Microwave depolarization versus rain attenuation on earth space in Malaysia

The wave propagation experiments using Japanese geostationary satellite Superbird‐C have been performed at the Universiti Sains Malaysia earth station. A relationship between rain depolarization and attenuation, valid for earth‐space path at microwave wavelengths, is presented. Cumulative rain attenuation and cross‐polarization discrimination (XPD) statistics are given for the period of 4 years (2002–2005) at 12.255 GHz. XPD varied from 44 dB at 1% to 16 dB at 0.001% of time the abscissa is exceeded. Comparisons were made with available data sets and with five simple XPD models and the results indicate a good performance by the simple isolation model and the CHU model compared with the others. These results serve as checks on the theoretical models needed for predicting communication system performance in geographical regions especially for equatorial climate where measurements are not available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inference of raindrop size distribution from attenuation and rain rate measurements

A method to infer the raindrop size distribution from the measurements of point rain rate and rain attenuation at a frequency in centimeter or millimeter wave bands is proposed. This method is applied to the results of field propagation experiments at 81.8, 34.5, and 11.5 GHz through natural rain. It is shown that, if an appropriate frequency is employed, this method is effective as a frequency-scaling method for short terrestrial propagation paths.     

雨滴谱模型对雨衰减计算的适用性分析

雨滴谱分布模型是影响红外激光在雨中传输性能的一个重要因素。尽管现有的雨滴谱模型很多,但并未形成统一的结论,具体应用中模型的选择没有依据,使得计算中模型的选择具有一定的盲目性。针对此问题,论文从Mie散射理论出发,采用理论分析与仿真分析相结合的方法,讨论了几种雨滴的谱分布特性,比较了几种典型雨滴谱模型下的光传输衰减特性,分析了雨滴尺寸分布在计算大气衰减时的差异。并通过与实测雨衰减数据进行比较,最终得到了L-P模型对大雨条件下的衰减计算较为准确,Joss模型对小雨条件下的衰减计算较为准确的结论。论文的结论对于无线光通信等应用领域中模型的合理选择具有一定的指导意义。     

雨滴谱参数估计优化方案及其微物理资料检验

提出一种新的雨滴谱参数估计优化方案。其最大优点就是：对于任意几束相邻的测雨雷达观测资料,从任意的雨滴谱模型（如Marshall-Palmer经验公式）决定的积分雨参数之间的关系（如k-Z关系）出发,利用雷达视反向率资料并借助雷达海平面或地表面回波信号,可以获取束向上的比较接近实际降雨场的雨滴谱;然后利用校正的雨滴谱参数决定的积分雨参数之间的关系,降雨量反演长法就可以提供较准确的降雨量分布。这个方案可行性被同区域机载2D－P雨滴谱仪实测的微物理资料很好地验证。     

Slant path rain attenuation predictions for Ku and Ka band frequencies from rain cell size distribution over a tropical region in southern India

Rain cell size distribution that provides an insight into the modelling of effective slant path length and also imperative for site diversity studies are carried out for a tropical inland location, Tirupati (13.6°N, 76.3°E), India. Rain cell size distribution obtained from 5 years (2013–2015 and 2017–2018) of Parsivel disdrometer measurements is observed to follow the power law. Reduction factor that accounts for the inhomogeneity of the rain along the propagation path for the region of study is modified in terms of the rain cell size distribution of the area. Slant path rain attenuation, a major propagation impediment at Ku and Ka-band links, is then studied using the results from the regional rain characteristics by modifying the CCIR 564-4 report. The attenuation results are compared with Garcia-Lopez, Excell, Bryant, and Ramachandran models while considering the ITU-R P. 618-13 as the standard model.     

雨衰减预测中的降雨率调整因子概念

利用ITUR数据库地面视距链路和地空链路雨衰减数据,分析了传统雨衰减预报中所使用的基于柱状雨胞模型的雨衰减物理模型导出的路径调整因子与实测数据之间的矛盾.在此基础上,基于指数雨胞建立的雨衰减物理模型,通过理论分析导出了降雨率调整因子的概念.利用降雨率调整因子,可以解释实测数据的主要特征,表明：基于指数雨胞的雨衰减物理模型是合理的,利用降雨率调整因子的概念,可为发展新的地面视距链路和地空链路雨衰减预报模式和方法提供理论依据.     

A rain attenuation model for satellite link attenuation predictions incorporating the spatial inhomogeneity of rainrate

A model describing the spatial inhomogeneity of rainrate within a rain cell is derived and incorporated into a specific attenuation model to yield a more exact relationship than has been used heretofore relating rainrate and the attendant attenuation at frequencies above 10 GHz. The resulting unified attenuation model relates terrestrial and slant path attenuation, effective propagation distance and path diversity gain to parameters characterizing the earth-station or stations (e.g. location, height, latitude, elevation angle and baseline distance from another station), the frequency of operation, and the two possible raintypes admitted into the model (i.e. convective rain and residual or debris rain). The model is particularly suited for the theoretical investigation of path diversity gain since this concept owes its existence to spatial inhomogeneity of rainrate. This inhomogeneous rain attenuation model can be interfaced with an appropriate statistical rainrate prediction model, such as the Crane two-component model, to yield more precise attenuation predictions.     

