露天矿反倾边坡破坏模式及加固机制模型试验

为研究露天矿层状反倾边坡出现的大规模弯曲倾倒破坏模式,开展在未支护及恒阻大变形锚索(NPR锚索)支护条件下的45°倾角多节理反倾边坡开挖物理模型试验.采用多源监测系统采集边坡开挖过程中锚索轴力、应变场及位移场等数据.结果表明：无支护反倾层状边坡开挖过程中表现出4种典型破坏模式：后缘带张拉破坏、坡肩叠瓦状破坏、坡腰弯折破坏以及坡底冲切破坏;采用NPR锚索支护后的边坡在相同的开挖条件下未发生大面积失稳破坏;边坡开挖过程中,NPR锚索轴力呈突增、突降及稳定波动3种模式循环演变,分别对应边坡变形过程中单元板裂缝发育、断裂及坡体复稳3种现象;NPR锚索具有吸能特性,且锚索轴力预警准则同样适用于NPR锚索支护下的岩质反倾边坡.     

顺倾向层状岩质边坡溃屈破坏分析

为了解顺倾向层状岩质边坡的溃屈破坏特性,根据多层层状岩质边坡的溃屈破坏模式,并考虑静水压力和地震的影响,建立了相应的力学模型.采用特殊函数理论进行分析,得出各层岩体溃屈曲线的理论公式,对此类边坡溃屈破坏的临界坡长和破坏位置进行了求解.分析了岩石弹性模量、层间滑动面强度、岩层厚度、层面倾角等因素对此类边坡溃屈破坏临界坡长的影响.针对工程实例的分析结果与实际情况符合较好,证明了该理论的正确性.     

西藏扎拉水电站倾倒边坡工程地质特性研究

倾倒边坡是一种已发生变形的特殊边坡,最终可能会发展成滑坡、崩塌等严重地质灾害。倾倒边坡工程地质特性是进行边坡稳定性分析评价和处理方案设计的基础,目前国内相关研究工作尚不深入、不系统,难以满足新时代工程建设和地质灾害防治需要。扎拉水电站拟建于青藏高原西藏境内怒江一级支流玉曲河上,工程区边坡倾倒现象普遍发育,对工程选址和安全运行存在较大影响,区内软岩、硬岩种类多样,倾倒模式齐全,开展相关研究具有典型代表性。从初步调查、详细勘察到专题研究历时数年,详细论证了倾倒边坡岩体的工程地质特性。通过探索并成功运用多项创新技术,解决了倾倒边坡空间范围界定、工程地质分区、抗剪断强度参数取值等工程地质特性研究的难题。采用测绘、洞探、钻探、物探、测试和试验等准确界定了倾倒边坡范围,提出了针对性的适宜的综合勘察方法。以岩体结构、变形破坏类型作为依据,首次将边坡倾倒岩体分为层状弯曲、碎裂拉张、散体坠覆等三个区,并进一步分析了各区在岩层产状、风化特征、声波波速、透水性等方面的差异。根据倾倒边坡的独特性状,提出了倾倒岩体抗剪断强度可在试验值小值平均值～试验值大值平均值范围内进行取值的原则方法,对现行标准规定的取值上限进行了适当拓展。补充研究顺向坡倾倒过程,进一步完善了边坡倾倒变形破坏的力学机制。     

层状顶板破断机理数值研究

通过对国内一些煤矿的顶板事故原因调查分析,总结造成顶板事故原因,抽象出各种顶板事故岩层组合模型.应用大连力软公司的岩石破裂过程分析系统(RFPA2D),对不同组合的层状顶板的破断过程进行数值模拟研究.通过分析可知:导致顶板岩层破坏原因是拉、剪共同作用的结果.在剪应力的作用下,层状顶板整体跨落;在拉应力作用下,顶板岩层弯曲破坏;剪切力和拉应力共同作用下,层状顶板破坏为冒落拱形;层状顶板的冒落形态还与顶板软弱岩层厚度、软弱顶板中是否含有坚硬夹层、坚硬层状顶板中含有软弱夹层以及巷道的高跨比等情况有关.     

