上海城市排水系统地下水渗入量现状及对策

本文通过典型管段、封闭小区和合流一期工程排水系统地下水渗入量的调研和测定分析，对上海排水系统地下水渗入量状况进行了研究，并在此基础上探讨了一系列对策。本文提出的上海排水系统地下水渗入量允许范围的建议值，对上海排水系统实施规划、设计和建设具有实际指导意义，对国内特别是地下水位高的地区也有重要参考价值。     

地下水渗入排水管道的危害性和渗入量分析及防渗建议

地下水渗入排水管道的危害包括增加排水构筑物的建设与运行费用、加重水域污染等.分析了影响渗入量的各种因素,列举了渗入量的测量方法,提出了控制渗入量的措施和建议.     

常州市某区域地下水渗入量的估算

排水管道中地下水渗入量的指标采用单位管长的负荷(渗入系数或渗入率)来衡量,可以用m~3/(km·d)或m~3/(km·mm·d)来表示。地下水水位越高,地下水平均渗入率就越大,鉴于此,常州市某区域的渗入率分为雨季和非雨季分别进行估算,通过测定该区域管网中3.8 kmDN1 650管道在非雨季时的渗入量,并结合其他同纬度城市及临近城市的地下水渗入率数值,确定该区域渗入率,进而估算渗入量。     

浅谈基坑排水技术在水利工程中的应用

正一、基坑排水技术的定义和基坑排水作用基坑排水是指在基坑开挖的过程中,经常会出现开挖地面低于地下水水位,从而使得基坑内不断渗入地下水。一但出现这种情况,就可能会使基坑出现边坡失稳、流砂等现象,严重时甚至会出现坑底隆起和管涌,这些都会引起地基的承载能力下降。为了避免类似情况的发生,工作人员要充分结合施工场地的实际情况,考虑     

路基渗沟排水性能试验研究

针对路基渗沟出现的淤堵导致地下水渗入道路的层间结构、降低路基的使用寿命问题,提出将土工合成排水管－塑料盲沟和硬式透水管与聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）管展开排水性能对比研究;进行室内模拟排水试验,分析不同排水管在不同水量下,不同回填透水性材料组合的渗沟型式下排水量变化规律和排水效果。研究结果表明:排水能力从大到小依次为塑料盲沟、硬式透水管、ＰＶＣ管;水头对排水量影响起主控作用;对于地下水丰富的路基,推荐采用ＰＶＣ管全回填砂土的渗沟型式;对于地下水较少的路基,推荐采用塑料盲沟或硬式透水管回填砂土加黏土加碎石的渗沟型式。初步成果可为三种排水管实际工程运用的排水效率评估和其长期淤堵性、耐久性的研究提供基础。     

引水隧洞充排水试验渗压计实测数据分析

充排水试验是对引水隧洞进行安全检查的重要手段之一。通过对泰山抽水蓄能电站1号和2号引水隧洞充排水试验的渗压计数据进行分析,研究高压隧洞内水外渗时围岩承载、外水内渗时衬砌承载、渗流速率与衬砌裂隙发育关系。结果表明,内水外渗时,内水压力可以利用固结灌浆的围岩承载,同时围岩可以抵抗地下水渗入。通过对充排水试验渗压计数据进行分析,可以查明引水隧洞的安全状况,对改进设计、指导施工有一定的参考作用。     

开发区污水规划若干问题探讨

本文结合上海浦东新区污水规划，提出了开发区污水规划必须强调动态性的观点，并对居民生活污水量标准、三产系数、工业废水比流量、地下水渗入量标准等进行了分析探讨。     

铁力市双丰农业开发区水土平衡研究

通过对地下水的动态平衡分析，探讨了在开采地下水过程中必须维持其动态平衡，满足其可持续发展，防止造成地下水的恶化。通过可开采地下水量与灌溉用水量比较，提出了开发小区中低产田改良的可行性。     

住宅小区室外排水总图设计相关问题探讨与分析

介绍了住宅小区室外排水总图设计的特点,结合南京某住宅小区工程实例,对该小区的室外排水管网设计进行了简要介绍,并进一步对小区室外排水总图的设计过程相关问题,从建筑总平面、管线综合设计、小区大地下车库、景观设计、绿色建筑设计、项目工程进度等多角度,进行了探讨与分析。     

特殊岩土渠坡排水方案计算分析及实施

在膨胀岩渠坡采用换填黏性土方案处理的基础上,对其排水方案进行了计算分析,得出不同边界条件下的相关渗流分析结果。依据对成果的分析,提出了预测地下水水位或施工期地下水水位低于渠底的渠段、预测地下水水位或施工期地下水水位高于渠底3 m以内和高于渠底3 m以上渠段渠坡排水的处理措施。所采取的排水系统相对独立,根据地下水水位及膨胀岩渠段所处位置的不同,采取了不同形式的排水布置,并对坡顶截流沟进行防渗处理。     

Development and investigation of a pollution control pit for treatment of stormwater from metal roofs and traffic areas.

