Synthesis and evaluation of a hydrogel that binds glucose and releases ciprofloxacin

This study reports the formation of a hydrogel generated by polymerizing aminophenyl boronic acid in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The gel formed as a result of complexation between the –OH groups of PVA, and boronic acid moieties were stable and exhibited high degree of swelling proportional to the concentration of glucose. Extended swelling was attributed to the strong affinity of the gel to glucose and to the subsequent breaking of the bond formed between PVA and boronic acid groups. Interestingly, the gel was found to bind a high amount of glucose. We evaluated the hydrogel in terms of its ability to bind glucose and to release ciprofloxacin. Retention of antibacterial efficacy of the released drug was also demonstrated. Features such as swelling, drug release, and glucose binding reflect the possibility of tuning a new dressing for wounds particularly in diabetic patients.     

电沉积羟基磷灰石修饰电极上的葡萄糖传感器的研制

在铂电极上电沉积羟基磷灰石（HAp）-聚乙烯醇（PVA）复合涂层,并将葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）固定在羟基磷灰石HAp-PVA-Nafion复合膜,构建了高灵敏度、高选择性的葡萄糖传感器。固定在此电极上的GOD在pH 7.0的磷酸缓冲液（PBS）中展现出一对可逆性好的氧化还原峰,此电极对葡萄糖的氧化有良好的催化作用随葡萄糖浓度,在恒电位-0.92 V（相对于饱和甘汞电极）时测量溶解氧还原电流,结果显示,羟基磷灰石和Nafion良好的协同作用增强了GOD的电化学活性,促进了GOD与电极表面之间的电子转移,提高了传感器的穗定性与灵敏度,还原电流的衰减在浓度0.04-0.52 mmol dm~（-3）范围内与葡萄糖的浓度呈线性关系     

Glucose-Responsive Insulin and Delivery Systems: Innovation and Translation

Type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes treatment involves daily injections or continuous infusion of exogenous insulin aimed at regulating blood glucose levels in the normoglycemic range. However, current options for insulin therapy are limited by the risk of hypoglycemia and are associated with suboptimal glycemic control outcomes. Therefore, a range of glucose-responsive components that can undergo changes in conformation or show alterations in intermolecular binding capability in response to glucose stimulation has been studied for ultimate integration into closed-loop insulin delivery or “smart insulin” systems. Here, an overview of the evolution and recent progress in the development of molecular approaches for glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems, a rapidly growing subfield of precision medicine, is presented. Three central glucose-responsive moieties, including glucose oxidase, phenylboronic acid, and glucose-binding molecules are examined in detail. Future opportunities and challenges regarding translation are also discussed.     

Thermostable reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase: application to amperometric enzyme assay

The use in amperometric enzyme assays of a highly stable, pH insensitive flavoenzyme, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase (NADH oxidase), from the thermophilic organism Thermus aquaticus is described. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with concomitant two-electron reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide. In addition the enzyme used a substituted ferrocene as an alternative mediator of electron transfer. Hydrogen peroxide was detected at +650 mV vs Ag/AgCl at a platinum electrode. The current produced by oxidation of hydrogen peroxide was directly proportional to NADH concentration. The enzyme was used in solution to reoxidize enzymatically generated NADH and served as a basis for amperometric enzyme amplification systems for immunoassay as well as for the detection of substrate concentration for oxidoreductase enzymes. In the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase a rapid production of current occurred upon addition of ethanol over a clinically significant range. Thermus aquaticus NADH oxidase appears to be ideally suited for future exploitation in amperometric sensors for oxidoreductase substrates, offering a number of advantages over previously reported methods.     

壳聚糖凝胶材料固定葡萄糖氧化酶制电极的研究

以壳聚糖为载体研究凝胶法固定葡萄糖氧化酶制电极。试验研究了载体壳聚糖的降解性；交联剂戊二醛的浓度、用量；电极的载酶量等固定化条件对所组建的传感器性能的影响。通过影响规律的分析、优化固定化条件的研究，找出了根据壳聚糖溶液粘度适当调整交联剂成二醛的用量和铂丝在酶膜母液中浸涂时间，克服壳聚糖的降解性对酶电极性能的影响，建立了制备性能相近的GOD传感器的方法。     