层状岩质边坡临界高度极限分析上限解

为了确定层状岩体边坡稳定的临界高度,把层状岩体视为横观各向同性材料,采用抗剪强度随所求方向与层面之间的夹角线性变化的关系,导出了利用极限分析上限定理计算层状岩体边坡临界高度的方法。应用本方法对文中边坡进行了计算分析,结果表明,对算例中的竖直边坡,岩层倾角在48°~70°时,边坡将发生顺层面的破坏,否则发生切割层面破坏;另外,三峡库区某边坡的计算结果与工程实际相符。该方法可以用于指导层状岩体边坡开挖。     

基于改进Sarma法的倾倒变形体蓄水稳定性评价

库区强倾倒变形体常在蓄水期以特定模式发生失稳破坏。根据现场强倾倒变形体蓄水失稳特征,分析其破坏模式为"上拉下剪"式破坏,破坏面具有明显分段性。在传统Sarma法基础上,考虑饱和岩体强度降低及所受静水压力,通过调整岩层面强度折减系数改进了Sarma法。以Fortran为平台编写强倾倒变形体稳定性分析程序,通过苗尾水电站工程实例边坡对所提力学模型和分析方法进行验证,并与离散元模拟结果进行对比验证其准确性。最后进行参数分析,研究结果表明边坡自然坡角对倾倒变形体稳定性影响比较大,坡角越陡稳定性越低,同时软岩较多的边坡蓄水后稳定性将大大降低,得出的结论和规律符合工程实际。     

某反倾向岩质边坡地震稳定性数值模拟

以雅泸高速公路K136＋150～K136＋300 m段反倾向岩质边坡为例,采用基于离散元法原理的计算软件——UDEC,在充分研究边坡工程地质条件的基础上,模拟研究了反倾向岩质边坡在地震作用下的变形破坏机制及失稳破坏模式,进而分析了边坡的稳定性。结果表明：边坡在地震作用下其变形破坏是＂岩体松动→倾倒→崩塌＂的过程,此过程经历的时间较短,往往是在振动持时内完成。     

反倾顺层高边坡开挖稳定性及处治措施分析

依托平阿高速公路反倾顺层高边坡,利用有限差分数值模拟技术对其开挖时的稳定性进行分析.结果表明,第一次和第二次开挖后的边坡稳定性较好,仅产生局部的塑性变形,而第三次开挖后的边坡逐渐失稳,最终形成滑坡.反倾顺层高边坡会因倾倒破坏的不断发展而最终出现整体滑移面,坡体内滑移面形成以后,坡体内的塑性区不再继续发展,仅位移继续增大.通过边坡失稳滑移时的位移差值,可判断滑移面的具体位置.在实际工程中,建议采用抗滑桩、抗滑桩和预应力锚索的方式进行加固.研究成果可为类似的反倾顺层高边坡的稳定性分析提供借鉴.     

赤平投影法在某铁矿采区边坡开挖稳定性分析中的应用

根据某铁矿区设计开采宕面（主要结构面）与临空面的组合关系以及岩层的结构面特征,采用赤平投影法,评价该矿区设计开采的边坡稳定性,对在山体边坡削坡过程中引发滑坡和崩塌的可能性进行了分析.     

库区公路倾倒岩体边坡高位错落变形机理及治理措施

倾倒岩体边坡是岩体向临空面发生弯曲变形的特殊岩质边坡，随着边坡开挖岩体卸荷，坡体应力重新分布，倾倒岩体折断面逐渐连通，坡体持续发生时效变形，易导致边坡变形失稳。依托澜沧江苗尾库区沿江公路倾倒岩体边坡实例工程，分析边坡高位错落变形特征及孕育过程，研究倾倒岩体边坡高位错落变形影响因素、失稳原因及变形机理；边坡治理遵循“锁口、强腰、固脚”的思路，采用削坡减载、主动预加固防护、挂网喷锚、堆渣压坡及截排水措施等进行综合治理，评价边坡加固前后的稳定性。结果表明：倾倒岩体边坡变形具有继承性，高位错落变形是前期倾倒岩体变形的延续；倾倒岩体变形边坡治理以主动预加固防护为主，削坡减载与锚固防护并重，限制倾倒变形岩体应力松弛与蠕变，可为类似边坡病害分析与治理提供借鉴和参考。     