Source control by on-site retention and infiltration of stormwater is a sustainable and proven alternative to classical drainage methods. Unfortunately, sedimentary particles and pollutants from drained surfaces cause clogging and endanger soil and groundwater during long-term operation of infiltration devices. German water authorities recommend the use of infiltration devices, such as swales or swale-trench-systems. Direct infiltration by underground facilities, such as pipes, trenches or sinks, without pretreatment of runoff is generally not permitted. Problems occur with runoff from metal roofs, traffic areas and industrial sites. However, due to site limitations, underground systems are often the only feasible option. To overcome this situation, a pollution control pit was developed with a hydrodynamic separator and a multistage filter made of coated porous concrete. The system treats runoff at source and protects soil, groundwater and receiving waterways. Typically, more than 90% of the pollutants such as sedimentary particles, hydrocarbons and heavy metals can be removed. Filters have been developed to treat even higher polluted stormwater loads from metal roofs and industrial sites. The treatment process is based on sedimentation, filtration, adsorption and chemical precipitation. Sediments are trapped in a special chamber within the pit and can be removed easily. Other pollutants are captured in the concrete filter upstream of the sediment separator chamber. Filters can be easily replaced.     

浅议城市雨水渗透

随着城市的发展 ,不透水地面面积不断增加 ,雨水径流量也相应增加。雨水是宝贵水资源 ,应通过渗透等方式充分利用雨水以涵养地下水、调节城市生态环境后 ,再使用雨水管系将剩余径流安全、合理地排除。对各种雨水渗透设施及其选址、堵塞、污染控制等问题作了简略论述     

Cost-effective Approaches for Sustainable Groundwater Management in Alluvial Aquifer Systems

The consequences of unsustainable use of groundwater are becoming increasingly evident worldwide, particularly in developing nations. Groundwater management is a serious problem in many parts of the world. The prime concern is how to achieve groundwater sustainability. Artificial recharge techniques coupled with water harvesting hold a great promise for groundwater sustainability. The main intent of this paper is to highlight salient cost-effective and easy-to-use methods for augmenting groundwater resources in the alluvial hydrogeologic setting. Based on the intensive field investigation in a groundwater basin of Japan, three low-cost and easy-to-implement recharge techniques are suggested for alluvial aquifer systems, viz., augmentation of river flow, recharge through irrigation/drainage canals, and recharge from paddy fields. The source of recharge water for these recharge techniques is surface water supply. The efficacy of these methods or approaches has been demonstrated. It is emphasized that such cost-effective methods of groundwater recharge are key to sustainable groundwater management in both developing and developed countries. These methods must not be overlooked in the midst of sophisticated and highly expensive methods.     

Green-Ampt Infiltration Models for Varied Field Conditions: A Revisit

The Green-Ampt (GA) infiltration model is a simplified version of the physically based full hydrodynamic model, known as the Richards equation. The simplicity and accuracy of this model facilitates for its use in many field problems, such as, infiltration computation in rainfall-runoff modelling, effluent transport in groundwater modelling studies, irrigation management studies including drainage systems etc. The numerous infiltration models based on the Green-Ampt approach have been widely investigated for their applicability in various scenarios of homogeneous soils. However, recent advances in physically based distributed rainfall-runoff modeling demands for the use of improved infiltration models for layered soils with non-uniform initial moisture conditions under varying rainfall patterns to capture the actual infiltration process that exists in nature. The difficulty that modelers are facing now-a-days includes the estimation of time of ponding and the application of the infiltration model to unsteady rainfall events occurring in heterogeneous soil conditions. The investigation in this direction exhibits that only few infiltration models can handle these situations. Hence, it is of vital importance to analyze the usefulness of different variants of the Green-Ampt infiltration models in terms of their degree of accuracy, complexity and applicability limits. This paper provides a brief review of these infiltration models to bring out their usefulness in the rainfall-runoff and irrigation modeling studies as well as the drawbacks associated with these models.     

