基于图像块分类的图像超分辨率重建

针对当前图像超分辨率重建算法中存在的字典单一而导致重建图像质量不佳的问题，提出一种将图像块分类与图像卡通纹理分解相结合的单幅图像超分辨率重建算法。首先，将图像分块，并将图像块分为边缘类、纹理类和平滑类三类，其中纹理类用形态成分分析（MCA）算法分解为卡通部分和纹理部分；然后，对边缘类、卡通部分和纹理部分分别训练高低分辨率字典；最后，求解稀疏系数并与高分辨率字典重建图像块。仿真结果显示，与基于稀疏表示的超分辨率重建（SCSR）算法和单幅图像超分辨率重建（SISR）算法相比，所提算法的峰值信噪比（PNSR）值分别提高了0.26 dB和0.14 dB，表明该算法的重建效果更好，重建图像纹理细节更丰富。     

L1-L 2正则化的图像复原交替优化算法

为快速且准确地重建原始图像,提出一种新的图像复原算法。在稀疏表示的框架下,建立图像复原问题的约束优化模型,同步估计原始图像及其稀疏表示。复原模型的目标函数包含L1-L 2双正则项,为此采用交替优化将模型分解为若干子问题,交替迭代求解这些子问题。其中不可微分的子问题,由迭代重加权方法进行处理。实验结果表明,仅需较少次迭代该算法即可获得原始图像及其稀疏表示的最优估计。与某些优秀的同类算法相比,该算法的速度更快,复原图像的质量更高。     

基于低秩和稀疏性先验知识的压缩感知图像重构

压缩感知（CS）图像重建算法是CS图像获取问题的一个研究重点。针对当前重建效果最好的基于低秩先验的NLR重建算法,忽略了图像的局部结构信息,不能有效地重建图像的边缘,为了在测量值数量不变情况下进一步提高图像的重建质量,在低秩先验的基础上,引入稀疏约束（梯度域的稀疏性-总变差）作为图像额外的先验知识,建立了基于总变差和低秩约束的CS图像重建模型。增广拉格朗日-交替方向乘子算法用于求解产生的非凸优化问题。实验结果表明,与传统的稀疏性先验重建算法和NLR算法相比,所提算法能够获得更高的图像重构质量。     

磁共振图像的原始-对偶近似迭代重建算法

基于压缩感知（CS）的磁共振成像（MRI）是一种利用磁共振（MR）图像的稀疏性的快速成像技术,经典CS-MRI重建数学模型是在包含线性合成非平滑正则约束下的最优化问题。针对重建模型中的线性合成正则项提出利用原始-对偶框架同时求解原始-对偶问题,对原始-对偶问题的增广Lagrangian形式求解其最优解,提出了一种原始-对偶迭代重建算法;对于非平滑正则项的处理,提出使用Moreau包络进行平滑近似,然后利用近似算子得到平滑近似函数的导数形式。用体模图像和真实MR图像,与共轭梯度算法（CG）、算子分离算法（TVCMRI）、变量分离算法（RecPF）和快速混合分离算法（FCSA）进行比较,表明该算法重建效果最好,算法复杂度与最快的FCSA算法相当。     

基于压缩感知的EMT探伤和图像重建

为改善EMT逆问题的欠定性,提高探伤过程中裂纹图像重建质量,本文提出一种基于压缩感知原理的EMT探伤和图像重建方法.其本质是通过压缩感知弱化问题的求解条件,进而有效改善EMT逆问题的欠定性.本文采用压缩感知技术对EMT探伤信号进行处理,并引入了相应的图像重建算法.其中,信号处理包括选取恰当的稀疏变换基对原始信号进行稀疏表示,将稀疏处理后的原始信号进行投影;图像重建过程则采用了两种算法,分别是基于最小L1范数的迭代重加权最小二乘(IRLS)法和基于匹配追踪原理的压缩采样匹配追踪(CoSaMP)算法.仿真和实验结果均表明,IRLS图像重建算法和CoSaMP图像重建算法的图像重建质量都要好于传统的EMT图像重建算法,尤其是CoSaMP算法的图像重建质量更佳.     

基于组稀疏表示的在线单帧图像超分辨率算法

基于稀疏表示的图像超分辨率重建算法以近似随机抽取的方式选取字典中的原子来拟合图像片,而实际中的字典原子的选择体现出了很强的结构稀疏性,从而导致算法计算复杂且引入了大量的误差,影响重建图像的质量。针对该问题,提出了一种基于组稀疏表示的在线图像超分辨率重建算法。该方法引入组稀疏理论,仅利用输入的低分辨率图像作为样本来构建组稀疏字典,通过结合组稀疏性和几何对偶性来构建超分辨率图像算法的成本函数,并使用提出的一种迭代的方法进行求解。实验表明,该算法在视觉观察和参数比较上都优于当前主流的超分辨率算法。     