Mechanism of action of cracks water on rock landslide in rainfall

In worldwide, the most common triggering factor of rock landslides is extended and intense rainfall. However, different from the soil slope failure caused by softening action of infiltration rainwater, the mechanism of rock landslide in rainfall is not clear. From the view of fracture mechanics, the propagation of cracks on rock slope and the development of sliding surface were researched. Then based on hydraulics formulas and using Sweden arc method, the influence of crack water on stability of rock slope was quantitatively studied. Finally, an example was given to check the theoretical approach. The result shows that the development of sliding surface of rock slope is mainly caused by crack propagation under hydrostatic pressure when the stress intensity factor K _I at crack tip is bigger than the toughness index of rock fractures K _IC, and the failure of slope is the result of hydraulic action of crack water and the softening of materials on sliding surface when the depth of crack water is bigger than a minimum value h _min.     

岩质边坡稳定分析三维与二维的比较

提出岩质边坡沿软弱结构面滑移一剪切的三维稳定分析方法。在分析模型中,下滑体沿滑动面下滑,在其他的面上则产生剪切破坏。在结构面上满足莫尔库伦破坏准则,把剪切面上的摩阻力向下滑方向投影,由下滑体的力学平衡条件求解出未知力,通过迭代可以求得稳定系数。同时推导了摩阻力倾向与倾角的计算式,编制了相应的程序,并利用这个程序,研究了边坡长度、岩层与坡面夹角等因素对边坡稳定系数的影响,比较了三雏分析与二维分析的差别。     

Stability and reinforcement analysis of rock slope based on elasto-plastic finite element method

The rigid body limit equilibrium method(RBLEM) and finite element method(FEM) are two widely used approaches for rock slope's stability analysis currently. RBLEM introduced plethoric assumptions; while traditional FEM relied on artificial factors when determining factor of safety(FOS) and sliding surfaces. Based on the definition of structure instability that an elasto-plastic structure is not stable if it is unable to satisfy simultaneously equilibrium condition, kinematical admissibility and constitutive equations under given external loads, deformation reinforcement theory(DRT) is developed. With this theory, plastic complementary energy(PCE) can be used to evaluate the overall stability of rock slope, and the unbalanced force beyond the yield surface could be the identification of local failure. Compared with traditional slope stability analysis approaches, the PCE norm curve to strength reduced factor is introduced and the unbalanced force is applied to the determination of key sliding surfaces and required reinforcement. Typical and important issues in rock slope stability are tested in TFINE(a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element program), which is further applied to several representatives of high rock slope's stability evaluation and reinforcement engineering practice in southwest of China.     

Probabilistic approach for open pit bench slope stability analysis——A mine case study

The geotechnical slope design of an open pit wall starts at the bench scale configuration. At this scale, the rock slope stability is governed primarily by the geological discontinuities within the rock mass and as a result, structurally-controlled failures(e.g. planar, wedge or toppling) are most likely to occur. The probabilistic approach offers a major advantage over the traditional deterministic method in that it accounts for the different degrees of variability and uncertainty often encountered in rock properties. This paper presents a bench slope stability assessment for an open pit mine in Peru using a probabilistic-based approach by coupling a kinematic analysis based on stereographic projection techniques followed by a kinetic analysis by means of the limit equilibrium method. Finally, these two probabilities are combined to provide an overall measure of the probability of failure(PoF) of the bench slope system. The case study is characterized by significant scatter in the geometrical and mechanical properties of the joints.Extensive surface mapping was conducted at 36 different sites following the ISRM suggested procedures.Several direct shear tests were carried out. It is shown that by combining field and laboratory measurements and engineering judgment, the probability density functions(PDF) of the discontinuity parameters can be obtained. These are then used in a Monte Carlo simulation process to compute both kinematic and kinetic probabilities of failure. The overall probability of failure aims to provide the design engineer with a tool to critically evaluate the bench performance from a geotechnical risk perspective and to provide a basis for future bench design optimization.     

