MH/Ni电池充放电循环过程中电化学性能研究

研究了MH/Ni电池充放电循环性能,对电池充放电过程中电化学特性进行了研究,考察了充电过程中充电电流大小和充电方式的不同对电池充电效率以及电池整体性能影响,探索了MH/Ni电池内压产生并且变化的原因.结果表明电池循环性能的降低与电池内阻增加以及电极材料的腐蚀粉化有关;另外脉冲充电时电池内压性能要明显优于恒流充电,而且小电流和脉冲充电对正负极活性材料的破坏较小,因此较大电流快速脉冲充电是一种较好的充电方式.     

锂离子电池及其电解液

概述了锂离子电池与传统的镍镉（Ni/Cd）、镍氢（Ni/MH)电池性能的比较，着重论述了锂离子电池电解液中的导电锂盐和有机溶剂，并介绍了锂离子电池工业的现状和对前景的展望。     

基于径向基函数网络的MH/Ni电池荷电状态预测

电动车电池管理系统的核心任务是对电池荷电状态（SOC）进行预测.在分析了MH/Ni电池充放电反应机理的基础上,应用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络建立了预测MH/Ni电池荷电状态的模型,并且应用该模型对电池放电过程中某一状态下的荷电状态进行预测.该模型预测速度快,并且预测值与试验值吻合.人工神经网络建模技术简单直观,是预测MH/Ni电池SOC有力工具.     

超声分散技术在燃料电池复合材料双极板制备中的应用

以天然鳞片石墨、炭黑和环氧改性酚醛树脂为原料,采用模压工艺制备石墨/聚合物复合材料双极板。研究了不同原料混合方式对复合材料双极板结构与性能的影响,并分别以最优化条件下制备的复合材料双极板和无孔石墨双极板组装了PEMFC单电池,对复合材料双极板的电化学性能进行了初步对比研究。结果表明:采用超声分散方式制得的双极板的各项性能都明显优于传统的机械混合方式制得的复合材料双极板;在低电流密度条件下,以复合材料双极板组装的PEMFC和以无孔石墨板组装的PEMFC的电池电压及功率密度基本一致;而由于复合双极板的电导率低于无孔石墨双极板,因此在大电流密度下,以复合材料双极板组装的PEMFC的电池电压和功率密度皆小于以无孔石墨板为双极板的PEMFC。     

碱性聚合物电解质的应用进展及其改性研究

碱性聚合物电解质具有较高的室温电导率、易于合成、成本较低等特点,在碱性二次锌电池、MH/Ni电池、Cd/Ni电池、燃料电池、超级电容器等方面具有潜在的应用价值。介绍了碱性聚合物电解质的结构与分类、应用研究现状及其改性方法,并对今后的发展方向提出了展望。     

Fe(Ⅲ)和Al(Ⅲ)复合掺杂非晶态Ni(OH)2的电极材料及性能

采用快速冷冻沉淀法首次成功制备出Fe(Ⅲ)和Al(Ⅲ)复合掺杂非晶态Ni(OH)₂粉体材料。通过XRD、SAED、SEM、IR、Raman光谱及DSC-TG等对样品粉体的结构形态进行表征和分析,同时将样品合成电极材料并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池进行电化学性能测试,结果表明,样品材料内部结构缺陷多、无序性强、材料微粒大小比较均匀,并具有较好的分散性,结合水含量较多。将复合掺杂Fe(Ⅲ) 5%和Al(Ⅲ) 8%的样品材料制备镍正极并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池,在以80 mA·g^-1恒流充电5.5 h,40 mA·g^-1恒流放电,终止电压1.0 V的充放电制度下,进行充放电性能、比容量及其循环性能等电化学性能的测试,放电平台平稳,工作电压高达1.30 V,放电比容量达到357.6 mAh·g^-1,且在电极过程中材料的稳定性增强、电化学阻抗较小,循环可逆性较好。     