质子交换膜恒电位式氢气传感器

利用质子交换膜为电解质,碳纸和铂黑分别为电极的扩散层和催化层,制作了恒电位式氢气传感器;确定的最佳施加电位是１．５Ｖ;在氢气浓度为０．２％内,氢气氧化电流与氢气浓度成正比;通过在工作电极前面加设聚乙烯膜,增大氢气扩散阻力,可以将氢气氧化电流与氢气浓度之间的线性关系提高到氢气浓度为１．５％。     

Enzyme modification of platinum microelectrodes for detection of cholesterol in vesicle lipid bilayer membranes

Platinum microelectrodes are modified with a lipid bilayer membrane incorporating cholesterol oxidase. Details for electrode surface modification are presented along with characterization studies of electrode response to cholesterol solution and to cholesterol contained in the lipid bilayer membrane of vesicles. Ferrocyanide voltammetric experiments are used to track deposition of a submonolayer of a thiol-functionalized lipid on the platinum electrode surface, vesicle fusion for bilayer formation on the thiolipid-modified surface, and incorporation of cholesterol oxidase in the electrode-supported thiolipid/lipid bilayer membrane. The data are consistent with formation of a lipid bilayer structure on the electrode surface that contains defects. Experiments for detection of cholesterol solubilized in cyclodextrin solution show steady-state current responses that correlate with cholesterol concentration. Direct contact between the electrode and a vesicle lipid bilayer membrane shows a response that correlates with vesicle membrane cholesterol content.     

不同条件对PVA/CS复合水凝胶溶胀性能的影响

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)为原料,戊二醛为交联剂,制备出PVA/CS复合水凝胶载体材料,改变PVA/CS的质量配比、交联剂含量、pH值和温度,考察了不同条件下对复合水凝胶溶胀性能的影响.结果表明,当PVA/CS质量比为3:1、交联剂体积分数为4%时所合成凝胶的溶胀性能较好;随着温度的升高,溶胀度不断减小;凝胶在酸性条件的溶胀性能远远优于碱性条件的溶胀性能.     

Electrocatalytic activity of silver modified gold film for glucose oxidation and its potential application to fuel cells

The electrocatalytic activity of the submonolayer silver modified gold film electrodes for the glucose oxidation in alkaline solution and the influences of the electrode size, the glucose concentration and the supporting electrolyte concentration on the reaction were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The performance of a fuel cell utilizing the glucose oxidation was also evaluated. Gold film electrodes of large size were prepared by evaporating gold onto micas. The submonolayer modification of gold electrodes by silver underpotential deposition resulted in about 0.1 V negative shift in peak potential and a little larger current in the glucose oxidation, and the peak current obtained was proportional to the electrode size and the glucose concentration. The oxidation peak was also affected by the supporting electrolyte, showing a positive shift in potential and a drop in current if a certain concentration of sodium hydroxide was not reached. The catalytic activity of the silver modified gold film electrodes was stable, and a certain power of electricity was obtained with a glucose–air fuel cell.     

结合分子模拟探讨液体复合材料中改性PBS与纤维素衍生物之间的相互作用

采用聚乙二醇(PEG)改性的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PEG/PBS)分别与改性纤维素羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)共混制备了在水相均匀分散的聚酯/纤维素新型液体复合材料,并结合分子模拟技术对液体复合材料间的相互作用机制进行了研究。结果表明:1 H-NMR证明了PEG/PBS共聚物具有预期的化学结构;分子动力学模拟表明PBS呈现螺旋结构,PEG的引入改变了其结构的规整性,且有效提高了共聚物分子链的极性和柔顺性,改善了其与纤维素衍生物的相容性。复合材料的能量分布结果表明PEG/PBS中醚、酯基官能团与纤维素衍生物中的羟基官能团之间存在较强的氢键作用和范德华力。FTIR谱图中官能团(如—OH、—OCO—、—COOH、—C—O—C—等)吸收峰频率的偏移、SEM照片中表界面形态的变化、EDS能谱中C和O元素的含量变化等表明PBS及其醚化PEG/PBS与CMC的官能团之间发生了相互作用,且醚化改性后相互作用增强,复合材料的透过率由50%提高到70%以上,热稳定性和柔韧性均提高,验证了分子模拟的结果。     

A Glucose Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Electropolymerized o-Aminophenol Film on Platinized Glassy Carbon Electrode

A high-performance amperometric glucose biosensor has been developed, based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in an electrochemically synthesized, nonconducting poly(o-aminophenol) film on a platinized glassy carbon electrode. The large microscopic surface area and porous morphology of the platinized glassy carbon electrode result in high enzyme loading, and the enzyme entrapped in the electrodeposited platinum microparticle matrix is stabler than that on a platinum disk electrode surface. The response current of the sensor is 20-fold higher than that of the sensor prepared with a platinum disk electrode of the same geometric area. The experiments showed that the high sensitivity of the sensor is due not only to the large microscopic area but also to the high efficiency of transformation of H(2)O(2) generated by enzymatic reaction to current signal on the platinized glassy carbon electrode. The response time of the sensor is <4 s, and its lifetime is >10 months.     

