滚筒造粒复合肥装置半料浆双氨化工艺技术升级改造

在原有蒸汽团粒法滚筒造粒生产线上,增加磷铵料浆槽、料浆泵、管式反应器、氨轴、在线混酸器等,进行半料浆双氨化造粒技术改造.介绍改造前后的工艺流程、改造的实施方法、改造后生产中异常情况及处理,分析改造效果.改造后的工艺把管式反应器、氨轴、在线混酸器进行了有机结合,既具备了管式反应器的优点,又具有氨酸法造粒的特性,同时对原料...     

以醋酸为原料的加氢反应器

正本实用设计涉及一种醋酸加氢反应器,其是气固相反应的耦合式固定床催化反应器,包括一个绝热反应段,在反应器的进口设有氢气和醋酸及其酯类蒸汽均匀分布的混合分布器;所述的绝热反应段设置在管式反应段上方,绝热反应段由下向上依次装填加氢催化剂,惰性耐火瓷球,管式反应段的管内均匀装填加氢催化剂。与现有技术相比,本实用设计     

新型管式反应器在环氧丙烷化学法脱醛反应中的应用

在环丙连续脱醛工艺的模试中,应用了新型管式反应器作为脱醛过程的反应装置。本文较系统地考察了液体流速,管长和反应温度等对脱醛反应的影响。试验表明本过程为传质控制的快速反应。同时初步研究了新型反应器的流动特性。在较广的操作范围内,对数种大小的反应器较详细地测得了它们的压降,获得了实用的关联式,为新型管式反应器在环氧丙烷脱醛生产中的应用提供了理论依据和技术数据。     

生物柴油制备过程中反应器的研究进展

叙述了管式和滴流床等传统反应器和膜反应器、微通道反应器、反应蒸馏反应器等新型反应器在生物柴油制备的应用和发展,并对反应器的应用前景做了评述和展望。认为改进的传统反应器和新型反应器在生物柴油生产中都有一定的发展前景。新型反应器仍需要解决一些基本的过程问题,如微通道反应器的平行放大控制、腐蚀,膜反应器的选择性．反应蒸馏反应器的模型放大优化问题。     

氨酸法工艺在复合肥料生产中的应用

介绍氨酸法工艺用于复合肥料生产的发展进程及其特点,比较了氨酸法管式反应器工艺与氨酸法料床直接反应工艺的优缺点,进行了初步的技术经济比较。氨酸法工艺用于传统团粒法生产装置的改造切实可行。     

合成气制乙二醇反应器大型化措施

针对国内在运乙二醇装置受列管式羰化反应器及列管式加氢反应器限制难以大型化,造成装置建设投资高、能耗高、副反应产物多、生产负荷低、蒸汽消耗大等缺陷,南京敦先化工科技有限公司开发出径向蛇管式羰化反应器和径向球腔联箱蛇管式加氢反应器,解决了乙二醇装置大型化的难题,不仅投资省,而且催化剂床层阻力低,同时气体流经羰化反应器催化剂床层内进外出和流经加氢反应器催化剂床层外进内出等设计理念从羰化反应及加氢反应的源头控制副反应产物的生成,提高了草酸二甲酯(DMO)的收率,降低了原料气和精馏蒸汽等的消耗,可有效降低装置的运行费用,为企业带来可观的经济效益。     

流动模型方法及其在化工中的应用

(续上一讲 )( 3)等温管式反应器反应转化率分布计算例 4:求例 2、例 3中等温管式反应器反应转化率分布解 :利用轴向扩散模型对例 2、例 3中等温管式反应器进行计算机数值求解 [见 ( 4 )等温管式反应器轴向扩散模型数值求解ＢＡＳＩＣ计算程序 ],可以很方便地得到其反应转化率分布。结果如图 2所示。图 2中 ,为了便于比较 ,还给出了不考虑流体返混的理想平推流模型的计算结果。反应器无因次长度Ｚ　　　　反应器无因次长度Ｚ-Ｏ -平推流模型　　　　　　 -Ｏ -平推流模型- -轴向扩散模型　　　　 - -轴向扩散模型图 2　等温管式反应器反…     