Electrode material and performance of amorphous Ni(OH)2 codoped by Fe(Ⅲ) and Al(Ⅲ)

采用快速冷冻沉淀法首次成功制备出Fe(Ⅲ)和Al(Ⅲ)复合掺杂非晶态Ni(OH)₂粉体材料。通过XRD、SAED、SEM、IR、Raman光谱及DSC-TG等对样品粉体的结构形态进行表征和分析,同时将样品合成电极材料并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池进行电化学性能测试,结果表明,样品材料内部结构缺陷多、无序性强、材料微粒大小比较均匀,并具有较好的分散性,结合水含量较多。将复合掺杂Fe(Ⅲ) 5%和Al(Ⅲ) 8%的样品材料制备镍正极并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池,在以80 mA·g^-1恒流充电5.5 h,40 mA·g^-1恒流放电,终止电压1.0 V的充放电制度下,进行充放电性能、比容量及其循环性能等电化学性能的测试,放电平台平稳,工作电压高达1.30 V,放电比容量达到357.6 mAh·g^-1,且在电极过程中材料的稳定性增强、电化学阻抗较小,循环可逆性较好。     

Fe(Ⅲ)和Al(Ⅲ)复合掺杂非晶态Ni(OH)_2的电极材料及性能

采用快速冷冻沉淀法首次成功制备出Fe(Ⅲ)和Al(Ⅲ)复合掺杂非晶态Ni(OH)2粉体材料。通过XRD、SAED、SEM、IR、Raman光谱及DSC-TG等对样品粉体的结构形态进行表征和分析,同时将样品合成电极材料并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池进行电化学性能测试,结果表明,样品材料内部结构缺陷多、无序性强、材料微粒大小比较均匀,并具有较好的分散性,结合水含量较多。将复合掺杂Fe(Ⅲ)5%和Al(Ⅲ)8%的样品材料制备镍正极并组装成MH/Ni模拟电池,在以80 mA·g-1恒流充电5.5 h,40 mA·g-1恒流放电,终止电压1.0 V的充放电制度下,进行充放电性能、比容量及其循环性能等电化学性能的测试,放电平台平稳,工作电压高达1.30 V,放电比容量达到357.6 mAh·g-1,且在电极过程中材料的稳定性增强、电化学阻抗较小,循环可逆性较好。     

蓄电池技术的现状和发展趋势

介绍了铅蓄、Cd／Ni、MH／Ni、锂离子四种蓄电池的原理、特征和发展现状,分析几种电池在新世纪的发展趋势。     

基于径向基函数网络的MH/Ni电池建模及容量预测

引　言近年来 ,随着汽车的迅速发展和大量普及 ,它所造成的尾气污染问题也日益突出 .电动车的发展可以有效地解决燃油汽车的污染排放问题 .MH/Ni电池是一种无污染的“绿色能源” ,它具有高比能量、高比功率、长寿命及安全性好等特点 ,是电动车用动力型电池的首选 .在动力型电池     

密封双极性MH/Ni电池结构改进与研制

Nickel metal hydride batteries in bipolar design offer significant advantages as a power storage system for electric vehicles. This study deals with some aspects in structure design and development of bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries. An improvement on conventional bipolar structure was made, and some novel sealed bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries with 6 cells were assembled and studied. Testing results showed that the improved structure effectively protected the worst single cell of bipolar battery, and led to a better pressure and cycle performances of novel batteries compared with conventional ones. In addition, the improved bipolar batteries showed excellent discharge and recharge ability, and low resistance in electrochemical tests. As simulating hybrid electric vehicle working conditions, the batteries displayed good stability during pulse cycles, which indicated the possibility of being used on electric vehicles.     

