吸附剂吸附等温线测试与活化工艺研究装置

提出了一种进行吸附剂吸附等温线测试与活化工艺研究的装置。介绍了装置的流程原理和测试试验方法。对测试精度作了分析与评估。     

低温吸附剂袋对低温绝热气瓶真空影响的评价研究

为改进低温吸附剂在低温绝热气瓶制造中的应用工艺,采用高分子无纺布对出炉时的低温吸附剂分子筛实施密封包装,这种新方法可以免去吸附剂在装填前的活化工艺、减少工艺成本和能源消耗,有助于提高吸附剂的使用性能。针对所选择的高分子无纺布材料是否对低温绝热气瓶真空夹层带来出气污染进行了试验研究。介绍了高分子无纺布出气试验装置、试验方法及试验结果。给出了在常温下和高温下试验的出气速率曲线。试验表明,所选择的高分子无纺布出气量远小于多层绝热材料的出气量,因而对低温绝热气瓶真空夹层的影响可忽略。     

活性炭和5A分子筛的特性及其在获得与保持低温容器夹层真空度中的作用

活性炭和5A分子筛是真空绝热容器真空夹层中常用的二种吸附剂。本文根据这两种吸附剂在低温、真空条件下对不同气体吸附特性等资料，对吸附剂在获得并保持低温容器夹层真空度中的作用作了较系统的阐述。     

海枣核CO2活化和磷酸活化制备活性炭及其结构、吸附性能（英文）

由于具有很大的吸附容量,多孔炭材料是优良的吸附剂。笔者试图比较海枣核分别经CO2活化和磷酸活化所制活性炭的结构和吸附性能。活化过程和工艺条件对炭的物理化学性质影响较大,根据文献报道的结果选取了优化的工艺参数。基于氮气吸附等温线、SEM、FT-IR等分析结果,评估了活性炭的结构特征,吸附性能则由亚甲蓝吸附值表示。CO2活化得到了微孔活性炭,产率为44%、BET比表面积是666 m2·g-1;磷酸活化得到了产率为14.8%的中孔活性炭,BET比表面积为725 m2·g-1。CO2活化活性炭的平均孔径是1.51 nm,磷酸活化活性炭的则为2.91 nm。活性炭的亚甲蓝吸附等温线分别用Langmuir等温线和Freundlich等温线进行了验证,在优化工艺条件下制备的CO2活化炭和磷酸活化炭的亚甲蓝w单分子吸附容量分别为110 mg·g-1和345 mg·g-1。然而,磷酸活化产生的亚甲蓝吸附值最高达455 mg·g-1。     

一种四氮杂轮烯的镍络合物对NO2的气敏响应特性

本文通过采用真空升华成膜工艺，以一种四氮杂轮烯的镍络合物做敏感物质，结合平面叉指电极制成了薄膜电导型ＮＯ＿２气体传感器。初步的研究表明，用该化合物作为敏感物质的传感器在常温下具有良好的可逆性，比较快的响应和恢复，响应与ＮＯ＿２浓度成线性关系，有进一步研究的价值。     

低温绝热气瓶真空寿命模拟试验研究

提出了对绝热气瓶真空夹层逐次充入模拟气体进行绝热气瓶漏气和材料放气的真空寿命模拟试验评价方法。试验实例表明:低温绝热气瓶静态蒸发率在低温下夹层压力>5×10^-2Pa后迅速上升,即5×10^-2Pa可视为夹层真空寿命终结的拐点(或阈值)。5A分子筛在液氮温度下对氮具有巨大的吸附潜力,对氢表现出弱的吸附能力。真空绝热夹层的材料放气对真空寿命的影响远远大于漏气的影响,提高绝热气瓶真空寿命的技术途径是减小夹层材料的放气率和改善内置吸附剂对氢的吸附能力。模拟试验能直观、实际、准确地研究漏气和放气对真空寿命诸因素的影响,为确定切合实际的设计参数和工艺提供参考数据,进而推广用于各类真空绝热型低温容器的真空寿命评价和应用。     

液氮温度下分子筛的真空吸附特性试验研究

为探究低温容器夹层所用分子筛吸附剂的吸附特性,采用静态膨胀法进行试验,获得了平衡压力为10-3Pa～103Pa范围内4A、5A和13X分子筛对N2、O2单一组分以及空气的吸附等温线,比较了不同分子筛对气体的吸附能力差异,探究了分子筛的吸附机理.研究结果表明:液氮温度下,5A和13X分子筛在真空条件下对N2及O2的吸附性...     

电弧等离子体法制备的纳米α－Fe_2O_3的气敏特性

用电弧等离子体法制各纳米α－Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３并研究其气敏特性，结果表明，在没有掺杂的情况下，纳米α－Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３就具有较好的气敏特性。其原因是纳米粒子具有较大的比表面积和较高的晶界比例，从而导致对气体的吸附能力和扩散能力增强。本文用原位ＸＲＤ方法研究了纳米α－Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３的气敏机理，结果表明，在还原性气氛和加热条件下，α－Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３并没有被还原成Ｆｅ＿３Ｏ＿４，其气敏机理主要是表面效应控制型。     

工艺控制对NASICON物相组成的影响

用化学共沉淀方法制备了Ｎａ＿３Ｚｒ＿２Ｓｉ＿２ＰＯ＿１２（ＮＡＳＩＣＯＮ）固体电解质，研究了超细均匀的ＮＡＳＩ－ＣＯＮ预制粉体对制备ＮＡＳＩＣＯＮ所起的重要作用，检测了游离ＺｒＯ＿２的存在及其所处部位，并与无游离ＺｒＯ＿２的样品的烧成条件作对比分析，探讨了游离ＺｒＯ＿２的形成原因。     

