数字锁相放大器技术及光谱检测应用进展

数字锁相放大器是基于互相关检测原理的微弱信号检测装置。综述了数字锁相放大器的主要设计思路,包括信号输入通道设计、算法设计、不同硬件构成设计与参考信号源设计。针对光谱分析应用,分析了动态信号检测失真、载波信号波动时的频率跟踪、相关参数优化及性价比等关键问题及解决方案。通过数字锁相放大器关键参数指标的演进历程分析,展望了数字锁相放大器的发展与应用方向。对于数字锁相放大器的使用与研究具有较高的实用价值,对其后续的创新具有重要的参考意义。     

一种新的应用于锁相放大器的数字相关电路结构设计

为了解决数字锁相放大器在进行数字相关运算中引发的大存储量和大运算问题,首次将电压/频率转换方法引入锁相检测电路中,采用了一种新的数字相关电路结构,极大降低了数字相关运算对处理器高性能的要求;理论分析与实验表明:该数字锁相放大器性价比高、测量响应时间快,在对1mV信号进行测试中,相对误差能够控制在1%以内.     

改进的数字锁相放大器微弱信号检测法

探讨了锁相放大器进行微弱信号检测的原理和实现方法.在此基础上,并与数字锁相放大器检测原理相结合,提出了通过改进检测和移相算法,从而对数字锁相放大器进行优化的设计.使用Matlab进行算法模拟,从模拟结果发现,采样率和信号频率成倍数关系时会出现奇点,提出用动态采样率的方案有效地解决奇异点问题.在LabVIEW下进行仿真,结果表明,放大器在信号幅度为5V、噪声标准差低于50、信号频率低于500KHz,系统对微弱信号检测相对误差低于2％.     

基于时钟树机制的超高速数字锁相放大系统

在超高速数字锁相系统中,虽然可以采用时间交替并行模数转换（Analog-to-digital converter, ADC）结构解决采样速率和采样精度的矛盾,但系统极易受各通道采样时钟抖动的影响。在分析采样时钟抖动与采样有效位数及动态范围关系的基础上,设计了一种基于时钟树机制的并联ADC交替采样结构的超高速数字锁相放大系统。实验结果表明,在相同的测试条件下,该系统比国外主流厂商的商用锁相放大器信噪比提高了约17.5 dB。     

谐振式MEMS磁传感器数字锁相放大器设计

介绍了一种用于谐振式微机电系统(MEMS)磁传感器输出信号检测的数字锁相放大器。通过分析MEMS磁传感器的工作原理和输出信号特征,并根据相干解调原理,设计了数字锁相放大器,其中包括信号通道、参考通道和数字式相干解调器的设计。在数字式相干解调器的设计中,通过正交解调法来消除相位差对磁传感器灵敏度的影响,利用带通采样和降采样来降低硬件要求。将数字锁相放大器应用于磁传感器,顺利实现了对磁传感器输出信号的解调。测试结果具有良好线性度,其非线性度为0. 46%。     

数字锁相放大器在大气透射仪中的应用研究

为了提高大气透射仪的测量动态范围、测量精度及稳定性,用FPGA设计了双相数字锁相放大器,并结合低噪声运算放大器、低误差可编程增益放大器、高精度模数转换器,实现了大动态范围、高精度、超稳定的信号采集模块。测试表明该设计满足了大气透射仪在气象能见度小于50 m时μV级别信号的探测能力以及高气象能见度时精确、稳定测量的要求。     

基于4倍频采样的数字正交FID信号检测技术

提出了基于4倍Lamor频率采样的数字正交锁相放大技术提取包络信号,该技术是根据开关型正交矢量锁定放大器的基本原理和三角函数的特征,通过4倍Lamor频率采样和数字叠加的方法,实现了信号正交与低通滤波功能.该数字正交方法较模拟正交法的优点是能够提高信号的信噪比,且电路设计简单.利用该法所设计的地面核磁共振找水仪采集系统在探寻地下水源中已得到验证与应用,在叠加次数仅为NUMIS系统1/2时,其信噪比至少提高0.5倍.该方法提高了仪器的工作效率和对信号参数的提取精度.     

一种基于虚拟仪器技术的双锁相放大器的设计

锁相放大器是微弱信号检测的最有效手段,针对现有模拟锁相放大器和数字锁相放大器存在的问题,利用虚拟仪器技术和锁相放大器的基本原理,基于NI公司的LabVIEW软件及DAQ板卡对数字锁相放大器进行设计.设计中采用双锁相技术,通过在紫外辐射测试中的测试结果表明此锁相放大器具有更好的性能,可以精确地提取被噪声湮没的信号,可获得...     

基于数字锁相放大器的甲烷谐波检测虚拟系统

基于甲烷气体的谐波检测技术,利用数字锁相放大器SR830检测甲烷气体吸收谱线的一、二次谐波,在LabVIEW虚拟仪器设计平台上设计甲烷浓度谐波检测虚拟仪器系统,实现了对数字锁相放大器的远程控制和对数据的采集与处理;实验结果与理论模型相吻合,充分验证了采用数字锁相放大器检测甲烷气体浓度可以精确的提取出谐波信号,获得较好的信噪比。     

基于FPGA的数字锁相放大器在气体探测中的应用

介绍了基于波长调制光谱技术的激光气体探测系统的基本原理,详细描述了双相数字锁相放大器基本原理和结构;为了实现模块化高精度在线激光气体检测系统,利用FPGA和模数数模器件设计了数字锁相放大器的硬件电路,将数字锁相算法在FPGA中实现;基于FPGA的数字锁相放大器应用于激光甲烷分析仪中,并对4个标准甲烷气体进行了实际测试,在10%量程范围内示值误差不超过±0.2%;实验表明基于FPGA的数字锁相放大器能够用于高精度在线激光气体探测系统中。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。