Novel bipolar electrodes for battery applications

A novel bipolar graphite felt electrode for use in redox flow batteries and other electrochemical systems is described. The new electrode features a unique approach in the design of bipolar electrodes, employing carbon black free, nonconductive polymer materials as substrates. This innovation allows a dramatic reduction of processing time and cost compared to conventional carbon polymer composite electrodes used in bipolar battery systems. The conductivity of the new electrode assembly is similar to that of conventional bipolar electrodes, however, it shows significant improvements in mechanical properties. The functionality of these novel electrodes has been evaluated in the vanadium redox battery application and the results show comparable performance with conventional composite materials. An important operational advantage, however, is that side reactions leading to the deterioration of conductive filler in the electrode substrate material (i.e., electrode delamination due to CO₂-evolution) during cell overcharging are eliminated, making these electrodes more durable than the conventional designs. To date, these bipolar electrodes have been applied in vanadium redox cells but their design and properties promise further applications in a range of other redox flow batteries and bipolar electrochemical cell systems.     

Multifunctional hybrid polymer nanocomposites for automotive-battery packaging

Global sales of new electric vehicles (EV) already passed a million units last year. Lithium-ion battery packs are composed of cells and assembly of modules. Nevertheless, the development of light-weighted with high oxygen and moisture barrierability remains one of the untouched issues in battery technology. This study aimed to fabricate multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites for barrier films for Li-ion battery packs on electric vehicles applications. The synthesized carbon supported MgO nanoparticles (hereafter referred to as CSMO) were dispersed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer to satisfy several requirements for EV battery packs. The loading amount of MgO was achieved up to 22 wt % of carbon, and the size distribution was in the range of 50 to 100 nm. The hybrid nanocomposites were characterized by water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR), various spectroscopic methods, thermo-gravimetric analysis and elemental analysis. Mechanical properties were also tested. The extremely low WVTR value of CSMO/HDPE composites below 0.5 mgm⁻² day⁻¹ is the lowest value among any other gas barrier films reported in the literature. Suitable mechanical properties were also achieved. The newly proposed multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites would be very promising for barrier films on automotive packaging applications.     

Hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage for an electric forklift: a life-cycle cost assessment

Supercapacitors, more properly named electrochemical capacitors (EC), have a great potential in constituting the premium power reserve in a variety of energy- and power-intensive applications in transport and in electricity grids. EC may be used in conjunction with electrochemical storage systems, such as the batteries of various chemistries (lead-acid, sodium-nickel chloride or sodium-sulphur, nickel-metal hydride and even lithium-based systems), in a hybrid configuration where the functions of energy and power can be conveniently separated between the two storage devices and then optimized. Recently, an electric forklift has been commercialized with such a hybrid storage system, without any demonstrated specification of the advantages achievable with this configuration. In this article, the effective technical and economical benefits of this EC integration are theoretically and experimentally evaluated, by means of a conventional electric forklift. The reference vehicle drivetrain is modified by combining a conventional traction lead-acid battery, already used in the vehicle, and a commercial EC. The performances of the modified electric forklift are simulated with already developed vehicle and components models and validated with experimental data. Simulations and electrical tests confirm the functional relationship, expressed in exponential form, between battery lifetime and peak current and demonstrate the technical and economical potentialities of the use of these hybrid configurations, such as the increased efficiency and the prolonged battery life (more than doubling the life of the battery without EC), due to the reduced battery operating stress, and an economical saving (about 30 %), able to compensate initial extra-costs for vehicle modification and battery replacement.     

Fabrication of bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries with nanometer copper oxide as anodic additive

The bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries were fabricated with a novel anodic additive of nanometer copper oxide. Cycle voltammetry indicated that the nanometer copper oxide in the anode electrode was reduced to copper in the first charge, and SEM and EDS proved the sphere copper particles deposited on the alloy surface and stably existed in the next cycles. EIS results revealed the lower contact resistance and charge transfer resistance of the nanomaterial added anode electrode. Moreover, the bipolar battery with the nanometer additive displayed excellent electric performance and increased specific energy and power in electrochemical tests, which made it better meet the requirement of power sources for electric and hybrid vehicles. The present work has provided a novel additive of the anode electrode to effectively improve the performance of the bipolar Ni/MH batteries.     

