降低成本工艺方法的分析和探讨

从降成本增效益角度,就工艺审查、工艺路线、工艺方法等方面如何降低产品制造成本进行了阐述和分析,对工艺人员具有一定的参考和借鉴作用。     

工艺方案技术经济评价研究与应用

阐述了工艺方案技术经济评价的内涵,剖析了企业中开展工艺方案技术评价现状的原因,提出了有效开展评价的建议及优化的评价方法。运用优化的评价方法,拟定了BOSCH公司高压共轨系统(CRS)法兰配套项目工艺方案的技术经济评价的指标体系、构建层次分析结构模型,将工艺成本分析、经济生产批量计算结果等作为模型输入,通过矩阵运算和综合评价,实现了工艺方案择优。     

综合机械化采矿工艺研究

矿产资源开采是一个相对复杂的过程,为了确保采矿工作质量,节约时间和成本,综合机械化采矿工艺应运而生.阐述了现采矿工艺存在的问题,分析了综合机械化采矿工艺的特点、主要设备及设备的基本要求,探讨了2种常用的综合机械化采矿工艺.     

活塞环毛坯热处理工艺和设备的选择

本文介绍了单体合金铸铁环时效处理、双片球铁环退火、正火和调质处理工艺的选择，通过改进铸造工艺，可以提高毛坯铸造质量，简化热处理工艺，降低生产成本，以及对热处理设备的选择方法。     

球铁环调质热处理自动生产线工艺的改进

本文介绍了在三条球铁环调质自动生产线上对工装、淬火油以及热处理工艺等方面的改进情况 ,并从工艺、成本和生产效率等方面进行了分析对比 ,以进一步提高调质热处理自动线的应用水平     

中速机连杆工艺研究及夹具设计

针对某中速机两段式连杆传统加工工艺存在的问题,通过工艺研究和夹具设计对传统加工工艺进行了改进。实际生产表明:改进后的加工工艺不仅使产品满足图纸的技术要求,而且大大提高了生产效率,降低了制造成本,符合批量生产的要求。     

晶体硅太阳电池制备工艺进展

晶体硅太阳电池是目前应用最广、技术最为成熟的太阳电池,以晶体硅太阳电池生产流程为基础．主要从降低生产成本和提高电池转换效率方面出发,介绍了太阳电池制备工艺的最新进展,并对各种制备工艺作出了评价和展望。     

混凝土搅拌站砂石料堆场一体化方案的设计与应用

在苏锡常南部高速CX-WX2项目施工标段中,运用绿色设计策略与技术对砂石料皮带运输和洗石、入仓一体化。与常规工艺比较,该工艺在生产效率、土地利用率、安全环保及成本等方面均优于常规工艺。     

风电机组制造工艺管理研究

正近年来,我国风电行业发展势头迅猛,风电机组技术日趋成熟。在市场竞争日益激烈的形势下,风电企业要取得竞争优势,不仅依靠技术领先,还要依靠工艺领先。工艺管理是企业的基础管理,贯穿于企业生产的全过程,是实现产品设计、保证产品质量、发展生产、降低消耗、提高生产效率的重要手段。机组的质量、成本、交期很大程度取决于工艺水平。为更好发挥工艺管理在风电行业的重要作用,提高企业竞争力,必须从工艺准备     

活塞内腔模具熔模铸造工艺

铝活塞模具制造是活塞制造成本的主要部分,内腔模具的传统制造工艺是:下料→锻打→热处理→钅包→车→钳等,这种制造工艺的费用一直占有活塞制造成本的主要部分,为了降低成本,提高效益,我们试用一种新工艺:活塞内腔模具熔模铸造.     

Technological change and petroleum exploration in the Gulf of Mexico

We examine the impact of technological change on oil and gas exploration in the Gulf of Mexico from 1947 to 1998, using a unique micro-data set. An index variable for technological change is constructed to capture both the number and significance of technological innovations in the offshore industry over the study period. Empirical models of exploration-discovery and of drilling cost are used to assess the effect of technological change at both the field level and the regional level. Our results indicate that technological change played a very significant role in the offshore industry over the past 50 years, increasing reserves and lowering cost. Although depletion effect was dominant over the first two decades, the effect of technological change was able to offset that of resource depletion over the entire 50-year study period.     

Economies of scale and technological progress in electric power production: The case of Brazilian utilities

This paper examined the cost structure of the electricity generation companies in Brazil during the period 2000–2010 by using a translog cost function that imposes no restrictions on production technology and allows for the existence of non-homotheticity. The hypothesis that economies of scale are a typical feature of the generation market in Brazil and, in general, are not exhausted at lower levels of production is not rejected. This result supports the vision that indivisibilities restrict efficiency gains from free-market competition in the Brazilian electricity generation and most of the last restructuring in the industry regulation was based on this assumption. Furthermore, over the sample period, technological progress led to cost reductions in electric power supply. These technological improvements take the form of both a neutral technological effect as well as a non-neutral fuel effect, which prevails over the capital and labor saving technical changes.     