Glucose biosensor from covalent immobilization of chitosan-coupled carbon nanotubes on polyaniline-modified gold electrode

An amperometric glucose biosensor was prepared using polyaniline (PANI) and chitosan-coupled carbon nanotubes (CS-CNTs) as the signal amplifiers and glucose oxidase (GOD) as the glucose detector on a gold electrode (the Au-g-PANI-c-(CS-CNTs)-GOD biosensor). The PANI layer was prepared via oxidative graft polymerization of aniline from the gold electrode surface premodified by self-assembled monolayer of 4-aminothiophenol. CS-CNTs were covalently coupled to the PANI-modified gold substrate using glutaradehyde as a bifunctional linker. GOD was then covalently bonded to the pendant hydroxyl groups of chitosan using 1,4-carbonyldiimidazole as the bifunctional linker. The surface functionalization processes were ascertained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of the Au-g-PANI-c-(CS-CNTs) electrode revealed the formation of a three-dimensional surface network structure. The electrode could thus provide a more spatially biocompatible microenvironment to enhance the amount and biocatalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme and to better mediate the electron transfer. The resulting Au-g-PANI-c-(CS-CNTs)-GOD biosensor exhibited a linear response to glucose in the concentration range of 1-20 mM, good sensitivity (21 μA/(mM·cm(2))), good reproducibility, and retention of >80% of the initial response current after 2 months of storage.     

PVA/P(AA-AM)复合水凝胶的制备及性能

采用水溶液聚合方法合成了不同组成的丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物(P(AA-AM))。将聚乙烯醇(PVA)与所合成的P(AA-AM)共混,以戊二醛为交联剂,制备出了不同结构的PVA/P(AA-AM)复合水凝胶。采用扫描电镜观察了凝胶形貌,研究了复合水凝胶的结构与性能关系。结果表明,复合水凝胶溶胀性能与所用交联剂加量有关,复合水凝胶的溶胀度随着交联剂加量增加先增大后减小,在交联剂加量为0.5%时水凝胶溶胀度达到最大值。复合凝胶中的聚合物组成对溶胀度影响显著,随着P(AA-AM)含量提高,水凝胶的溶胀度逐渐增大。适当结构的复合水凝胶具有pH敏感性,敏感程度随着凝胶中P(AA-AM)含量的增加而增强。     

Nitric oxide-releasing sol-gel particle/polyurethane glucose biosensors

A hybrid sol-gel/polyurethane glucose biosensor that releases nitric oxide is developed and characterized. The biosensor consists of a platinum electrode coated with four polymeric membranes including the following: (1) sol-gel with immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx); (2) polyurethane to protect the enzyme; (3) NO donor-modified sol-gel particle-doped polyurethane; and (4) polyurethane. This configuration was developed due to the drastic reduction in sensitivity observed for NO donor-modified sol-gel film-based glucose sensors. For the hybrid sol-gel/polyurethane biosensor, sol-gel particles are first modified with the NO donor and then incorporated into a polyurethane layer that is coated onto the preimmobilized GOx electrode. In this manner, the GOx layer is not exposed to the harsh conditions necessary to impart NO release ability to the biosensor, and only a minimal decrease in sensitivity due to the NO release is observed. The glucose response of the NO-releasing glucose biosensor and its NO generation profiles are reported. In addition, the stability of the sol-gel particles in the supporting polyurethane membrane is discussed.     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶的制备及性能

利用冷冻-解冻法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,研究了不同因素对PVA水凝胶力学性能和溶胀特性的影响。结果表明,PVA水凝胶是一种典型的粘弹性材料,在一定应变区内,材料的拉伸模量随应变的增加而增大;拉伸强度和平均拉伸模量随PVA水溶液的浓度和冷冻-解冻循环次数的增加而增强,凝胶的最大拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别为2.27 MPa和0.95 MPa。溶胀特性研究显示,PVA水凝胶在生理盐水中的平衡溶胀比小于其在蒸馏水中的平衡溶胀比;凝胶的平衡溶胀比随浓度和冷冻-解冻次数的增加而下降,其下降趋势满足幂函数的变化规律;水凝胶的溶胀过程符合溶胀动力学方程。     