Dependence of rain attenuation and cross-polarization on drop size distribution

Attenuation and cross-polarization due to precipitation are calculated for five drop size distribution functions, namely Laws-Parsons, Marshall-Palmer, Joss drizzle, Joss thunderstorm, and a renormalization of the latter. Propagation paths from the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) and Comstar D1 synchronous satellites to Ottawa are considered. Clear weather antenna isolation effects are included in the results. We find that various drop size distributions introduce substantial deviations only in the attenuation versus rain rate curves. A proper normalization of the Joss thunderstorm model is important for attenuation. The deviations are much less in the crosspolarization versus attenuation plots, which are close together for all five drop size distributions. This is so even for the thunderstorm model at 28.56 GHz of Comstar D1, where the differential phase per unit length is decreasing at high rain rates. Unexpectedly, it is also found that for attenuation values not too large, the thunderstorm model provides less depolarization for a given attenuation as compared wth the other models.     

Characteristics of rain induced attenuation and phase shift at cm and mm waves using a tropical raindrop size distribution model

The tropical raindrop size distribution model developed by Ajayi and Olsen has been employed to study some characteristics of rain induced attenuation and phase shift for a tropical location for spherical, oblate spheroidal and Pruppacher-Pitter drop shapes. Parameters such as the a and b values for the power law relation between the specific attenuation and rainfall rate as well as differential attenuation and phase shift and their normalized values, were computed. A single power law between the specific phase shift and the rain rate was found to be adequate for vertical polarization, whilst a two-segment power law fitting is required for horizontal polarization between 1GHz and about 100GHz. The results were compared in many cases with those obtained with the Laws and Parsons drop size distribution, currently adopted by the CCIR for scattering applications.     

一种基于WRF模式的雨衰减短期预报方法初探

将气象中应用广泛的数值天气预报模式应用到雨衰减区域短期预报中,基于数值天气预报模式WRF获得未来一段时间降雨强度和雨顶高度的空间分布,结合系统参数如频率、极化角和仰角等,利用电波传播算法获得雨衰减的空间分布.利用实测降雨数据对预报结果进行验证,结果显示:预报雨衰减和实测雨衰减基本符合,特别是二者随时间的变化趋势非常一致.     

Survival probability of precipitations and rain attenuation in tropical and equatorial regions

This contribution presents a stochastic model useful for the generation of a long-term tropospheric rain attenuation time series for Earth space or a terrestrial radio link in tropical and equatorial heavy rain regions based on the well-known Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model previously employed in research in the fields of finance and economics. This model assumes typical gamma distribution for rain attenuation in heavy rain climatic regions and utilises the temporal dynamic of precipitation collected in equatorial Johor, Malaysia. Different formations of survival probability are also discussed. Furthermore, the correlation between these probabilities and the Markov process is determined, and information on the variance and autocorrelation function of rain events with respect to the particular characteristics of precipitation in this area is presented. The proposed technique proved to preserve the peculiarities of precipitation for an equatorial region and reproduce fairly good statistics of the rain attenuation correlation function that could help to improve the prediction of dynamic characteristics of rain fade events.     

基于雨胞分布的视距链路雨衰减预报模型

基于指数雨胞分布,推导得到路径调整因子,提出了一种新的视距链路雨衰减预报模型.利用ITU-R视距链路雨衰减数据库数据回归得到了预报模型中的参数.通过和ITU-R模型以及近几年发展的几种雨衰减模型比较表明,这一模型较其他模型具有更好的预测精度.     

Derivation of parameters of Y-Z power-law relation from raindrop size distribution measurements and its application in the calculation of rain attenuation from radar reflectivity factor measurements

The work reported herein empirically derived the coefficients of the power-law relation between the specific attenuation Y and each of two other quantities: the radar reflectivity factor Z and the rainfall rate R. The derivation was accomplished using raindrop size distributions (DSDs) measured in Montreal and Toronto using the precipitation occurrence sensor system (POSS) and a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD). The specific attenuation was calculated for both spherical and oblate spheroidal raindrops. Prior to doing so, the effects of inaccuracies in small drop detection by the two systems on the resulting Y-Z and Y-R relations were examined. In computing the relations, the influence of grouping the DSDs according to the corresponding values of Z was assessed. The results from the two sites were then combined in a regression analysis to determine the coefficients of the power-law expressions. The final expressions were used to calculate the probability distribution of rain attenuation over several path lengths at 30 GHz. Conclusions that can be drawn from this work include that (i) the uncertainties in the measurements of small drops do not appear to be critical to the derived relations for some frequencies considered in this work, (ii) in computing rain attenuation estimates from radar reflectivity factors, different criteria for grouping the reflectivity factor measurements can be adopted without changing the statistics of the corresponding attenuation estimates, (iii) differences, which are the smallest for frequencies around 20-30 GHz, are observed in the coefficients derived from the measured DSDs compared with those recommended by the ITU-R, and (iv) the attenuation statistics at 30 GHz computed by applying the Y-Z power-law expression are resistant to spatial averaging.     

