多层渐进黑白拓扑优化设计方法

提出一种多层渐进黑白(0-1)拓扑优化设计方法。采用SIMP方法松弛设计变量,利用灵敏度过滤消除棋盘格。将拓扑图中无效的中间单元看成多余材料,在此基础上,采用体积比多层延拓方案,逐步逼近优化问题的目标体积比,同时,利用基于相对密度的单元渐进筛选方法,分层地去除设计域中的无效材料,保留其中的最有效材料,并逐层缩小拓扑优化模型的可利用材料域。通过这种方式,使0-1拓扑设计转化为具有连续设计变量的多层渐进拓扑优化过程,从而最终得到满足目标体积比的黑白拓扑。最后,以柔性最小化及柔顺机构拓扑设计问题为例,进行了算法验证,结果表明该算法能够实现较好的0-1收敛效果。     

基于对比度增强抑制灰度的改进优化准则法

为了抑制变密度法拓扑优化结果中的灰度单元,基于对比度增强策略,提出了两种形式的对比度增强算子,引入到优化准则法迭代计算中,对优化准则法进行了改进。对比度增强算子能够拉大单元灰度差别,驱动中间密度向两极进行分化,最终使优化收敛于0/1材料分布状态。采用典型数值算例对该方法进行了验证,计算结果表明,该方法能够得到拓扑结构清晰的优化结果。     

桥式起重机箱型主梁周期性拓扑优化设计

桥式起重机主梁长度方向尺寸远大于高度和宽度方向,常规的拓扑优化方法无法获得清晰的、周期性的拓扑形式或求解困难。为了实现桥式起重机主梁的拓扑优化,得到具有周期性的、易于加工的结构拓扑形式。把主梁优化域划分成若干个子域,构建子域与优化域之间的关系。建立以优化域内单元相对密度为设计变量、以体积约束下最小柔度为目标函数的主梁周期性拓扑优化数学模型。在主梁强度和静态刚度准则下开展主梁周期性拓扑优化应用研究。结果表明,在优化过程中,各子域内同时出现孔洞,且具有周期性。直到周期性拓扑优化结束,获得具有类似“桁架式”结构的拓扑形式。子域数目取值不同时,均可获得周期性的拓扑形式,且具有良好的一致性和工艺性。为桥式起重机结构轻量化研究提出一种可行的方法。     

A study on ranked bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (R-BESO) method for fully stressed structure design based on displacement sensitivity

Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) method is well known as one of several topology optimization methods and has been applied to a lot of optimization problems. While ESO method evolves the given model into an optimum by subtracting several elements, in AESO method elements are added in a previous step of the evolutionary procedure. And in BESO (Bidirectional ESO) method, some elements are either generated or eliminated from a previous model of evolutionary procedure. In this paper, Ranked Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (R-BESO) method is introduced as one of the topology optimization methods using an evolutionary algorithm and is applied to several optimization problems. The method can get optimum topologies of the structures throughout fewer iterations comparing with previous several methods based on ESO. R-BESO method is similar to BESO method except that elements are generated near a candidate element according to the rank calculated by sensitivity analyses. The displacement sensitivity analysis was adopted by the nodal displacements of a candidate element in order to determine a rank on the free edges for two dimensional model or the free surfaces for three dimensional model. In this paper, R-BESO method is proposed as another useful design tool like the previous ESO and BESO method for the two bar frame problem, the Michell type structure problem and the three dimension short cantilever beam problem, which had been used to verify reasonability of ESO method family. For the three dimensions short cantilever beam problem an optimized topology could be obtained with much fewer iterations with respect to the results of other ESO methods.     

Solving topology optimization problems by the Guide-Weight method

Finding a good solution method for topology optimization problems is always paid attention to by the research field because they are subject to the large number of the design variables and to the complexity that occurs because the objective and constraint functions are usually implicit with respect to design variables. Guide-Weight method, proposed first by Chen in 1980s, was effectively and successfully used in antenna structures’ optimization. This paper makes some improvement to it so that it possesses the characteristics of both the optimality criteria methods and the mathematical programming methods. When the Guide-Weight method is applied into topology optimization, it works very well with unified and simple form, wide availability and fast convergence. The algorithm of the Guide-Weight method and the improvement on it are described; two formulations of topology optimization solved by the Guide-Weight method combining with SIMP method are presented; subsequently, three numerical examples are provided, and comparison of the Guide-Weight method with other methods is made.     

