Experimental and theoretical characterization of the engineering behavior of bitumen mixed with mineral filler

The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and the bending beam rheometer (BBR) were used to characterize the rheological properties of bitumen mixed with mineral filler that is smaller than 75 μm in size. The study focuses on using a rheology-based model to assess the effect of two distinctly different fillers, quartz and calcite, on the engineering behavior of the bitumen-mineral filler mastic. Four conventionally different bitumens were selected to assess the filler effect. By mathematically modeling the rheological response, predicting the rheological behavior of mastics becomes simpler and more efficient in approach. The rheological properties of bitumen-mineral filler mastics are characterized using the time–temperature superposition principle after data obtained from DSR and BBR are converted to the same unit. The stiffening effects of the filler are relatively small at short loading times or low temperatures, but are larger at higher temperatures or long loading times. This stiffening effect is found to be bitumen dependent as well as filler dependent. The validity of a micromechanical model is confirmed in this study. The Nielsen model was selected since it employs rheological parameters that could explain the filler effect. The micromechanical model shows good agreement with testing data at the filler volume fraction up to 22%.     

Particle size dependent Ag precipitation at different temperature and the resultant oxidation behavior of Cu-5Ag powders

Ag precipitation and the resultant oxidation behavior of Cu-5wt.%Ag powder of various particle sizes were investigated. During low-temperature aging (250 ℃), Ag precipitation along grain boundaries (GBs) in particle surface is closely dependent on particle size. The depth of Ag precipitation-free area (Ag-PFA) are 0 μm, 1.17 μm and 2.78 μm for S, M and L samples, respectively. While for high-temperature aging (550 ℃), the Ag precipitation was independent on particle size. This is ascribed to that Ag diffusion in particles at low temperature is dominated by both surface diffusion and GB diffusion, while at the higher temperature, the volume diffusion also becomes dominant. The formation of a continuous 3D-Ag network along GBs in particle surface can significantly improve the oxidation resistance of powders.     

Reduction behavior of hematite ore with different particle sizes in suspension roaster

High-purity hematite was divided into five size fractions, and the reduction behavior of these fractions was investigated to explore the problem of the asynchronous reaction of heterogeneous and complex refractory iron ore. The quantitative relationship between the conversion rate, roasting time, and ore particle size of different temperature systems was determined using the MATLAB software. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were conducted on roasted samples, and reducing the ore size was found to promote the transformation of the hematite phase into magnetite during the magnetization roasting process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area analysis demonstrated that the new magnetite had a loose porous structure, which provides a channel for CO gas to contact with the new hematite surface. The increase in the ore particle size increased the CO diffusion resistance, resulting in an asynchronous reaction.     

The influences of the microstructure morphology of A356 alloy on its rheological behavior in the semi-solid state

In this paper, the rheological behavior of semi-solid A356 alloy with different solid morphology was studied with an improved static shear test method. The results indicated that the rheological behavior of the alloy was significantly influenced by the structural morphology of the alloy. The alloy had quite different rheological properties even though the same fraction of solid existed in the semi-solid state. The rheological behavior of the alloy fitted a five-element model (H₁–[N₁|H₂]–[N₂|S]) for the as-cast microstructure with developed primary (α–Al dendrites, whereas it fitted a six-element model ([H₁|S₁]–[N₁|H₂]–[N₂|S]) for degenerated dendritic or spheroidal primary α–Al, which had been obtained by electromagnetic stirring and spray deposition, respectively. Computation results showed that the deforming capability and shear rate of the semi-solid alloy increased remarkably with the change of primary α–Al from developed dendrites to degenerated dendrites, and then to spheroidal structures. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the rheological properties of the semi-solid alloy with spheroidal or degenerated dendritic primary α–Al was much less than that with developed primary α–Al dendrites.     

An investigation on the breakage behavior of olivine sand particles: An attainable region technique

This study investigates the breakage behavior of olivine sand particles to identify optimal operating parameters to get products in three different define particle size classes. This was achieved by a Los Angeles abrasion test with different numbers of steel balls (up to 12), weights of steel balls (up to 0.441 kg), and different grinding durations (up to 200 mins). The data obtained were then analyzed using a model-free and equipment-independent attainable region (AR) technique. The findings revealed that the required product fineness is a function of the grinding time, numbers and weight of steel balls, and feed material size. Using 9 steel balls of 0.441 kg, a higher mass fraction of materials in the fine-sized class (?75 μm) was obtained after grinding for 200 mins. The AR technique proved to be a practical approach to optimize olivine particle size during breakage, with a potential application in sustainable soil stabilization projects.     