陡倾顺层斜坡动力失稳机理分析（特约稿）

针对汶川地震中边坡的破坏形式与坡体结构密切相关的问题,以“5·12”汶川地震中安县高川乡大竹坪滑坡和干磨房滑坡失稳工点为原型,在充分分析滑坡地区工程地质条件及其动力变形特征的基础上,提出采用3维离散元数值模拟技术进行失稳机理对比分析的思路。结果表明：陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的动力破坏形式以崩滑为主,陡倾顺层软硬互层斜坡的动力破坏形式以滑移弯曲为主;在相同地震作用下,峰值地面加速度（peak ground acceleration,PGA）放大系数与坡体高程总体成正相关,斜坡同一高度处的PGA放大系数由坡表向坡内总体呈现先增大后减小的趋势;陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的PGA放大系数总体小于陡倾顺层软硬互层斜坡,硬岩斜坡的PGA放大系数范围在2～3,最大值在坡表的3/4处;软硬互层斜坡的PGA放大系数范围在2.5～4.0,最大值在斜坡顶部。此外,陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的破坏机制为4个阶段：层面部分贯通滑移-锁固段震荡松弛-上部抛射-底部滑面贯通并失稳,而软硬互层斜坡的失稳机理则为：层面错动-部分贯通滑移-下部局部抛出-局部弯曲-高位横向扩展滑移-下部弯曲折断-整体失稳。研究成果可为西南地区高陡顺层岩质斜坡失稳评价及机理分析提供相应的技术支持。     

Rock bridge slice element method in slope stability analysis based on multi-scale geological structure mapping

The searching method of failure surface which consists of complex geological structures in high and steep rock slopes was studied. Based on computer simulation technology and Monte-Carlo method, three dimensional multi-scale geological structures such as engineering scale and statistical scale structures of the slope were simulated. The searching method of failure route which consists of joints and rock bridges was determined via simulation annealing method by considering the shear strength of joints or roc...     

Control technology and coordination deformation mechanism of rise entry group with high ground stress

Based on engineering practices of Wuyang Coal Mine, we carried out X-ray diffract researches on No. 3 coal; and the rocks of its roof and floor by XRD meter, and simulated the interactive effect of the surrounding rock deformation by FLAC^2D5.0 numerical simulation software under the condition of different tunneling method of multimine roadway in parallel. The internal structures of the surrounding rocks of 76 belt roadway were monitored by borehole observation instruments; and then, we analyzed the reason of failure and deformation of surrounding rocks of several rise entry, and proposed the technical measures for controlling interactive effect of several rise entry surrounding rock deformation at last. For the thickness seam rise roadway, two conclusions were drawn: one is that the co-deformation among roadway groups mainly reflect on that both shear failure and deformation in coal pillar among roadways have decreased the width of pillar core region and clamping action of coal pillar to roof strata, increased the actual span of roof strata, intensified the flexural failure of roof strata and prized the bed separation of roof deep rock strata. The other conclusion is that the factors controlling the interactive deformation among roadways is obvious when appropriate re-adjustment in construction sequence of the tunneling of multimine parallel roadways because the construction sequence among roadways also has great effects on deformation of the surrounding rock in roadway.     

边坡稳定数值计算中失稳判据和岩土强度屈服准则

通过理论分析和典型算例计算,对边坡稳定数值计算中边坡的失稳判据和失稳模式进行了深入的讨论,旨在使数值计算方法更好地服务于工程实际。边坡失稳破坏的力学分析表明,排除人为主观因素的影响,在严格收敛标准下数值计算不收敛、边坡塑性区贯通和特定监测点位移突变这三类常用判据内在的力学表现是一致的,算例1的分析结果进一步证实了该观点。边坡的失稳模式与岩土体的屈服准则密切相关,为使理论计算符合工程实践,应根据岩土体实际抗拉能力对以M-C为典型代表的基于剪切破坏的强度准则进行抗拉修正。以抗拉修正后的M-C强度准则为基础,进一步提出了拉剪复合破坏的强度折减计算流程,算例2的计算结果表明该计算流程是合理的且计算结果的精度要高于现行的计算方法。