GPS/SINS/Odometer组合导航系统的研究

针对全球定位系统(GPS)和捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)组成的车载导航系统在GPS失效时精度会快速下降的问题,提出了GPS/SINS/Odometer(里程计)组合导航定位系统,采用联邦卡尔曼滤波对SINS进行误差估计并作反馈校正。当GPS无效时,就可以使用里程计辅助SINS。实验结果表明,在GPS失效的时间段内,该组合系统可以有效地抑制SINS的误差发散,并将其误差限制在较低的水平,保证了组合导航系统的精度与可靠性。     

履带装甲车辆里程计刻度系数在线辨识方法研究

在履带装甲车辆SINS/OD组合导航系统中,里程计的刻度系数对导航结果的精确性有着至关重要的影响。为满足作战部队对履带装甲车辆快速、机动的标定要求,提高SINS/OD车载组合导航系统的导航精度,首先对里程计与惯导系统之间的安装误差角进行了标定。将变遗忘因子最小二乘法与限定记忆最小二乘法相结合,利用GPS的量测速度对里程计刻度系数进行了在线辨识。为检验辨识方法的可靠性,进行了实车实验,利用辨识结果进行了航位推算,并与GPS的定位结果进行了对比。实车实验表明,该辨识方法可以得到较高精度的定位结果,对于车体运动状态及行车路况发生变化等情况具有较强的跟踪性能;对标定路段的路况要求较低,具有很好的工程应用价值,符合作战部队的实际需求。     

基于捷联惯导/里程计的车载高精度定位定向方法研究

研究了一种基于捷联惯导系统和里程计进行车载高精度定位定向的方法;采用里程计与捷联惯导中的陀螺仪构成航位推算系统,建立了航位推算系统的误差模型;为了增强航位推算姿态误差的估计效果,将载车姿态与位置信息一起作为量测,构建组合定位定向的量测方程;采用Sage-Husa自适应滤波设计捷联惯导/里程计组合定位定向算法,以增强算法对外界环境和载车机动的鲁棒性;仿真结果表明,基于捷联惯导/里程计的车载定位定向方法能够达到±20.4m(3σ)的定位精度,航向精度达到±3.1′(3σ),水平姿态精度达到±0.6′(3σ)。     

激光多普勒测速仪在线标定算法

针对激光多普勒测速仪在使用时需提前标定、影响实战条件下应用的问题,提出了激光多普勒测速仪在线标定算法。将激光多普勒测速仪比例因子误差、惯性器件安装角度误差、杆臂误差纳入组合导航误差状态量。载体姿态速度变化时,使用卡尔曼滤波对误差估计,利用估计的结果补偿测速仪的输出量。组合导航量测值采用惯性导航和测速仪测量速度的差值。算法仿真和跑车实验表明:该算法可以正确分离出误差量,并且能够对测速仪和惯性导航的误差准确标定。     

基于SINS的杆臂效应误差补偿方法研究

针对捷联惯性导航系统（SINS）中杆臂效应误差补偿的实时性问题,提出一种新的杆臂效应误差补偿方法.将杆臂长度扩充为系统的状态变量,通过实时估计杆臂长度来补偿杆臂效应误差;分析了杆臂误差效应产生的原因,并对该方案进行了理论推导、分析和仿真.与传统杆臂效应误差补偿法相比,所提出的方法不仅能准确实时地估计出杆臂长度,而且能有效地提高惯导系统的对准精度.     

基于采煤机工作面端头量测的改进因子图高精度自主定位方法

采煤机的高精度定位是煤炭开采自动化和智能化的重要研究方向,其中惯性导航系统和里程计是长壁综合机械化采煤机定位主要传感器之一.通过两者的信息融合,能够有效抑制惯性导航系统的发散并且具有较好的自主导航能力,但是仍然无法满足井下长时间的高精度导航要求.鉴于此,分析目前常用辅助传感器在采煤机开采过程中存在的问题,提出基于UWB采煤机工作面端头量测的改进因子图优化方法.利用UWB在工作面端头的位置量测信息,推导并构建惯导/里程计/UWB的约束方程和图优化模型.同时通过惯性信息的预积分,减少待优化的节点数量,降低算法的计算量.在此基础上,加入里程计标度因数误差和安装误差的因子节点进行联合估计和优化.最后通过仿真和实际跑车测试表明,相较于传统卡尔曼滤波的采煤机定位方式,所提出方法能够有效提高采煤机的定位精度.     

井下多传感器组合导航系统

针对井下车辆高精度惯性导航成本较高、低成本MEMS惯性传感器漂移较大等问题,提出一种井下多传感器组合导航系统,该系统通过蓝牙测距信息、MEMS惯性传感器及车载里程计信息进行组合导航。利用卡尔曼滤波技术融合多传感器数据,结合蓝牙测距信息抑制MEMS惯性传感器漂移,提高车载惯性传感器在一段时间内的定位精度;通过MEMS惯性传感器预测车辆位置,有效滤除干扰标签的蓝牙信号,提高数据可靠性;融合车辆里程计数据后,定位结果更加稳定可靠。测试结果表明,在井下蓝牙标签间隔10m布站情况下,每10m定位误差在3.2m以内,能够满足井下导航要求。     

车载INS/GPS组合导航系统建模与仿真

为了准确地对车辆进行定位,实现导航功能,将两种常用的导航定位技术GPS定位导航技术与惯性导航技术进行组合,介绍了INS/GPS组合导航系统的仿真方案。因车载组合导航系统对精度的要求不是很高,采用低成本的机械陀螺和加速度计作为惯性导航系统的测量器件。INS/GPS组合导航系统采用位置和速度组合模式,分别给出纯INS,纯GPS,组合导航系统的位置误差比较。结果分析表明,组合导航系统精度高于INS和GPS分别独立工作时的精度。     

车载GPS/光纤陀螺组合导航定姿技术研究

为了实现基于低精度的光纤传感器的高精度定姿导航,以确保陆上运动载体能够得到自身实时、准确的姿态信息,时光纤陀螺捷联惯导系统的测量误差进行了分析并建立组合导航系统的动态模型,利用GPS天线与惯导系统在栽体上的相时安装关系以及陆上载体的运动特征约束即非完整约束建立组合导航系统观测方程,采用卡尔曼滤渡器时惯导系统的测量误差和GPS天线与惯导系统间的杆臂量测误差进行估计,并使用估计结果时惯导系统的速度、姿态导航解算结果予以在线修正.通过车栽试验验证了此组合导航方案切实可行,系统定姿结果具有较高精度.     

车载航位推算系统中传感器参数的在线标定

航位推算系统是城市车栽导航定位系统的重要组成部分,其中陀螺仪、里程计等传感器参数标定影响到系统定位精度.介绍了利用GPS和电子地图数据库信息进行传感器参数在线标定的方法.在香港特区的大量现场跑车实验表明,该方法有利于提高航位推算系统的精度及稳定性,从而使得车载导航系统精度满足设计要求.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).