自然发酵风干肠中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

以自然发酵风干肠为研究对象,分析了细菌总数和乳酸菌菌数的变化情况,结果表明,乳酸菌为风干肠发酵过程中的优势菌群.通过对风干肠中乳酸菌的分离鉴定,共分离出戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis)、短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、弯曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus curvatus)和发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacilus fermentum)5株乳酸菌.24h产酸速率测定结果表明,弯曲乳杆菌＞短乳杆菌＞乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种＞戊糖片球菌＞发酵乳杆菌.     

高加索酸奶中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

从自然发酵的5份酸奶样品中,通过平板划线等方法分离筛选乳酸菌。经形态特征,生理生化特性及糖发酵试验等,筛选到12株乳酸菌,分别为:乳杆菌7株,其中:3株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus),3株瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus hel-veticus),1株罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri);乳酸球菌5株,包括3株嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),2株乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.Cremoris)。     

新疆酸马奶中乳酸菌的多态性分析及发酵性能研究

以新疆牧民传统家庭自制酸马奶样品为研究对象,考察乳酸菌的多态性及筛选优良性状的乳酸菌菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析和生理生化试验等方法对分离出的菌株进行鉴定,并进行发酵性能测试。结果表明,本实验共分离出19株菌株,包括乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis)(8株)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)(2株)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)(2株)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)(1株)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)(3株)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)(2株)和徳氏乳杆菌乳酸亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.Lactis)(1株)。其中,干酪乳杆菌JDB1.1505是一株产酸和产黏性能都比较突出的乳酸菌,发酵脱脂乳的滴定酸度达到了130.1°T,黏度为1420.1m Pa·s,具有良好的乳品发酵应用潜能。     

伊犁地区乳品中乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

从伊犁地区牧民家庭采集的乳品中分离得到10株乳酸菌,经过对其生物学特性的鉴定,有干酪乳杆菌假植物亚种(L.casei subsp.Plantaman)4株、鸡肠球菌(E.gallins.rum)1株、屎肠球菌(E.faecium)1株、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(L.lactis subsp.cremoris)2株、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种(Lc.Mesenteroides subsp.Mesenteroides)2株。通过研究发现,该鉴定菌株的生物学特性基本符合各属和种的鉴定标准,均属于中温性乳酸菌。     

韩国泡菜加工过程中微生物区系的研究

为了解韩国泡菜在制作过程中微生物的区系,分离鉴定其在腌制、发酵过程中的优势微生物。结果表明：韩国泡菜腌制过程中优势乳酸菌经鉴定为短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillusplantarum）;优势酵母菌为近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis）、粗状假丝酵母（Candida valida）;韩国泡菜在发酵过程中的优势乳酸菌为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、弯曲乳杆菌（Lactobacillus curvatus）、短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides）;优势酵母菌为近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis）、粗状假丝酵母（Candida valida）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。     

不同来源食品级乳酸菌及双歧杆菌对乳酸链球菌素敏感性的研究

目的:研究不同来源的食品级乳酸菌和双歧杆菌对乳酸链球菌素(nisin)的敏感性,为构建以nisin作为食品级筛选标记的受体乳酸菌表达系统以及筛选食品发酵、保鲜与贮藏过程中的nisin抗性乳酸菌提供科学依据.方法:采用试管稀释法研究不同来源的食品级的18株乳酸球菌、15株乳酸杆菌和5株双歧杆菌对nisin的敏感性.结果:大部分乳球菌和部分乳杆菌对nisin不敏感,但乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)ML0230、99210,肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种(Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp dextranicum)AS 1.2141T,嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)La1,德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus)S-1、DR、LD、AS 1.2625T,长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)Blm对nisin非常敏感.在nisin质量浓度为5 μg/mL(IU/mL)时即可抑制其生长.结论:初步筛选出17株以nisin作为食品级筛选标记的受体乳酸菌,同时筛选出21株食品发酵、保鲜与贮藏过程中的nisin抗性乳酸菌.     

