4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成研究

以丙腈为原料，与氯化氢、氨气反应合成丙眯盐酸盐，在水溶液中同乙酰乙酸乙酯反应合成4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶。考察了反应时间、反应温度、物料配比、pH值对4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶收率的影响。优化条件为：反应温度40℃、反应的pH=12．4、反应时间为6～7h、乙酰乙酸乙酯与丙腈的物质的量比为1．09：1．0，在此条件下反应的总收率为88．7％。     

2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成工艺研究

以丙腈为初始原料,依次合成丙脒盐酸盐,2-乙基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶,最后合成目标产物2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶,考察了催化剂用量、物料配比、碱浓度、反应时间、反应温度对2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶收率的影响,在优化条件下：以四乙基碘化铵为催化剂,用量为8％。(相对于2-乙基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶的摩尔分数),物料配比1：1．15,氢氧化钠质量百分比浓度的15％,反应时间7h,反应温度70℃,反应总收率高达80．7％。     

2-乙基-4-乙氧基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成工艺研究

以丙腈为初始原料 ,依次合成丙脒盐酸盐 ,2 -乙基 - 4,6 -二羟基嘧啶 ,最后合成目标产物 2 -乙基 - 4-乙氧基 - 6 -羟基嘧啶 ,考察了催化剂用量、物料配比、碱浓度、反应时间、反应温度对 2 -乙基 -4-乙氧基 - 6 -羟基嘧啶收率的影响 ,在优化工艺条件下 :以四乙基碘化铵为催化剂 ,用量为 6‰ (相对于 2 -乙基 - 4,6 -二羟基嘧啶的摩尔分数 ) ,物料配比 1∶ 1 .1 5 ,氢氧化钠质量百分比浓度为 1 0 % ,反应时间 6 h,反应温度 6 0°C,反应总收率高达 80 .2 %。同时对反应产物及其各个中间体进行了定性定量分析     

3-羟基-2-丁酮合成2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪的研究

对利用3-羟基-2-丁酮合成2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪的过程进行了研究,考察了不同反应温度、时间、真空度、3-羟基-2-丁酮与铵盐物质的量比和pH值的影响规律。结果表明：3-羟基-2-丁酮、乙酸铵物质的量比在1∶1.4,pH值为6,反应初期温度40℃,反应时间1h,后期温度90℃,真空度（绝对压力）3000Pa,反应时间控制在2h时,2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪总收率可达到87.5%以上。     

磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

研究了磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的反应，考察了反应的各种影响因素，研究表明，磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素，具有较高的反应活性，可重复使用多次。该合成反应的较优工艺条件：反应温度105 ℃，n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(间苯二酚)=1∶1，磺酸树脂催化剂0.28 g,反应时间3 h，7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素收率达65.8%。     

2-二乙胺基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶的合成

以二乙胍硝酸盐为原料,与乙酰乙酸乙酯环合制备了2-二乙胺基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶,讨论了反应溶剂、原料配比、反应温度及反应时间等因素对反应的影响,获得了较佳的反应条件。制备2-二乙胺基-6-甲基4羟基嘧啶的较佳的反应条件为：采用甲苯为溶剂,反应温度110℃,反应时间2h,二乙胍硝酸盐与乙酰乙酸乙酯及乙醇钠的摩尔比为1：1．2：1．2。在较佳反应条件下,以二乙胍硝酸盐计,产品收率为91％,含量为99％。     

5,5-二甲基海因的制备

采用Bucherer-Bergs环化法，以2-甲基-2-羟基丙腈和碳酸铵为原料合成5，5-二甲基海因。对间歇法生产工艺进行了考察，重点探讨了原料配比、反应温度和反应时间及母液套用对反应收率的影响。在最佳合成条件下，5，5-二甲基海因的收率可达88％。     

N-(3-十四烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱的制备

以十四醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺和氯乙酸钠等为原料,通过三步反应合成N-(3-十四烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱,探索了反应温度、投料比、反应时间、催化剂等因素对产物收率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。3-十四烷氧基-2-羟基-1-氯丙烷生成的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂选用苄基三乙基氯化铵,体系最佳pH值为9,反应物摩尔比1∶1.1,环氧氯丙烷的滴加温度65℃,滴加时间1.5 h,反应温度95℃,反应时间5 h;N-(3-十四烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基叔胺生成的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度85℃,反应物摩尔比1∶1.2,反应时间20 h;N-(3-十四烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱生成的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h,反应物摩尔比1∶1.1。在最佳工艺条件下,终产物收率达到85.3%,并用红外光谱对其进行表征。测定其临界胶束浓度为8.0 mmol.L-1,此时水溶液的表面张力为23.4 mN.m-1,表现出较好的表面活性。     

2-异丙基-4-甲基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成研究

以廉价易得的异丁腈和乙酰乙酸甲酯为原料，甲醇为溶剂合成了农药重要中间体2-异丙基-4-甲基-6-羟基嘧啶。详细考察了异丁脒盐酸盐合成与2-异丙基-4-甲基-6-羟基嘧啶合成两个过程，获得了两工艺过程的优化反应条件(反应温度为40℃，反应液的pH值控制为：11．3～11．8反应的时间为5～6h)。此条件下，以异丁腈计2-异丙基-4-甲基-6-羟基嘧啶的总收率最高达到了86．5％。     

磷钨钼酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

以磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂，无水乙醇为溶剂，苯甲醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、尿素为原料，合成了4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮，系统研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：磷钨钼杂多酸是合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮的良好催化剂。确定的最优合成工艺条件为：尿素37．5mmol时，n（苯甲醛）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（尿素）=1：1．2：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．5%，反应温度为60℃，反应时间1．0h。在此条件下，产品收率可达44．6%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。