2,4,6-三磺酸基间苯二酚硝化——反应动力学与过程优化

采用管式反应器与间歇反应器串联的方式考察了2,4,6-三磺酸基间苯二酚(TSR)选择性硝化制备2-磺酸基-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚(DNRS)的过程。建立了三步串联硝化反应宏观动力学模型以及等温均相间歇反应器模型(BR),对实验数据进行优化拟合估计动力学参数:将获得的动力学参数应用于一维定态轴向扩散管式反应器模型(LM)中,并与实验值进行对比验证。结果表明,三步串联硝化反应的表观活化能分别为57.66,40.05,130.89 kJ/mol;轴向扩散降低了串联硝化反应中间产物的选择性及收率,目标产物DNRS的最大收率随着管式反应器管径的增加而减小。分析比较了LM模型与BR模型的计算结果,并对管式反应器的放大进行了模拟计算。研究结果可用于TSR硝化反应器的设计和过程的优化。     

管式反应器在电化学中的应用

介绍了电化学管式反应器的结构、特点和管式电化学反应系统的组成,综述了电化学管式反应器在工业废水、生活污水等有机废水处理方面的研究与应用,以及在重金属回收处理、燃料电池等领域的研究情况。管式反应器中流体运动规律、电催化反应过程机制、新型高效电极材料的研制和反应器运行模式的研究是今后管式电反应器应用应重点研究解决的问题。     

管式连续换热催化反应器的设计

介绍了管式连续换热催化反应器中反应动力学原理及物料与热量衡算,建立了管式连续换热催化反应器的数学模型,并通过对模型求解进行了管式连续换热催化反应器的计算设计,为工业应用的管式连续换热催反应器的合理设计放大提供了依据。     

复肥生产埋床式管状反应器的结构及设计——节能、减碳、降成本、增肥效之实绩

TVA改良法的埋床式管状反应器系一将硫酸与合成氨先行分别分散,再令其反应进入粒化机内的滚动料床内,化学反应完全,化学反应热利用率高。从使用埋床式管状反应器的台湾厂与大陆使用悬空式管状反应器的类似工厂的比较,大陆类似工厂若改用埋床式管状反应器,年产量10万t的粒状复合肥厂,每年可因使用低价原料,减少动力、燃料、蒸汽消耗而减少支出2100多万元,并可提高产量72％。由于TVA改良法的化学造粒,成品颗粒坚硬耐水,肥素缓释,并可减少对河川的污染。     

Theoretical and experimental basics of the formation of optimal catalyst layers in tubular reactors

Results from research on the structure of a catalyst’s granular bed are presented. The influence on catalytic reactions is estimated and the industrial use of the obtained results in tubular reactors of natural gas steam conversion is demonstrated. The influence of methods for loading catalyst particles on the spatial distribution of the porosity and filterable flow in a fixed bed of a tubular reactor tube is proved theoretically and experimentally. The possibility of the method of loading influencing the process technological parameters is demonstrated via the example of the commercially important reaction of natural gas conversion by steam. It was shown in particular that the correct loading of a bed can lower the temperature of the external walls of steam conversion reactor tubes by several tens of degrees. This ensures a longer service life for tubes operating at 700–1000°C. A loading device was designed on the basis of the obtained results and has been used to load Russia’s largest reactors for the conversion of natural gas by steam in M-750 units of methanol production in Tomsk and Gubakha.     

三氯化磷生产工艺的优化

对三氯化磷生产工艺进行了改进：在不停车的情况下,依据黄磷与氯气反应和黄磷与五氯化磷反应时温度与压力的不同变化判断氯化釜内的底磷量;液氯汽化设备由用热水加热的汽化罐改为用蒸汽加热的套管式汽化器;精馏塔中的列管式换热器改为布液器,夹套式冷却器改为喷淋式冷凝器;压磷泵投磷改为水压式投磷等。进行这些工艺优化后,三氯化磷的生产能力由250t／月提高到350t／月以上,产品质量等级由合格品提升到优等品,设备的使用寿命延长,液氯汽化速度加快,换热效率提高,消除了三氯化氮富集爆炸的隐患,提高了生产系统的安全系数,改善了生产环境,节约了动力电和维修费。     