甘肃肃南牧区传统发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

以5份甘肃肃南牧区传统发酵乳制品为原料进行乳酸菌的分离和鉴定,共分离出25株乳酸菌.对其中23株产乳酸的菌株利用形态、生理生化分析和碳水化合物发酵产酸实验进行鉴定.经鉴定得出23株分属为4个属,11个种.其中乳杆菌属[Lactobacillus(L.)]11株,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)6株,明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)3株,肠球菌属(Enterococcus)3株.具体来说,L.plantarum 6株、L.fermentum 2株、L.brevis 1株、L.minor 2株、L.lactis subsp.lactis 3株、L.lactis subsp.cermoris 3株、L.mesenteroides 1株、L.lactis 2株、E.faecium 1株、E.faecalis 1株、E.durans 1株.L.plantarum占分离菌株的26.1%,是优势菌株.     

风干武昌鱼中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及发酵性能研究

为获得具备优良性能的乳酸菌发酵剂,以我国极具特色的发酵肉制品—风干武昌鱼为基础原料,对传统风干武昌鱼在自然发酵过程中不同时期的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定与发酵性能测定。研究通过平板分离、菌落与菌体形态观察、糖醇发酵试验及生理生化试验鉴定所分离乳酸菌。结果表明所分离乳酸菌分属于7个种属:嗜盐四联球菌(Tetragenococcus halophilus)、弯曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus curvatus)、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis)、冷明串珠球菌(Leuconostoc gelidum)、格氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus gasseri)、詹氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus jensenii)和嗜淀粉乳杆菌(Lactobacillus amylohilus)。进一步采用产酸能力、食盐耐受性、亚硝酸盐耐受性、生长温度以及蛋白质和脂肪降解能力等试验测定菌株发酵性能,最终优化结果表明乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种具备优良乳酸菌发酵剂的性能。     

甘孜藏族自治州传统牦牛发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及多样性分析

从甘孜藏族自治州11个县采集40份传统牦牛发酵乳样品,采用稀释倾注法分析乳酸菌数量,通过选择性分离,采用生化试验与16S r DNA基因序列测定方法分析传统牦牛发酵乳中乳酸菌的多样性。结果表明:甘孜地区乳酸菌平均含量在(6.48~7.90)lg CFU/mL,共分离出乳酸菌78株,其中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)43株、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)3株、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)15株、链球菌属(Streptococcus)12株、片球菌属(Lactococcus)5株,鉴定出的种或亚种分别是:L.delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus、L.helveticus、L.fermentum、L.casei、L.plantarum、L.brevis、P.acidilactici、Leu.mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides、E.faecalis、E.faecium和S.thermophilus,其中嗜热链球菌12株,占菌株总数15.38%,为甘孜地区优势菌,分离出肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种3株,在乳酸菌分离株中所占比例最小,仅为3.85%。     

大头菜发酵过程中生香酵母的分离、筛选及鉴定

为筛选酱油渣发酵适用乳酸菌,利用MRS培养基从酱油渣中分离、纯化得到4株乳酸菌HT4、HT102、HT160、HT197,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征试验及16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,并研究其生长特性。生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析结果鉴定菌株HT4为乳酸乳球菌霍氏亚种(Lactococcuslactis subsp.hordniae),菌株HT102为乳酸乳球菌乳亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis),菌株HT160为副干酪乳杆菌坚韧亚种(Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans),菌株HT197为副干酪乳杆菌副干酪亚种(Lactobacillus paracasei subsp.paracasei)。乳酸菌生长特性的研究表明,37℃条件下培养,菌株HT4、HT102、HT160、HT197的生长趋势相似,接种3 h后乳酸菌生长进入对数生长期,接种12 h后进入稳定期,在30 h左右达到最大OD600 nm值,分别为1.524、1.600、1.556、1.576,试验表明在37℃培养条件下菌株的生长强度顺序为:HT102HT197HT160HT4。综上所述,从酱油渣中分离得到4株乳酸菌,为其益生特性研究奠定基础,为酱油渣的再次发酵提供乳酸菌资源。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.