基于Moreau-包络的近似平滑迭代磁共振图像重建算法

针对基于压缩感知（CS）的磁共振成像（MRI）稀疏重建中存在的两个非平滑正则项问题,提出了一种基于Moreau包络的近似平滑迭代算法（PSIA）。基于CS的经典MRI稀疏重建是求解一个由最小二乘保真项、小波变换稀疏正则项和总变分（TV）正则项线性组合成的目标函数最小化问题。首先,对目标函数中的小波变换正则项作平滑近似;然后,将数据保真项与平滑近似后的小波正则项的线性组合看成一个新的可以连续求导的凸函数;最后,采用PSIA对新的优化问题进行求解。该算法不仅可以同时处理优化问题中的两个正则约束项,还避免了固定权重带来的算法鲁棒性问题。仿真得到的体模图像及真实磁共振图像的实验结果表明,所提算法与四种经典的稀疏重建算法：共轭梯度（CG）下降算法、TV1范数压缩MRI（TVCMRI）算法、部分k空间重建算法（RecPF）和快速复合分离算法（FCSA）相比,在图像信噪比、相对误差和结构相似性指数上具有更好的重建结果,且在算法复杂度上与现有最快重建算法即FCSA相当。     

核稀疏表示和原子相关度的图像重建

目的 针对目前基于稀疏表示的超分辨率重建算法中对字典原子的选取效率低、图像重建效果欠佳的问题,本文提出了核方法与一种高效的字典原子相关度筛选方法相融合的图像超分辨重建算法,充分利用字典原子与图像的相关度,选用对重建的贡献最大的原子来提高重建的效率和效果。方法 首先,通过预处理高分辨率图像得到高、低分辨率图像样本集,再用字典学习得到高、低分辨率字典对;然后,对字典原子进行非相关处理提高字典原子的表达能力;此后,再利用低分辨率字典,引入核方法和字典原子筛选方法进行稀疏表示,设置阈值筛选高相关原子,低相关度原子对重建贡献度低,在迭代过程中耗费计算量,所以舍去低相关原子,再对普通原子进行正则化处理后加入支撑集,处理后的字典原子对于重建具有很好的表达能力;最后,利用处理后的字典原子对低分辨率图求解稀疏表示问题得到稀疏表示系数,结合高分辨率字典重建出高分辨率图像。结果 实验通过与其他学习算法对比,得到结构相似度（SSIM）、峰值信噪比（PSNR）以及重建时间的结果。实验结果表明：本文方法与对比方法相比,图像重建时间提高了22.2%;图像结构相似度提高了9.06%;峰值信噪比提高了2.30 dB。原有的基于字典学习的方法对于字典选取具有一定的盲目性,所选取的原子与重建图像相关度较低,使重建效果差,本文方法获得的字典原子可以减少稀疏表示过程的时耗,同时提高稀疏表示的精度。引入核方法,改善经典算法中对原子选取的低精度问题,经实验证明,本方法能有效提高重建算法性能。结论 实验结果表明,图像的稀疏表示过程的重建时间明显减少,重建效果也有一定的提高,并且在训练样本较少的情况下同样有良好的重建效率和效果,适合在实际中使用。     

基于结构相似保真的图像稀疏表示模型

过完备图像稀疏表示是一种最新的图像表示模型,采用过完备字典中原子的线性组合形式实现图像的稀疏表示.传统的过完备图像稀疏表示模型采用重建误差的平方和作为保真项.该保真项没有充分考虑到人眼对图像的感知特性,无法度量图像中边缘、轮廓、纹理等局部几何结构的变化.本文基于过完备稀疏表示理论思想,建立了新的稀疏性正则化的图像稀疏表示模型.模型中的正则项约束图像表示系数的稀疏性,保真项采用更符合视觉感知的结构相似性度量.基于正交匹配追踪算法,提出了基于结构相似度的正交匹配追踪算法.实验结果表示,新的模型能够更好地重构图像的结构信息,获得更好的重建视觉效果.     

基于色彩约束与非局部稀疏表示的彩色图像超分辨率重建

基于稀疏表示模型的彩色图像超分辨率重建方法通常采用基于图像块的稀疏编码过程,易导致稀疏表示不稳定、重建彩色图像存在细节模糊和色彩伪影的问题。为此,提出一种非局部稀疏表示与色彩通道约束相结合的重建算法。将待重建的低分辨率彩色图像转换到YCbCr色彩空间,利用非局部稀疏模型对低分辨率彩色图像的亮度信息进行重建,再将重建图像转换回RGB色彩空间,应用色彩通道约束方法去除色彩伪影,从而在保证图像细节信息重建质量的同时提升其色彩伪影的去除能力。实验结果表明,与双三次插值算法、ScSR算法等相比,该算法重建图像的峰值信噪比和结构相似性较高。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.