Analysis of the economic impact of different Chinese climate policy options based on a CGE model incorporating endogenous technological change

Abatement cost is the main concern for climate change mitigation and the key factor for mitigation cost is technological change. This study established an integrated economic, energy, environmental, dynamic, computable general equilibrium (CGE) model representing endogenous technological change for China's climate change policy analysis. This study analyzed and compared the economic impact of different approaches to mitigation commitments as well as the potential role of technological change in the formulation of mitigation targets and commitments, taking into account China's climate policy-making needs based on the current international climate negotiation process. The results show that, absolute emission limits similar to the Kyoto Protocol will seriously impede the future economic development of China, while the impact of an 80% reduction in carbon intensity, forecast for 2050 based on the 2005 level, is relatively small. Technological change can promote economic growth, improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon intensity per unit of output through the substitution of production factors. Consequently it can reduce marginal abatement cost and related GDP loss by mitigation. At the same time it can increase mitigation potentials and extend the emission reduction amount, showing that consideration of the impact of technological change when deciding the emission reduction targets is necessary.     

Forecasting the value of battery electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles: The influence of driving range and battery technology

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are now clearly a promising candidate to address the environmental problems that are associated with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Accordingly, governments in many countries have promoted consumer adoption of BEVs by providing financial incentives and automobile manufacturers are accelerating their efforts to develop BEVs. However, BEVs, unlike ICEVs, have not yet achieved mass market entry; continuing technological change is one way this barrier could be surmounted. The aim of this study is to assess and forecast whether and when design changes and technological improvements related to major challenges in driving range and battery cost will make the user value of BEVs greater than that of ICEVs. Specifically, we estimate the relative user value of BEVs and ICEVs resulting after design modifications are implemented to achieve different driving ranges by considering engineering trade-offs based on vehicle simulations. Then, we analyze when the BEV relative user value is expected to exceed that of ICEVs as energy density and cost of batteries improve due to ongoing technological changes. Our analysis demonstrates that the relative value of BEVs is lower than that of ICEVs because BEVs have high battery cost and high cost of time spent recharging them, despite featuring high torque, high fuel efficiency, and low fuel cost. Moreover, we found that the relative value differences between BEVs and ICEVs are found to be lower for high-performance large cars than low-performance compact cars because BEVs can achieve high acceleration performance more easily than can ICEVs. In addition, this study predicts that in approximately the year 2050, high-performance large BEVs could have a higher relative value than high-performance large ICEVs because of technological improvements in batteries; however, low-performance compact BEVs are still very likely to have significantly lower user values than will comparable ICEVs until well beyond the year 2050.     

Sensitivity of modeling results to technological and regional details: The case of Italy's carbon mitigation policy

Model differences in technological and geographical scales are common, but their contributions to uncertainties have not been systematically quantified in the climate policy literature. This paper carries out a systematic assessment on the sensitivity of Computable General Equilibrium models to technological and geographical scales in evaluating the economic impacts of carbon mitigation policies. In particular, we examine the impacts of sub-national details and technological details of power generation on the estimate of carbon price and economic cost. Taking Italy as an example, we find that the estimation for carbon price and the economic cost of a de-carbonization pathway by means of a model with technological and regional details can be lower than a model without such details by up to 40%. Additionally, the effect of representing regional details appears to be far more important than the effect of representing the details of electricity technology in both the estimated carbon prices and the estimated economic impacts. Our results for Italy highlight the importance of modeling uncertainties of these two key assumptions, which should be appropriately acknowledged when applying CGE models for policy impact assessment. Our conclusions can be generalized to different countries and policy scenarios not in terms of absolute numbers but in terms of economic explanations. In particular, intra-national trade and the sub-national sectoral/technological specialization are important variables for understanding the economic dynamics behind these outcomes.     

Utilization of secondary energy resources in chemical industry

The evaluation of chemical-technological processes is necessary from the point of view of raw-material use and energy efficiency. The development of new technological designs for energy utilization within the technological process is necessary. Often energy utilization requires modern equipment. A new profession must be created of industrial power engineering: power engineering for technological processes. This new profession should improve technological designs, not only for better energy utilization but also for construction of equipment for energy utilization. Often an increase in energy efficiency of technological processes requires higher investment cost, therefore economic evaluation is necessary. Several concrete examples (atmospheric crude oil distillation, new technological process NIVOL, new reesterification reactor, distillation column with tensile-metal-packing, hydrogen production by mazout gasification with oxygen and steam, propane-butane mixture production) demonstrate that chemical-technological research and machinery development of new chemical apparatus is a modern way to the utilization of secondary energy resources in the chemical industry.     

中央空调系统计费技术与应用分析

中央空调计费作为管理节能的手段之一,已引起了越来越多的关注。概括了中央空调冷量计费的各种主要方法及其特点,重点调查和介绍了国内外空调计费的应用情况。讨论了中央空调冷量计费的技术障碍和市场应用,指出了中央空调计费未来的发展方向。     

Carbon prices,institutions, technology and electricity generation firms in two Australian states

A relationship exists for the liberalised Australian electricity supply industry between institutional structures and technological change. The traditional institutional framework has been based on centralised generation and a regulated vertically integrated monopoly structure. This paper investigates the issues of institutional and technological change using the social cost perspective (including externalities), and focuses on the imperatives of greenhouse gas emission reductions.     

Representing induced technological change in models for climate policy analysis

Induced technological change (ITC), whereby the relative price effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions stimulate innovation that mitigates the cost of abatement, is both tantalizing to decision makers and challenging to represent in the computational economic and engineering models used to analyze climate change policy. This overview reconciles the divergent views of technology and technological change within different types of models, elucidates the theoretical underpinnings of ITC, introduces the reader to the techniques of their practical implementation, and evaluates the implications for models' results.