考虑周期划分特性和储能电池生命周期费用的混合供电系统优化

在风/柴/储混合供电系统中,风力发电的不确定性和用户负载的波动性对混合供电系统及其储能电池系统的优化设计和运行具有重要影响。针对混合供电系统,采用k-均值周期划分法考虑风力发电和用户负载的波动性,建立了混合供电系统及其储能电池系统的优化模型。在优化模型中将储能电池生命周期费用作为惩罚函数,将循环次数作为约束,以标准化能源费用为目标对混合供电系统进行优化,分析了风力发电不确定性对混合供电系统优化设计的影响。以能量需求为793 kW·h·d^-1的风/柴/储混合供电系统为例,研究了混合供电系统优化设计方法。研究表明,考虑风力发电和用户负载的周期划分后,储能电池系统循环次数显著降低,有利于储能电池使用寿命的延长。按风速特性划分周期时,储能电池系统的年循环次数最少,混合供电系统的标准化能源费用最低。当储能电池在其生命周期内的最大循环次数由2000次提升到10000次时,混合供电系统的标准化能源费用降低幅度可达8.3%~16.6%。     

Comparative study of lead-acid batteries for photovoltaic stand-alone lighting systems

The lead-acid battery is often the weakest link in photovoltaic (PV) installations. Accordingly, various versions of lead-acid batteries, namely flooded, gelled, absorbent glass-mat and hybrid, have been assembled and performance tested for a PV stand-alone lighting system. The study suggests the hybrid VRLA batteries, which exhibit both the high power density of absorbent glass-mat design and the improved thermal properties of the gel design, to be appropriate for such an application. Among the VRLA-type batteries studied here water loss for the hybrid VRLA batteries is minimal and charge-acceptance during the service at high temperatures is better in relation to their AGM counterparts.     

液流电池流场结构设计与优化研究进展

液流电池结构设计与优化研究是改善电池内部电解液流动性能、提高电堆功率密度和可靠性的重要途径之一。在石墨板上设计并行、交指和蛇形等流道是液流电池使用的传统流道结构,其缺点为流道种类单一、石墨板成本高及机械性能差。为了克服上述缺点,波纹状并行、分离式蛇形、螺旋形等新型流道,在电极上构建流道、引入独立的流道部件、环形与梯形等异形结构等先后被提出。本文从双极板、电极上的结构设计和异形结构设计与优化三方面系统综述了近年来液流电池结构设计与优化研究进展,阐释流场结构等对电池性能的影响机制及其与电池运行、装配间的适配规律,并提出进一步改善电池性能并适合普及应用的流场结构形式。     

Study on a Novel Polymer-based Secondary Battery System

This study is intended to develop a polyindole-based polymer battery system which has a high electromotive force together with a high cycle property and is capable of fast charging and discharging. The battery includes poly(5-nitroindole) as the anode active material and polyaniline as the cathode active material. Sulfuric acid (40%) was used as the electrolytic solution with about 1.3-V electromotive force. The battery achieves about 79–65 mA h/g at charge and discharge current densities of 10–10³ A/m². As the theoretical capacity of poly(5-nitroindole) is 84 mA h/g, its capacity occurrence rate is 94% at a charge and discharge current density of 10 A/m² with a very high reaction rate. In addition, the discharge capacity at a charge and discharge current density of 10³ A/m² maintains 82% of the capacity relative to that at 10 A/m². This indicates that this battery has excellent fast charge and discharge properties. The cycle life of the battery, which is measured at a current density of 10³ A/m² with a discharge depth of 60% at 25°C, is about 32,000. This shows the battery system has an excellent cycle property. Moreover, the discarded battery will do little harm to the environment because it is free of heavy metals. In summary, this polyindole-based polymer battery system would be promising in future applications such as a hybrid electric vehicle with the development of the battery system.     

PLC在搅拌机械中的应用

结合对电池机械电气系统的改造,阐述PLC的应用和整个电气控制系统的设计过程。