-演化预测-反馈的碰撞检测框架,即通过构建数控机床的数字孪生体,动态感知工件、夹具、刀具等加工要素,并感知数据驱动孪生模型演化,从而预测数控机床加工过程中潜在的干涉现象,提高了机床加工效率,避免加工过程的潜在危害。将所提方法应用于重型数控龙门镗铣机床ZK5520的碰撞检测,证明了其有效性与可行性。     

基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床动态优化设计

使机床切削点动柔度最大值在整个工作频率范围内最小,是机床实现无颤振稳定切削和高精度切削加工的要求,也是对其进行动态优化设计所应达到的目标。基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床结构动态优化设计原理,实现了一种以降低切削点交叉动柔度值为目标的优化方法。该方法利用切削点交叉动柔度与模态柔度的关系,首先寻找薄弱模态,再分析薄弱模态上各部件和环节的能量分布,确定该模态上的薄弱环节,然后在一定的约束条件下,改进这些环节的设计参数,从而实现优化目标。以某型万能工具铣床为例,在整机建模分析计算的基础上,阐述了该优化方法的具体应用。通过模态柔度和能量分布计算,判明该机床的薄弱环节是横梁-水平主轴体系统,针对薄弱环节设计参数的改进实现其质量和刚度的优化,优化后的静柔度和模态柔度都有较大的降低,而固有频率则相应提高,切削点动柔度的最大值降低近18%。并在此基础上进行结构改进设计,改进前后机床的谐响应分析和切削试验对比结果表明优化方法有效地改善了机床的动态性能,再生颤振稳定性得到大幅提高。