Design of Lattice Structures Using Local Relative Density Mapping Method

In order to solve the problem of substantial computational resources of lattice structure during optimization, a local relative density mapping (LRDM) method is proposed. The proposed method uses solid isotropic microstructures with penalization to optimize a model at the macroscopic scale. The local relative density information is obtained from the topology optimization result. The contour lines of an optimized model are extracted using a density contour approach, and the triangular mesh is generated using a mesh generator. A local mapping relationship between the elements’ relative density and the struts’ relative cross-sectional area is established to automatically determine the diameter of each individual strut in the lattice structures. The proposed LRDM method can be applied to local finite element meshes and local density elements, but it is also suitable for global ones. In addition, some cases are considered in order to test the effectiveness of the LRDM method. The results show that the solution time of the LRDM is lower than the RDM method by approximately 50%. The proposed method provides instructions for the design of more complex lattice structures.     

结构拓扑优化设计的研究现状及其应用

介绍了结构拓扑设计的发展过程和主要的数学模型;分析了目前存在的拓扑数值稳定性问题和这些问题的常用处理技术;描述了优化准则法、序列线性规划法和移动渐进线法三种常用的优化算法;举例说明了拓扑设计在静态结构、动态特性和柔性机构设计中的应用;根据国内外目前在结构拓扑设计领域的研究现状和笔者的科研经验,总结了拓扑设计今后研究的重点内容和发展方向。     

Topology optimization of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint

This paper focuses on the configuration design of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position. A new method for the topology optimization of flexure hinges is proposed based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint. The hinge optimization model is formulated by maximizing the bending displacement with a spring while optimizing the compliance matrix to a prescribed value. To avoid numerical instability, an artificial spring is used as an auxiliary calculation, and a new strategy is developed for adaptively adjusting the spring stiffness according to the prescribed compliance matrix. The maximum stress of flexure hinge is limited by using a normalized P-norm of the effective von Mises stress, and a position constraint of rotational center is proposed to predetermine the position of the rotational center. In addition, to reduce the error of the stress measurement, a simple but effective filtering method is presented to obtain a complete black-and-white design. Numerical examples are used to verify the proposed method. Topology results show that the obtained flexure hinges have the prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position while also meeting the stress requirements.     

The role of S-Shape mapping functions in the SIMP approach for topology optimization

The SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) approach is perhaps the most popular density variable relaxation method in topology optimization. This method has been very successful in many applications, but the optimization solution convergence can be improved when new variables, not the direct density variables, are used as the design variables. In this work, we newly propose S-shape functions mapping the original density variables nonlinearly to new design variables. The main role of S-shape function is to push intermediate densities to either lower or upper bounds. In particular, this method works well with nonlinear mathematical programming methods. A method of feasible directions is chosen as a nonlinear mathematical programming method in order to show the effects of the S-shape scaling function on the solution convergence.     

Study of key algorithms in topology optimization

The theory of topology optimization based on the solid isotropic material with penalization model (SIMP) method is thoroughly analyzed in this paper. In order to solve complicated topology optimization problems, a hybrid solution algorithm based on the method of moving asymptotes (MMA) approach and the globally convergent version of the method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA) approach is proposed. The numerical instability, which always leads to a non-manufacturing result in topology optimization, is analyzed, along with current methods to control it. To eliminate the numerical instability of topology results, a convolution integral factor method is introduced. Meanwhile, an iteration procedure based on the hybrid solution algorithm and a method to eliminate numerical instability are developed. The proposed algorithms are verified with illustrative examples. The effect and function of the hybrid solution algorithm and the convolution radius in optimization are also discussed.     