The role of conductive fillers on the rheological behavior and electrical conductivity of multi-functional shear thickening fluids (M-STFs)

Multi-functional shear thickening fluids (M-STFs) with both shear thickening behavior and electrical conductivity have a great potential for usage in a variety of applications ranging from intelligent anti-impact and vibration damping structures to effective electric mechanical platforms. However, the influences of conductive fillers on the rheological behavior and electrical conductivity of M-STFs remained unclear. In this study, the role of conductive fillers including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and mixtures of MWCNT/CNF was investigated through the response surface methodology (RSM) in the temperature range of 0 °C to 60 °C. The individual and combined effects of filler content, temperature, and type of fillers on the electrical resistance and rheological behavior of M-STFs were studied. The results revealed the significant role of conductive fillers on the rheological properties and electrical conductivity of M-STFs. It is found that the initial viscosity of M-STF increases with increasing the filler content. Moreover, the M-STFs containing CNF exhibits higher electrical conductivity and lower percolation threshold (0.4 wt%). The results of this work provide new insights for the development of novel STF-based systems with multi-functional properties.     

Theoretical calculation of uncertainty region for spherical particles based on a picket fence,quasi-monodisperse particles

In order to confirm the reliability of particle size measurement technique and to prepare standard reference particles for calibrating particle size measurement devices, experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted about the uncertainty region of particle size measurement for the picket fence and quasi mono-disperse particles. The vertical and horizontal uncertainty regions based on Tschebyscheff theory are calculated to the picket fence distribution composed of two kinds of nearly mono-disperse particles. The uncertainty region increases around the intermediate particle diameters between the two kinds of particles.Because the original particle size distribution is nearly mono-disperse, the uncertainty regions around the minimum and maximum particle diameter are small compared to the intermediate particle diameters between the two kinds of particles.The uncertainty region in vertical and horizontal direction changes to decrease with the increase of sample size. For the picket fence distribution composed of two kinds of nearly mono-disperse particles, the sample size about more than 10,000 is necessary to obtain the reliable results in particle size counting process.     

Shear controllable synthesis of barium sulfate particles using lobed inner cylinder Taylor-Couette flow reactor

A novel lobed inner cylinder assembled in Taylor-Couette flow reactor (LTC) has been adopted to synthesize barium sulfate particles. The fluid dynamics that affects synthesis of particles using both the LTC and the classical Taylor-Couette flow reactor (CTC) was investigated through CFD modelling and experiments. The results have demonstrated that the Taylor vortices and turbulence induced shear rate distribution in the reactors have a significant influence on the final particle size distribution. The narrower shear rate distribution in the LTC is beneficial to the synthesis of particles with smaller size. The local turbulence intensification in the intra-Taylor vortices in the LTC effectively reduces the low shear strain regions. A strong correlation between the synthesized particle size and the local turbulent dissipation rate is existing. Shear induced by small turbulent eddies can inhibit particle growth. The LTC can be used for effectively shear controllable synthesis of particles.     

Structural,electrical, and rheological properties of palladium/silver bimetallic nanoparticles prepared by conventional and ultrasonic-assisted reduction methods

Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilized Pd/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with average particle sizes of 9 and 6 nm were synthesized by simultaneous reduction in the presence and absence of ultrasound waves, respectively. The prepared NPs were characterized by six methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution-TEM (HRTEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The rheological properties of Pd/Ag NPs in ethylene glycol as a base fluid with various mass fractions of NPs from 2% to 5% at different temperatures were studied experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results showed that viscosity of Pd/Ag NPs in ethylene glycol increases with increasing particle mass fraction and decreases with increasing temperature. A maximum of 31.58% increase in viscosity of ethylene glycol at 20 °C was observed when 5% Pd/Ag NPs was added. Measurement of the electrical conductivity of nanofluids of Pd/Ag bimetallic NPs in distilled water at different mass fractions and temperatures was performed. A 3841% increase in electrical conductivity of distilled water at 25 °C was observed when 1% Pd/Ag NPs was added. Both the rheological and electrical properties of Pd/Ag bimetallic NPs were measured in ethylene glycol and distilled water, respectively for the first time.     