Glucose‐Responsive Composite Microneedle Patch for Hypoglycemia‐Triggered Delivery of Native Glucagon

Insulin‐dependent patients with diabetes mellitus require multiple daily injections of exogenous insulin to combat hyperglycemia. However, administration of excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia, a life‐threatening condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels (BGLs). To prevent hypoglycemia associated with intensive insulin therapy, a “smart” composite microneedle (cMN) patch is developed, which releases native glucagon at low glucose levels. The cMN patch is composed of a photo‐crosslinked methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) microneedle array with embedded multifunctional microgels. The microgels incorporate zwitterionic moieties that stabilize loaded glucagon and phenylboronic acid moieties that provide glucose‐dependent volume change to facilitate glucagon release. Hypoglycemia‐triggered release of structurally unchanged glucagon from the cMN patch is demonstrated in vitro and in a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Transdermal application of the patch prevented insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in the diabetic rats. This work is the first demonstration of a glucose‐responsive glucagon‐delivery MN patch for the prevention of hypoglycemia, which has a tremendous potential to reduce the dangers of intensive insulin therapy and improve the quality of life of patients with diabetes and their caregivers.     

Enzyme electrodes with conductive polymer membranes and Langmuir-Blodgett films

A glucose sensor consisting of a conductive polypyrrole membrane and a lipid Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film has been investigated. Different arrangements of the biosensor on the electrodes examined were (1) electrode with glucose oxidase (GOD)-immobilized lipid LB films; (2) GOD-immobilized LB film coated on polypyrrole-modified electrode; (3) electrode with a GOD-immobilized polypyrrole membrane; (4) GOD-immobilized LB film coated on a GOD-polypyrrole-modified electrode. It was shown that the quality of the biosensor was apparently improved in case (4) with respect to both the detectable concentration range of glucose and the lifetime over which it could be used. The number of layers of the LB film has a marked influence on the sensitivity of the biosensor, an optimum number of layers existing for the best response. The mechanism of such an improvement is discussed.     

多孔硅-酶复合电极对葡萄糖溶液的电化学检测

多孔硅（PS）具有纳米级尺寸,高的表面积比和生物兼容性为固定生物分子提供了有利的条件。文章采用光电化学腐蚀的方法制备出多孔硅,并将3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTS）共价结合到多孔硅表面实现其生物功能化。通过戊二醛（Gluta）交联的方式将葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）固定到生物功能化多孔硅上,形成GOD-Gluta-APTS-PS复合结构并用作电化学测量的工作电极。铂金和饱和甘汞电极分别作辅助电极和参比电极。通过测量还原电流对数与电极电势的关系以及计时电流曲线,对10×10^-6-55×10^-6mol dm^-3浓度范围的葡萄糖水溶液进行测量分析,发现还原电流与葡萄糖溶液在一定范围内有线性响应关系。制成的多孔硅酶复合电极间隔5天重复使用1次,20天内性能能保持基本不变。     

Operation of a miniature redox hydrogel-based pyruvate sensor in undiluted deoxygenated calf serum

An amperometric sensor for the detection of pyruvate in biological fluids was formed by modifying the tip of a 0.25 mm gold wire with a layer of electrically "wired" recombinant pyruvate oxidase (POP). The sensor did not require O2 for its operation. The electroactive area of the tip of the microwire was increased by electrodeposition of platinum black. The POP was adsorbed on the platinum black and then "wired" with the cross-linked, subsequently deposited poly(4-vinylpyridine), part of the pyridine functions of which were complexed with [Os(bpy)2Cl](+/2+) and part quaternized with 2-bromoethylamine. In the resulting thin layer the POP was well "wired". When the electrode was poised at 0.4 V vs Ag/ AgCl, the sensitivity at pH 6 was 0.26 A cm(-2) M(-1) and the current increased linearly with the pyruvate concentration through the 2 x 10(-6) - 6 x 10(-4) M range. Thiamine diphosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and MgCl2 were not required for the assay, but stabilized the stored enzyme electrode. Placement of a dialysis membrane (MWCO 3500) on the electrode alleviated the severe interference of ascorbate. In calf serum, the detection limit was 30 microM, suggesting that the electrode might be used in the continuous monitoring of pyruvate in hypoxic organs.