On the rain attenuation dynamics: spatial‐temporal analysis of rainfall rate and fade duration statistics

Knowledge about the dynamic characteristics of rain attenuation is of utmost importance for many applications in terrestrial and satellite communication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Long‐term rain rate statistics and rain rate duration statistics are usually available from meteorological data. In this paper, a spatial–temporal analysis is employed in order to evaluate the rain attenuation power spectrum of a terrestrial/satellite path. The predicted power spectrum is compared with experimental data. Based on the spectral analysis of rainfall rate a method for converting rain rate duration statistics to link fade duration statistics is also proposed. Fade duration statistics are presented for terrestrial and satellite links and compared with available experimental data. The agreement between the predicted results and the experimental data has been found to be quite encouraging. Finally, numerical results are presented for various climatic zones, elevation angles and frequencies. Some very useful conclusions concerning the dynamic properties of rain attenuation for a microwave path are deduced. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种地面视距链路雨衰减预测模式

基于指数雨胞雨衰减物理模型得到的降雨率调整因子概念,通过对ITUR雨衰减数据库实验数据的分析,提出了一种降雨率调整因子公式,并利用ITUR雨衰减数据库数据回归得到了降雨率调整因子公式的参数,建立了一种利用全概率降雨分布的地面视距链路雨衰减预测模式通过与其它模式的比较表明：该模式预测精度优于其它利用全概率降雨的雨衰减预测模式,预测精度与利用概率转换的ITUR模式相当,且预测过程更加简便。     

Experimental assessment of slant‐path rain attenuation variability in the Ka‐band

This study is based on the results of a slant‐path Ka‐band propagation experiment carried out in Madrid, Spain, regarding rain attenuation, which is the main propagation impairment in this frequency band. The experimental and statistical results correspond to seven complete years of measurements, a period large enough to accomplish a comprehensive analysis in order to characterize the variability of rain rate and attenuation. It is shown that year‐to‐year variability is significant in temperate climates as Madrid's. The aforementioned significance is also apparent with regards to seasonal, monthly, worst‐month and hourly variability concerning rain attenuation, which are also discussed and related when possible to the variability of the rain phenomena, either represented by the total amounts of rainfall in the different periods or by rain rate statistics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A model for the estimation of the carrier‐to‐noise plus total interference ratio between two adjacent dual polarized satellite links sharing the same frequency band

In modern satellite communications, matters such as frequency congestion, transmission of dual polarized carriers and increase of the number of geostationary satellites in use, necessitate the implementation of interference analysis in neighbouring networks so as to ensure satisfactory quality of service. In this paper, a recently proposed model for the prediction of the degradation of the carrier‐to‐interference ratio due to differential rain attenuation and cross‐polarization, which is applicable only for the noise‐dominant case, has been properly modified to include the general case. The proposed model is based on the lognormal assumption for the point rainfall rate statistics and the convective raincell model. Due to complexity of the proposed analysis, some simple regression‐derived formulas have been generated forming a very useful tool for the system engineer. The elaborations of numerical results examine the influence of various parameters upon the total availability performance and the optimum utilization of the geostationary orbit. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气泡的散射光与气泡尺寸分布

从几何光学的角度出发分析了气泡对光的散射,得出散射光强的波动特性与气泡的直径存在一定的关系。利用这个关系,采用光强探测法,对穿过模拟尾流气泡幕的光强进行了采集,通过对光强波动的分析推得了尾流中气泡尺寸的大小以及分布情况。与以前的探测方法相比,具有简便、数据量小等优点。     

硼预淀积对自组织生长Ge量子点尺寸分布的影响

研究了以不同B2H6流量预淀积硼对UHV/CVD自组织生长Ge量子点尺寸分布的影响。在适当的生长条件下,得到了尺寸分布很窄的均匀Ge量子点,用AFM对量子点的形貌进行观察,Ge量子点尺寸的涨落小于±3%,量子点的水平尺寸和高度分别为60nm和10nm,密度为8×109cm-2。实验结果表明,通过预淀积硼表面处理,可以得到尺寸分布很窄的量子点,以满足量子点光电器件方面应用的要求。