The application of machine learning models based on particles characteristics during coal slime flotation

In this study, four different machine learning (ML) models were used to simulate the migration behavior of minerals during coal slime flotation based on particle characteristics (shape, size, compositions, and types): random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), AdaBoosting (Ada), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). For ML model development, 70% of the total data was used for the training phase, and 30% was used for the testing phase. F-score and area under the curve (AUC) were used as the most vital indicators for evaluating the different ML models. Compared to the other ML models, the RF model had the best accuracy for simulating particle migration behavior during flotation. Furthermore, the RF model avoided the drawback of having to be retrained when the feed conditions changed. The results revealed that particle size and particle composition play the most significant role in coal slime flotation.     

A regression study on the solid particle erosion of copper and copper alloys by angular and spherical particles at normal incidence

A regression analysis is presented on the solid particle erosion results of copper and copper alloys impacted by angular and spherical silica particles at normal incidence. Particle shape, particle size, and zinc content of materials were selected as factors. Also, three levels were assigned to each factor. Experiments were performed under 50 mTorr vacuum utilizing an electrostatic accelerator erosion tester. A total of 10 g particles were sent to each substrate material in 10 increments. At the end of the experiments, the extent of erosion was calculated by dividing weight loss to the amount of particles sent. A regression analysis was conducted on the erosion data to see the individual and interaction effects of factors chosen.

Results indicate that quadratic components of zinc content, particle shape, and particle size and linear interaction between particle size and zinc content were effective in defining erosion in this study.     

羧甲基纤维素对铜版纸涂料流变行为的影响

通过在铜版纸面涂涂料中增加羧甲基纤维素用量来改善涂料流变性和保水性,对涂料的稳态剪切流变行为进行了研究。结果表明,随着剪切速率的增加,涂料表现出剪切稀化,呈现假塑性流体特性;另外,在同一剪切速率下,增加羧甲基纤维素加入量,涂料的表观粘度变大。采用两参数的Bingham,三参数的Herschel-Bulkley及四参数的Carreau方程对涂料的流变曲线进行了数学拟合。结果表明,Carreau方程能够准确地描述涂料的流变曲线,Herschel-Bulkley方程次之,而Bingham方程拟合效果较差。根据Carreau方程拟合结果,羧甲基纤维素加入量为0.5%,0.8%和1.0%时,涂料的零剪切粘度分别为100.8,155.7,161.8 Pa·s,极限粘度相应为0.03170,0.03934和0.05764 Pa·s,这说明羧甲基纤维素对铜版纸涂料具有明显的增稠作用。另外,涂料流动特性指数均小于1.0,呈现明显的假塑性流体特性,这与剪切稀化的实验流变结果吻合。     

PPESK/ABS/TK复合材料流变性能的研究

为了研究晶须对PPESK/ABS共混物流变性能的影响,用溶液共沉淀方法制备了不同比例的含二氮杂萘联苯结构的聚醚砜酮(PPESK)/ABS/钛酸钾晶须(TK)复合材料,在290～310℃下,测定了复合材料的流变性能.研究结果表明:在该实验温度下,当PPESK/ABS为70/30,晶须含量由10到40份变化时(每百份树脂中晶须的含量),PPESK/ABS/TK复合材料的熔体属假塑性非牛顿流体,其熔体黏度随温度的升高、剪切速率的增大而下降,随TK含量的增加而增大;TK的加入使PPESK/ABS的熔融加工性变差.     

Influence of bundle coating on the tensile behavior,bonding, cracking and fluid transport of fabric cement-based composites

The goal of this work was to study the mechanical performance and fluid ingress of fabric cement based components made of epoxy coated and non-coated multifilament carbon fabrics. Direct tensile, pullout, and fluid transport tests were performed. Cracking was observed using four test geometries: (i) tensile tests, (ii) pullout tests, (iii) restrained shrinkage tests, and (iv) wedge splitting tests. The results show that coating multifilament carbon yarns improves mechanical behavior and bonding of the composite when compared with non-coated carbon yarn composites. The non-coated carbon systems may be problematic due to poor bonding as well as their potential to permit fluid ingress along the bundle–matrix interface and through the empty spaces between filaments. In addition, it was also found that fabric with coated bundles reduces crack width and develops dense branched network cracks. However, these additional fine cracks were found to increase fluid ingress into the matrix as compared with the plain cement paste.     