新型管式反应器在料浆法磷铵中的试验研究

料浆法磷铵生产中,采用新型管式反应器,可缩短中和反应时间,减少非水溶性化合物的生成,提高磷铵产品水溶P2O5,解决了传统的管式反应器用于料浆法磷铵中和杂质含量较高的磷酸时结垢、堵塞等问题。     

Kinetic study for the oxidation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone with nitric acid to adipic acid

The adipic acid is an important intermediate in the production of nylon, polyurethane and polyester resins. The industrial approach for preparing adipic acid is through the liquid catalytic oxidation of KA oil with nitric acid. In this work, a comprehensive model is developed for this reaction based on the kinetic study conducted in a continuous flow tubular reactor. The kinetic model fits well with the experimental results across the experimental conditions, and the average relative error between the calculated and experimental values is 5.7%. Results show that there was an induction period at the early stage of reaction. Moreover, it is found that at temperature range of 328-358 K, the formation rate of adipic acid strongly dependents on the temperature and nitric acid concentration. The developed model is used to predict the yield of adipic acid at 359-368 K. The work in this study could provide much knowledge for industrial tubular reactor design.     

A numerical study on the effects of acidic catalyst on the polymerization of nylon-6

The effects of acetic acid on the polymerization characteristics of nylon-6 are investigated in a reactor model that consists of a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a tubular reactor connected in series. Mathematical models for the CSTR and the tubular reactor have been established and solved by numerical methods. In the CSTR, the monomer conversion and the molecular weights are increased as the feed acetic acid concentration is increased. In the tubular reactor, the acid acts as both a catalyst and a modifier for the polymerization reaction. The effects of the feed acetic acid content on the zeroth, first and second moments and the polydispersity index of the polymer have been discussed.     

Economic trade-offs in acrylic acid reactor design

The acrylic acid process using air oxidation of propylene presents many interesting design trade-offs, particularly in the design of the reactor. The desired and undesired reactions are highly exothermic and very temperature dependent (large activation energies), so a large flowrate of inert water is also fed to the reactor to act as a thermal sink. Propylene conversion increases with temperature and reactor size, but acrylic acid yield decreases with increasing temperature. The heat of reaction is removed by generaing steam, and the steam pressure is an important design optimization variable since it sets low limits on reactor temperature. Using low-pressure steam gives high acrylic acid yield and lower carbon dioxide generation but requires large reactors. Larger air flowrates increase reactor oxygen concentrations, which reduce reactor volume but increase air compression costs.This paper explores the effects of the many design trade-offs on capital investment, energy cost and product selectivity.     

Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of a Coaxial Tubular Apparatus for Steam Methane Conversion

A tubular steam methane conversion apparatus containing a coaxial insert coated with a nickel–chromium catalyst by thermal gas deposition was experimentally studied and mathematically modeled. By solving the inverse problem, the parameters of the kinetic function of the steam–methane reaction were found. The efficiency of the coaxial tubular apparatus was shown to considerably exceed the efficiencies of its modern industrial analogs, namely, the PPR-600 and PPR-1360 furnaces and the Kellog tubular reactor.     

柴油自热重整制氢反应及反应器

设计了带预热段的绝热管式反应器(A型)和带喷嘴及预热段的绝热管式反应器(B型),设计了相应流程并组建了柴油自热重整制氢装置,以直馏柴油为原料,研究了2种反应器内的柴油自热重整制氢反应行为。研究结果表明:2种结构的反应器均能用于柴油自热重整制氢,采用带喷嘴的绝热管式反应器可以确保雾化及气化效果良好,柴油热裂解生成甲烷的反应有助于柴油制氢过程。     

Lipase-Catalysed Esterification Reactions—Experimental and Modelling Studies

A comparative study of supported lipozyme-catalysed esterification of oleic acid with lauryl alcohol, isosorbide and sorbitol in a packed tubular reactor is described. The reaction rate was highest with lauryl alcohol, followed by isosorbide and sorbitol. The esterification reaction between oleic acid and lauryl alcohol was carried out in a tubular recycle reactor and a stirred reactor. Different strategies were used to remove the water formed during the reaction. The rate was found to be highest in the tubular reactor. The reactions were modelled by three bisubstrate models, namely ternary complex random order, Ping-Pong, and Ping-Pong with competitive product inhibition. The third model was found to predict the observed behaviour. © 1997 SCI.