猪肉烤制过程中脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的变化

为研究不同烤制方式和时间对猪肉脂肪酸组成、脂肪含量、营养及风味的影响,以荣昌猪背最长肌为原料,经不同时间和方式的烤制加工后,分别测定各样品的脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,烤制方式主要影响样品的风味、营养以及肌内总脂、游离脂肪酸和甘三酯的脂肪酸组成;加工时间主要影响脂肪含量和磷脂的脂肪酸组成。因此采用烤制加工时,加工方式和加工时间的不同都会对猪肉脂肪酸组成、脂肪含量、营养及风味产生影响,加工方式对脂肪酸组成、营养和风味的影响更大,而加工时间对脂肪含量的影响更显著。     

Organic Acid, Sugar and Amino Acid Composition of Bamboo Shoots

The major organic acid in bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys pubescens) was oxalic, ranging from 462 (top) to 157 mg (base) per 100g fresh weight. Citric was rich in the upper half, while malic was rich in the lower 3/4 ths. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were contained with approximately equal amounts in the top quarter section, the former two sugars were also abundant in the lower half. Tyrosine was the most abundant component in the free amino acid. GC-MS determination revealed that tyrosine was the major component of white clumpy substances produced after blanching, and its content comprised 89% of the total material. In addition the material contained 5.5% starch, 4.9% moisture, and 0.6% minerals.     

东北不同杂豆油脂含量及脂肪酸组成分析

为开发与利用东北杂豆资源,本文以东北特有杂豆为原料,采用气质分析方法对杂豆脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成进行初步分析。结果表明：杂豆中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,且在测定所有杂豆中均是高活性的n:3、n:2类不饱和脂肪酸含量高,而活性相对的n:1类不饱和脂肪酸含量低。芸豆类杂豆的脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量均大于80%;且高活性的n:3类不饱和脂肪酸含量较多,紫花芸豆的n:3类不饱和脂肪酸含量达到了48.99%,具有进一步开发应用的价值。本研究为东北杂豆的综合利用提供了理论参考与依据     

鲟鱼卵脂质的提取及脂肪酸组成分析

以西伯利亚鲟鱼卵为原料,比较不同提取方法对鲟鱼卵脂质提取率、脂肪酸及脂质组成的影响。采用索氏提取、酶辅助有机溶剂和超临界CO2三种不同的方法提取鲟鱼卵中的脂质,并分析鲟鱼卵脂肪酸组成及脂质组成。结果显示,不同提取方法对所得到的鲟鱼卵脂质的提取率和脂肪酸的相对含量有显著的影响（P＜0.05）,对鲟鱼卵脂质的脂肪酸种类和脂质组成没有显著影响（P＞0.05）。索氏提取法的提取率为（23.71±1.82）%,中性蛋白酶酶解辅助有机溶剂法的提取率为（15.47±1.21）%,超临界CO2萃取法的提取率为（10.43±2.16）%。鲟鱼卵脂质中含有17 种脂肪酸,包括6 种饱和脂肪酸,4 种单不饱和脂肪酸,7 种多不饱和脂肪酸,其中总不饱和脂肪酸含量达到70%以上,多不饱和脂肪酸含量达到17%以上。不同提取方法提取鲟鱼卵脂质中均含有甘油三酯、胆固醇、极性脂质,其中甘油三酯相对含量达到89%以上。     

Cocobean Tissue Culture: Lipid Composition and Fatty Acid Metabolism

Cocoabean callus cultures were established and grew satisfactorily on an agar medium for more than 2 yr. Cell suspension cultures were initiated from the callus. The fresh weight of cells increased over 20-fold in 14 days. The lipid content of callus and cells was 5.3 and 6.5%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of cocoa callus and cell suspension cultures resembled that of immature cocoabeans since they contained high amounts of linoleic acid. Stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from cocoa callus and cells was similar to that of ripe cocoabeans. Exogenous acetate and fatty acids were readily incorporated into lipids by cocoa cell suspension cultures. Exogenous stearic acid increased triglyceride content twofold but did not change fatty acid composition of triglycerides. Coconut water alone or in combination with sucrose also increased triglyceride content with a concomitant increase in oleic acid from 10% to 33% and a decrease in linoleic acid from 37% to 19%.     