Self-organization of colloidal particles during drying of a droplet: Modeling and experimental study

Formation of structurized micro/nanoparticle aggregates in spray drying process is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Colloids of mono- and bimodal particle size distribution are used as the precursors to demonstrate different patterns of particle self-organization inside the drying droplet. In case of monodisperse primary particles their self-organization in the final aggregate results in either a hollow or a full (packed) spherical structure. For primary particles with bimodal size distribution, either the layered structure of aggregates is formed (with smaller particles forming outer layer and the bigger particles captured inside) or the ordering of bigger particles on the aggregate surface is observed, depending on process parameters. Numerical investigations allow to predict and explain the conditions at which self-assembling of particles within powder aggregates takes place.     

不同TiB2颗粒粒径的TiB2/Cu复合材料耐电弧侵蚀行为

采用放电等离子烧结法（SPS）制备了不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料,研究了3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料致密度、导电率、硬度和耐电弧侵蚀性能随TiB₂颗粒粒径的变化规律,重点分析了不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料耐电弧侵蚀行为。结果表明:3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料致密度和硬度随TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大而略有降低;TiB₂颗粒粒径越小,TiB₂/Cu复合材料的综合性能越好。随着TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料耐蚀稳定性降低,3wt% TiB₂/Cu阴极材料的损耗量明显增加;当TiB₂颗粒粒径为10 μm时,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能最佳。电弧蚀形貌观察表明:不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料经电弧侵蚀后,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料均由阴极向阳极发生转移;随着TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大,阴极质量损耗逐渐增加,触头表面电弧侵蚀面积增加;而在Cu基体中引入较小的TiB₂颗粒,有利于减弱电接触实验过程中TiB₂/Cu复合材料的喷溅现象。      

Influence of clays on the shrinkage and cracking tendency of SCC

The influence of different types of clay on the shrinkage and cracking tendency of fly ash modified self-consolidating concrete (SCCF) for the application of slipform paving were investigated in this study. The mortar phase of each mix was tested for autogenous shrinkage, total free shrinkage under drying and restrained shrinkage cracking. The mechanical properties (flexural strength, compressive strength, and modulus) were studied to supplement the results of the shrinkage and cracking tests. The plain SCCF mix was compared against the clay-modified SCCF mixes, as well as conventional SCC and slipform concrete (SFC) mixes. The results showed that the very early-age autogenous shrinkage of SCCF mortar was increased by the addition of clays due to adsorption effects. The effects of the clays on total shrinkage under long-term drying were found to depend mainly on the pozzolanic reactivity, but these effects were very slight at low dosages of about 1% by mass of binder. The early-age cracking tendency was aggravated by the clays composed of purified magnesium alumino silicate and metakaolin, but little influenced by the clay composed of kaolinite, illite and silica. Overall, the SCC mixture modified with both fly ash and a small amount of clay showed comparable shrinkage and early-age cracking performances as conventional SFC.     

DIC显微术及在大气颗粒物观察中应用的研究

微分干涉相衬(DIC)显微术使用诺马斯基棱镜完成光束的分割、合成,合成光束发生干涉,将样品上各部分折射率、厚度的变化率或表面起伏的不同转化为像面上光强的差别,故像面是物面的微分。DIC与无限远光学系统的结合,减小了棱镜、检偏器的插入引起的负面影响。将该DIC应用于PM2.5大气颗粒物的研究,得到了优于其它显微术的图像。     

The influence of wood flour particle size and content on the rheological,physical, mechanical and morphological properties of EVA/wood cellular composites

Cellular composites reinforced with vegetal fibers are an emerging class of materials combining good mechanical properties with reduced density and superior impact energy absorption, as well as thermal and acoustic isolation compared to other composites. This research aims to investigate the effects of different particle sizes and contents of wood flour (WF) on the properties of cellular poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA)/WF composites. The cellular composites were foamed in a heat press using azodicarbonamide as blowing agent. The results indicate that decreasing the particle size of WF increases the viscosity of the composite, which restricts the expandability of the composite. The presence of WF in the cellular composite increases the nucleation of cells, providing a larger number of smaller cells with increased filler content. Optimal homogeneity was observed with WF B (100–150 mesh), but the highest mechanical properties of tear strength were observed with WF C (150–270 mesh).