柴油引燃预混天然气准均质压燃着火过程的研究

利用高速摄像技术对柴油引燃预混天然气发动机的着火过程进行了研究，主要分析了混合气浓度，喷油提前角以及环境温度等参数对双燃料发动机着火滞燃期，着火点位置分布和着火点数量的影响，指出柴油引燃预混天然气双燃发动机着火过程是一种准均质压燃着火过程。     

双燃料发动机的燃烧模型

针对双燃料发动机燃烧特性，建立了柴油喷雾扩散燃烧子模型和气体燃烧均质混合气火焰传播燃烧子模型，应用该模型研究了双燃料发动机燃烧机理，计算结果和实验结果相当吻合。计算表明：当引燃柴油比例较大时，双燃料发动机燃烧过程以喷雾混合控制燃烧为主，柴油喷雾扩散燃烧模型与实测较吻合；当柴油比例较小时，该过程以均质混合气火焰传播燃烧为主，均质混合气火焰传播燃烧模型与实测软吻合。计算结果表明，引燃柴油量对双燃料发动机性能影响较大，引燃柴油减少，着火滞燃期延长，缸内最大爆发压力升高。     

增压中冷柴油-天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的实验研究

对天然气替代率、引燃柴油喷油时刻和中冷后进气温度等燃烧系统参数对增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧放热速率比纯柴油快，引燃柴油的着火时刻和缸内燃料空燃比值决定着双燃料发动机的燃烧特性，即着火时刻在上止点前且空燃比值较小时，其燃烧接近于定容燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率的升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度升高；而着火时刻在上止点后且空燃比值较大时，其燃烧接近于等压燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度降低。最大爆发压力、最高燃烧放热率和最高燃烧温度随引燃柴油喷油提前角的增大而升高；而随着进气温度升高，最大爆发压力和缸内温度增大。     

最大扭矩转速下天然气发动机准均质压燃特性的研究

由少量柴油引燃均匀天然气混合气,该种燃烧接近均质压燃燃烧过程,故可认为是准均质压燃过程。在发动机的最大扭矩转速下负荷特性的燃烧过程及排放物生成规律如何发展变化、具有何种特点,通过发动机缸内分析以及相应工况的排放测试,对发动机的各工况燃烧特性及对排放物生成的影响进行了研究。     

柴油、天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧特性分析

研究了柴油,天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧特性,并着重分析了引燃柴油供给系统参数对双燃料发支持性的影响。以试验为基础,首先简要比较了柴油,天然气双燃料发动机与柴油机的燃烧特性,并对比了负荷对双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响。然后分析了最小循环喷油量,引燃柴油量,引燃油喷射压力,喷嘴参数及供油提前角等引燃柴油供给系统参数对最高爆发压力,燃烧放热率,着火开始时间、累积燃烧放热率等柴油,天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的     

柴油引燃天然气发动机着火特性及其影响因素的研究

对一台由涡轮增压中冷直喷式柴油机改装的气口顺序喷射、稀燃、全电控柴油／天然气双燃料发动机进行了着火与失火及其影响因素的研究．以HC排放的急剧增加作为发动机发生失火现象的判断标准，得到了不同负荷的最小引燃柴油量同过量空气系数A的关系，同时采用现象学燃烧分析模型，详细分析了引燃柴油在天然气着火过程中的作用，发现柴油引燃天然气发动机燃烧过程可以在很稀的条件下(λ＝3．5)实现稳定着火和燃烧，这是由于引燃柴油着火后，对天然气／空气混合气的挤压，使天然气／空气混合气温度升高，促进了活化基及易燃中间产物的生成．提高进气温度同样有助于提高活化基和易燃中间产物的生成，提高放热速率。     

双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律模型及实验研究

在原单一燃料放热规律计算模型的基础上，针对双燃料发动机燃烧过程的特点，将其分为四个阶段，建立了一种新的双燃料发动机燃烧放热率计算模型。使用该模型，可以实现引燃燃料与主燃料放热率计算的分离。简要介绍了该模型的计算原理和方法。利用该模型分别计算了柴油-LPG双燃料发动机的引燃柴油、LPG及总体的燃烧放热率，分析了其燃烧过程及燃烧特性，并与试验结果进行了分析比较。为研究分析双燃料发动机的燃烧特性提供了一种便捷有效的方法。     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃化学动力学数值模拟

使用零维详细化学反应动力学模型，研究了二甲基醚和天然气双燃料均质压燃燃烧的化学反应动力学过程，缸内压力计算值和实测结果相当一致，计算结果表明，双燃料燃烧过程分为低温反应和高温反应两个阶段，低温反应主要是二甲基醚燃烧氧化，而高温反应主要是天然气的氧化，低温反应二甲基醚生成了大量自由基加速了天然气的燃烧反应．混合气初始温度升高，放热率增大，燃烧持续期缩短；二甲基醚浓度主要影响低温燃烧过程，天然气浓度则主要影响高温燃烧过程；惰性气体(CO2)使燃烧反应推迟，燃烧反应速率降低．通过控制二甲基醚、天然气和惰性气体浓度可以有效控制均质压燃燃烧过程，拓宽运行范围。     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃的燃烧特性

应用零维热力学模型和化学反应动力学模型计算并分析了二甲基醚(DME)／天然气(CNG)双燃料均质压燃(HCCI)运行工况范围，计算与试验结果相吻合．采用DME／CNG双燃料方式可以有效地扩展HCCI的运行工况范围，发动机转速为1400r／min，最大平均有效压力可达O．52MPa．在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了DME／CNG双燃料HCCI燃烧过程的试验研究，结果表明，DME／CNG双燃料燃烧过程表现出明显的两阶段放热过程，随着CNG浓度增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，燃烧始点略有推迟，燃烧第二放热峰值增大．而DME浓度对燃烧过程的影响主要通过影响第一阶段放热过程，进而影响第二阶段放热，随着DME浓度加大，第一放热峰值增大，燃烧始点提前，导致第二放热峰值增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，主燃期缩短，当DME浓度太高时，发动机将出现爆震．     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机放热规律试验研究

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,用作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料。测量生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,计算分析放热规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点延迟,最大燃烧压力降低,最大放热率和排气温度增加,后燃较严重。负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃较严重。供油提前角提前时,后燃减小,燃烧过程明显改善。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.