利用GIS水化学和同位素方法判断灵水来源

尝试利用多种方法确定南宁市武鸣县灵水岩溶泉的补给来源和汇水范围。获取了可能在其汇水范围内的岩溶泉、钻孔、表层岩溶泉枯季及雨季水化学资料,在CaCO3-CO2-H2O平衡体系中区分不同出露形式的岩溶水的水化学成因,发现CO2分压、地下水赋存条件和污染等因素影响此化学平衡体系。灵水的钙离子浓度和CO2分压在岩溶泉中较高,体现了灵水为区域地下水流系统的排泄点。环境同位素分析表明,当地雨水的δ2H和δ18O同位素存在季节效应和高程效应,地下水中同位素的变化被混合作用削弱,其平均值接近于夏季雨水的同位素组成,表明该地区的降雨入渗补给主要发生在夏季。利用GIS技术划分地表水流域,以此作为地下水流域识别的依据。得到灵水汇水面积为697km2,其中约126km2属于埋藏型岩溶,其余为覆盖型岩溶。     

Urbanisation and Shallow Groundwater: Predicting Changes in Catchment Hydrological Responses

The impact of urbanisation on catchment hydrological response was investigated by using a process-based coupled surface water–groundwater model (MODHMS). The modelling estimated likely changes in river discharge as a result of land-use change in the Southern River catchment in Western Australia, underlined by a highly transmissive aquifer, has permeable soils and a shallow watertable. A significant increase in total annual discharge was predicted as a result of urbanisation area with the runoff coefficient rising from 0.01 to more than 0.40. In contrast with urban areas elsewhere, these changes were mainly due to a shift in the subsurface water balance, leading to significant reduction in evaporative losses from the soil profile and shallow watertable after urbanisation (from nearly 80 % of infiltration to less than 20 %). The infiltration of roof and road runoff and establishment of subsurface drainage adopted in local construction practice leads to higher groundwater recharge rates and subsequently groundwater discharge to the urban drainage network. Urban density and groundwater abstraction for urban irrigation most strongly influence the urbanisation impact on catchment fluxes. The results shows that urban development leads to a production of ‘harvestable’ water; and depending on local needs, this water could be used for public and private water supply or to improve environmental flows.     

Interstitial fauna in newly‐created floodplain canals of a large regulated river

Artificial drainage canals are often dug in large river floodplains to prevent winter inundation when groundwater level increases. Nothing is known about the biodiversity of the interstitial fauna of these artificial aquatic systems. The water chemistry and interstitial fauna of four drainage canals along the River Rhône (dug 11–15 years ago) were sampled in July during 3 years (1995–1997). A total of 53 taxa were found, with both epigean and hypogean organisms, and some rare phreatobites previously considered as absent from this sector of the Rhône. The faunal assemblage is characterized by limited temporal variations between the 3 successive years. Differences in interstitial fauna composition between the four drainage canals were mostly linked to oxygen availability and to heterogeneity in water origin (true ground water or surface water infiltration through embankment). Low oxygen content results in poorly diversified assemblages, which are always dominated by the same small set of species. In contrast, heterogeneity in water origin resulted in elevated faunal diversity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Benefits of Draining Agricultural Land in Egypt: Results of Five Years' Monitoring of Drainage Effects and Impacts

One of the largest drainage programmes in the world was started in Egypt soon after completion of the High Aswan Dam in 1970. So far, about 2 2 10 6 ha of irrigated farmland in the Nile basin has been provided with subsurface drainage systems. In a country-wide monitoring and evaluation project, the effects of drainage on groundwater tables and soil salinity have been assessed and the impacts on yields and farm incomes determined. The results show that the drainage programme is an effective measure in controlling groundwater tables and salinity and a highly profitable investment for both the national economy and farmers.     

潜水入渗补给研究进展

目前,对土壤水运移机理研究已从定性走向定量、从均质走向非均质。优先流是地下水入渗的普遍现象,在田间土壤水主要以捷径流方式入渗补给地下水。对优先流研究是潜水入渗补给研究的重点与难点之一,其主要方法为染色示踪与X射线成像和地质雷达技术。潜水入渗补给评价方法众多,且每种方法都有其适用条件。因此,综合采用示踪法、地下水位波动法、地中渗透仪法、零通量法和数值模拟法,相互对比验证,提高评价可靠性,是研究地下水入渗补给最有效的方法。     

新型截水导流式锚拉桩板墙排水抗滑性能分析

降雨渗流和地下水对边坡稳定性影响巨大,而传统坡内排水设施受地质条件影响突出,难以满足巨型滑坡的排水要求。针对大型边坡地质条件复杂、排水能力不足的问题,提出截水导流式锚拉桩板墙。基于FLAC 3D中的流-固耦合理论模块,对传统滑坡支挡结构（泄水隧洞+抗滑桩）和截水导流式锚拉桩板墙支护下坡体与结构应力、位移、锚索轴力以及排水量等方面进行对比分析。研究表明,新型结构长期排水性能较好,坡体最大剪应力、结构的最大剪应力和最大位移以及锚索最大轴力均低于传统结构显示了新型结构的优越性。截水导流式锚拉桩板墙有利于坡体内部排水,更有利于坡体稳定性。研究成果可为巨型滑坡治理工程提供参考。