几种组合吸附剂的吸氢等温线的测定及分析

测定了几种组合吸附剂在低压室温下的吸氢等温线,该组合吸附剂是由5A分子筛和含有不同比例PdO和Ag2O的吸气剂组成的.本文对这些吸氢等温线进行了分析,拟合出在一定范围内适用的吸氢等温方程式.根据BDDT理论,组合吸附剂的吸氢等温线与第Ⅳ种等温线的类型很接近.比较了同一吸气剂不同放置方式对吸附量的影响.吸气剂平铺放置时,组合吸附剂的吸附量明显大于吸气剂包裹放置时的吸附量,在储罐中应该尽可能地平铺放置.放置方式相同,含有不同百分比PdO的组合吸附剂的吸附量也有较大的差别.为了充分发挥多层绝热的效果,在高真空多层绝热储罐内优先选用含有85%PdO和15%Ag2O的组合吸附剂.实验结果及相应分析,为我国低温吸附的设计应用提供依据.     

A Grid as Smart as the Internet

A new era of electricity is dawning that combines the decarbonization of the grid with the extensive electrification of all sectors of society. A grid as smart as the internet is needed to harness the full potential of renewables, accommodate technology disruptions, embrace the rise of prosumers, and seamlessly integrate nano-, mini-, and micro-grids. The internet is built upon a layered architecture that facilitates technology innovations, and its intelligence is distributed throughout a hierarchy of networks. Fundamental differences between data flows and power flows are examined. The current operating paradigm of the grid is based on the conviction that a centralized grid operator is necessary to maintain instantaneous power balance on the grid. A new distributed paradigm can be realized by distributing this responsibility to sub-grids and requiring each sub-grid to maintain its net power balance. A grid as smart as the internet based on this new paradigm, as well as a hierarchical network structure and a layered architecture of operating principles, is presented.     

A 'green' chitosan-silver nanoparticle composite as a heterogeneous as well as micro-heterogeneous catalyst

In this paper, we report on the catalytic activity of a new metal nanoparticle-polymer composite consisting of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and environmentally friendly ('green') chitosan. The polymer (chitosan) not only acted as the reducing agent for the metal ions, but also stabilized the product NPs by anchoring them. The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes less than 5?nm. The catalytic activity of the composite was investigated photometrically by monitoring the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) in the presence of excess NaBH(4) in water, under both heterogeneous and micro-heterogeneous conditions. The reaction was first order with respect to the concentration of 4NP. We also observed that the apparent rate constant, k(app), for the reaction was linearly dependent on the amount of Ag NPs present in the composite. Moreover, the turn-over frequency (TOF) of the catalyst was found to be (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10(-3)?s(-1), when the reaction was carried out under heterogeneous conditions. The Ag NPs in the composite retained their catalytic activities even after using them for ten cycles. Our observations also suggest that the catalytic efficiency under micro-heterogeneous conditions is much higher than under heterogeneous conditions. Thus the composite we have represents an ideal case of an environmentally friendly and stable catalyst, which works under heterogeneous as well as micro-heterogeneous conditions with the advantage of nanoscopic particles as the catalyst.     

凝胶成型法制备多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷及其性能研究

介绍了一种新型的凝胶成型法来制备多孔羟基磷灰石支架材料.利用体视显微镜等对制备的多孔羟基磷灰石孔洞结构进行观察.结果表明这种方法可以很好地控制多孔支架材料的孔洞结构与大小.孔分布均匀且内部连通,孔径在300μm～500μm之间.体外模拟试验表明羟基磷灰石具有良好的生物相容性,这种孔洞结构的特点更有利于骨细胞的生长.对压缩性能和孔隙率的测定结果表明,压缩强度和孔隙率随不同工艺参数的变化而变化.     

Mission success with components not as good as new

It is shown how the probability of mission success can be determined for cases of components which are not as good as new at the beginning of a mission and are not repaired during the mission. After a short definition of the appropriate conditional distribution functions of components lives, a few typical examples of plausible missions for redundant systems are discussed. Among these are such that are time-critical or—concerning flights—space-critical. Since only (advanced) probabilistic reasoning is used, there are no limitations as to the types of life distributions.     

Designer as chameleon

The roles adopted by a design engineer during a design project are examined. The case for ‘role switching’ is presented, and the different roles are described where some relate to particular phases of the design process and others are more general. Situations likely to cause ‘role overload’ are explored for single and multiple projects, and the paper demonstrates that the complexity of the design process is wholly misrepresented by the common ‘drawing office image’.     

Materials as Machines

Machines are systems that harness input power to extend or advance function. Fundamentally, machines are based on the integration of materials with mechanisms to accomplish tasks—such as generating motion or lifting an object. An emerging research paradigm is the design, synthesis, and integration of responsive materials within or as machines. Herein, a particular focus is the integration of responsive materials to enable robotic (machine) functions such as gripping, lifting, or motility (walking, crawling, swimming, and flying). Key functional considerations of responsive materials in machine implementations are response time, cyclability (frequency and ruggedness), sizing, payload capacity, amenability to mechanical programming, performance in extreme environments, and autonomy. This review summarizes the material transformation mechanisms, mechanical design, and robotic integration of responsive materials including shape memory alloys (SMAs), piezoelectrics, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs), pneumatics and hydraulics systems, shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and networks (LCNs). Structural and geometrical fabrication of these materials as wires, coils, films, tubes, cones, unimorphs, bimorphs, and printed elements enables differentiated mechanical responses and consistently enables and extends functional use.