光山县长林系列油茶良种茶籽脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析

从河南省林木品种审定委员会认定的适宜在本地区推广的长林系列品种中选出具有代表性的主栽油茶品种长林18号、40号、53号和配栽油茶品种长林166号,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对4个油茶品种茶籽仁中脂肪酸组成和含量进行分析,检验了其干籽出仁率和脂肪含量,并对脂肪含量及脂肪酸组分进行了相关性分析。结果表明:3个主栽品种与1个配栽品种干籽出仁率的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05),但不同品种茶籽脂肪含量差异不大;共检测到了17种脂肪酸组分,其中,茶籽仁中常量组分顺-油酸的含量26.25%～30.82%、棕榈酸的含量2.86%～3.22%、亚油酸的含量3.25%～3.86%。长林40号茶籽中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸比值为1:6.08:1.05,最接近国际营养学家提出油脂中三类脂肪酸的最佳供能比1:6:1。相关性分析显示,脂肪含量与棕榈酸有一定的相关性,相关系数达到了0.64。结合河南省林木品种审定委员会的研究结论可得,长林40号油茶良种不仅产量高、抗性强,而且干籽出仁率高、含油量高,茶籽脂肪酸组成合理,综合性状优于其他三个品种。     

乌骨鸡与非药用鸡种鸡肉总脂质含量及脂肪酸组成的比较

分析比较了乌骨鸡与非药用鸡种鸡肉间的总脂质含量和脂肪酸组成的差异,为研究乌骨鸡总脂质的营养与补益功能提供基础。以相同条件养殖的非药用鸡种崇仁麻鸡、岭南黄鸡鸡肉为对照,测定3种鸡肉中的总脂质含量。采用GC-MS联用技术对3种鸡脂肪的脂肪酸组成进行定性、定量分析。结果发现：3种鸡肉中崇仁麻鸡的总脂质含量最高,乌骨鸡的含量最低。3种鸡的总饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）差别不显著,乌骨鸡鸡肉中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）、必需脂肪酸（EFA）和花生四烯酸质量分数分别为26.4%、23.38%、3.21%,显著高于其他两种鸡。乌骨鸡总脂质较非药用鸡种的总脂质有更好的营养价值。     

Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Fungi Grown on Whey Medium

The molds Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium frequentans, and Fusarium lycopersicum were tested for lipid production when grown on a deproteinized whey medium. F. lycopersicum produced highest total lipid (38.56%) followed by A. nidulans LC-1 (16.90%) and P. frequentans (10.53%). Triglycerides and phospholipids were the predominant components in the neutral lipid fraction followed by partial glycerides, free fatty acids and nonsaponifiable matter. Phospholipid content was highest in P. frequentans. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids and their relative concentrations varied among the three fungi. Lower chain fatty acids were absent.     

广西河池、百色和梧州油茶种子含油率和脂肪酸组成测定

选取广西油茶重点产区河池、百色和梧州的主要油茶品种普通油茶、岑溪软枝油茶及大果红花油茶的种子为原料,石油醚为溶剂提取油茶种子的油脂及测定含油率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同油茶籽油试样的脂肪酸成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明：4个不同产地不同品种的油茶种子出仁率为53.29%～68.91%;干籽含油率为47.05%～59.51%;GC-MS共鉴定出14种脂肪酸,单不饱和酸含量为72.91%～80.11%,其中河池巴马软枝油茶籽油的单不饱和酸含量最高,为80.11%,主要成分是油酸;多不饱和酸含量为5.85%～9.14%,其中梧州岑溪软枝油茶籽油的多不饱和酸含量最高,为9.14%,主要成分是亚油酸;饱和脂肪酸含量为13.62%～17.95%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸;同时,广西油茶籽油中含有少量的9,10-环氧-十八碳烷酸尚未见报道。     

芡欧鼠尾草脂肪酸成分分析

2006年引进芡欧鼠尾草作为新种质,组培脱毒后收种,通过连续3年的引种驯化,芡欧鼠尾草在湖南地区能顺利完成其生育期.为了解引种对其种子和营养器官中脂肪酸成分及含量的影响,对芡欧鼠尾草原种种子、引种第1代种子、引种第2代种子及各生长期茎叶干物质中脂肪酸按GB/T 17377-1998标准进行了全面分析.结果表明引种到我国的芡欧鼠尾草种子中亚麻酸含量高达195.39g/kg,占总脂质的60％以上,与原种相比没有显著差异,是一种极有潜力的绿色食品原料;检测还发现其茎叶干物质中含亚麻酸达6.38g/kg,即该品种还可开发为新型动物饲料,以获得富含DHA的动物制品.     

紫苏属籽粒含油率及其脂肪酸分析

对来自日本、美国四川和广东、等国家和地区共18份紫苏属籽粒含油率、脂肪酸组成及含量进行测定,并对其籽粒直径、千粒重与含油率和脂肪酸含量间进行相关分析.结果表明,紫苏属籽粒出油率为16.33%～35.28%,其籽油脂肪酸主要包括亚麻酸(70.94%～78.86%)、亚油酸(9.70%～14.57%)、油酸(0.68%～2.20%)、棕榈酸(6.69%～11.03%)和硬脂酸(2.23%～3.76%).其中,以来自日本的P06-37的综合性状表现最好.试验结果还表明,紫苏属籽粒含油率与千粒重间呈现显著正相关.亚麻酸含量与籽粒直径和千粒重间呈显著负相关,油酸含量与千粒重间呈显著正相关,而亚麻酸与亚油酸含量间呈极显著负相关.此外,白苏籽千粒重、含油量和亚油酸含量均相对较高,而其他各脂肪酸含量在紫苏属各原(变)种间无显著差异.     

泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉总磷脂含量及其侧链脂肪酸组成的特性

本文比较了相同条件养殖的泰和乌骨鸡和两种非药用鸡鸡肉的总磷脂含量,并以GC-MS联用技术对三种鸡肉中磷脂的疏水侧链脂肪酸组成进行了鉴定和分析,用面积归一法,计算各脂肪酸的相对百分含量。结果表明,泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉中总磷脂含量显著高于非药用鸡,而两种非药用鸡间无显著差异;泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉磷脂侧链脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸和花生四烯酸含量显著高于非药用鸡。     

Oilseed Lipid Supplements and Fatty Acid Composition of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis

Numerous experiments have studied the use of oilseed supplements in cow diets to alter milk fatty acid (FA) composition, but no quantitative synthesis of these studies is currently available. This article reports a meta-analysis of the response of cow milk FA composition to oilseed lipid supplements from linseed, rapeseed, soybeans, and sunflower seed. First, from a database of 145 oilseed supplementation experiments, we collected the mean FA percentages observed with unsupplemented diets and diets supplemented with the 4 oilseeds given as seeds (after various types of processing), as oils (including Ca salts and amides), or in protected forms. Second, we studied the response of the major milk FA percentages to increasing amounts of supplemental lipids from the 4 oilseeds. Responses were nonsignificant, linear, or quadratic, depending on the FA studied and the supplement. Effects of interfering factors, such as supplement form, forage component of the diet, or lactation stage, were difficult to assess from the available data. Third, we studied the response of the major milk FA percentages to increasing dietary intakes of linoleic or linolenic acids, taken separately. Overall, these results confirm the high plasticity of milk FA composition, with the widest variations being observed in the percentages of medium-chain versus C18 FA, and among the C18 in 18:0, cis-18:1, and trans-18:1. The percentages of the polyunsaturated FA cis-9 cis-12-18:2 and 18:3 were less variable, except when protected lipids (mostly formaldehyde treated) were supplied. However, trans-18:1 and polyunsaturated FA (including conjugated linoleic acid) exhibited the greatest variations when expressed relative to their respective basal values (for unsupplemented diets). Oils, compared with seeds, induced greater percentages of trans-18:1 and tended to decrease C6 to C12 FA more. Intakes of 18:2- and 18:3-rich lipid sources did not differ greatly in their effects on short- and medium-chain FA and trans-18:1 percentages, although the profiles of individual 18:1 and 18:2 isomers in milk differed. This meta-analysis provides quantitative estimates, obtained from the extensive literature produced over more than 40 yr, of the impact of oilseed supplements on milk FA composition.     

四棱豆油脂、脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸的分析

以4 个四棱豆品种的种子为材料,采用索式提取法、毛细管柱测定总脂肪含量及分析各脂肪酸含量;利用凯氏定氮法、全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋白质总量及各蛋白氨基酸组成。结果表明,四棱豆种子中油脂总量在20%～22%,主要含有28 种脂肪酸,油酸占单不饱和脂肪酸的90.7%;多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸、α - 亚麻酸和EPA;饱和脂肪酸平均含量为25.76%,主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。蛋白质总量在38% 左右,必需氨基酸含量丰富。     

红烧肉制作过程中脂肪氧化和脂肪酸组成的变化

脂肪氧化和脂肪酸组成变化对肉制品的营养和风味产生重要影响。研究红烧肉烹制全过程中原料、水焯后、炖煮1h、炖煮2h 4个关键工艺点中猪肉的基本物理化学指标、脂肪氧化和脂肪酸组成变化情况。结果表明：成品红烧肉水分含量和粗脂肪含量分别比原料肉下降18.17%和43.46%,烹饪损失率为25.04%;过氧化值(POV)在炖煮1h后达到峰值,随后又下降;硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)在烹制过程中逐渐上升(P＜0.05);烹制过程使饱和脂肪酸(SFA)比例显著下降(P＜0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)比例显著上升(P＜0.05),不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(UFA/SFA)从1.38上升到2.34,提高了猪肉中油脂的营养价值。     

黍稷籽粒含油量及脂肪酸组成分析

研究分析18个黍稷（Panicum miliaceum L.）品种的籽粒含油量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,黍稷籽粒含油量为2.54%~4.00%,均值3.71%。黍稷籽粒中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸（18:2n6）、油酸（18:1n9）和棕榈酸（16:0）,含量区间分别为0.075~5.19、0.150~3.02和0.897~1.81 g/100 g,并含有棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十二烷酸和二十四烷酸。不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）占总油脂的82.1%~ 94.6%。相关性分析和主成分分析的结果表明,10种脂肪酸含量存在显著的相关性。聚类分析表明,脂肪酸组成在黍稷品种间的差异显著。