基于面光滑有限元的复杂三维结构拓扑优化

为了增强拓扑优化计算对任意复杂模型的适应性,改进基于线性四面体有限元的拓扑优化结果,引入了一种新型高精度的基于面光滑有限元模型(FS-FEM)来进行拓扑优化,通过每次迭代时提供很好的梯度解及位移解,从而达到改善拓扑优化结果的目的。在基于面光滑有限元模型的拓扑优化中,以柔度最小作为目标函数,建立了基于固体各向同性材料惩罚插值(SIMP)的拓扑优化数学模型,该数学模型通过最优准则进行求解。多个不同载荷的拓扑优化数值算例说明,采用基于面光滑有限元进行拓扑优化,结果都能够单调收敛,且采用该方法建立的拓扑优化模型能抑制棋盘格现象。与商业软件OptiStruct的计算比较表明,该方法相比有限元方法能得到更合理的拓扑结构。     

Multiple stiffness topology optimizations of continuum structures

This paper presents a new multi-objective topology optimization algorithm for continuum structures under multiple loading cases. An expert evaluation method of weights based on grey system theory is proposed to calculate the objective weights when the compromise programming approach is employed as a multi-objective optimization scheme converting the multi-objective problem to a single objective problem. A modified updating scheme with a self-adaptive move limit for design variables is also suggested, SIMP is regarded as density-stiffness interpolation scheme and the optimality criteria method is used as the optimizer. Numerical instabilities, such as checkerboards and mesh dependencies, are also discussed. The validities of these methods in this paper are demonstrated by some numerical applications.     

Concurrent optimization of structural topology and infill properties with a CBF-based level set method

In this paper, a parametric level-set-based topology optimization framework is proposed to concurrently optimize the structural topology at the macroscale and the effective infill properties at the micro/meso scale. The concurrent optimization is achieved by a computational framework combining a new parametric level set approach with mathematical programming. Within the proposed framework, both the structural boundary evolution and the effective infill property optimization can be driven by mathematical programming, which is more advantageous compared with the conventional partial differential equation-driven level set approach. Moreover, the proposed approach will be more efficient in handling nonlinear problems with multiple constraints. Instead of using radial basis functions (RBF), in this paper, we propose to construct a new type of cardinal basis functions (CBF) for the level set function parameterization. The proposed CBF parameterization ensures an explicit impose of the lower and upper bounds of the design variables. This overcomes the intrinsic disadvantage of the conventional RBF-based parametric level set method, where the lower and upper bounds of the design variables oftentimes have to be set by trial and error. A variational distance regularization method is utilized in this research to regularize the level set function to be a desired distanceregularized shape. With the distance information embedded in the level set model, the wrapping boundary layer and the interior infill region can be naturally defined. The isotropic infill achieved via the mesoscale topology optimization is conformally fit into the wrapping boundary layer using the shape-preserving conformal mapping method, which leads to a hierarchical physical structure with optimized overall topology and effective infill properties. The proposed method is expected to provide a timely solution to the increasing demand for multiscale and multifunctional structure design.

     

Multi-objective optimum design of fast tool servo based on improved differential evolution algorithm

The flexure-based mechanism is a promising realization of fast tool servo (FTS), and the optimum determination of flexure hinge parameters is one of the most important elements in the FTS design. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization approach to optimizing the dimension and position parameters of the flexure-based mechanism, which is based on the improved differential evolution algorithm embedding chaos and nonlinear simulated anneal algorithm. The results of optimum design show that the proposed algorithm has excellent performance and a well-balanced compromise is made between two conflicting objectives, the stroke and natural frequency of the FTS mechanism. The validation tests based on finite element analysis (FEA) show good agreement with the results obtained by using the proposed theoretical algorithm of this paper. Finally, a series of experimental tests are conducted to validate the design process and assess the performance of the FTS mechanism. The designed FTS reaches up to a stroke of 10.25 μm with at least 2 kHz bandwidth. Both of the FEA and experimental results demonstrate that the parameters of the flexure-based mechanism determined by the proposed approaches can achieve the specified performance and the proposed approach is suitable for the optimum design of FTS mechanism and of excellent performances.     

基于图论的可控装载机构构型设计及其应用

基于图论相关理论对一种新型装载机工作装置进行了全面、系统的构型设计与研究。利用胚图插点法对九杆以内只含单铰转动副的平面闭环两自由度机构进行了构型综合,得到了51种拓扑图;根据可控装载机构拓扑结构要求、功能性要求、约束条件要求以及拓扑结构最简原则对得到的拓扑图进行了拓扑综合,共筛选出了22种满足构型要求的拓扑图;再根据提出的机架存在条件、铲斗存在条件、动臂存在条件对得到的所有拓扑图进行了特定化;最后提出可控装载机构优选原则,对拓扑图特定化方案进行优选和具体化,获得了11种可控装载机构。通过样机研制验证了构型设计的合理性。     

Topological and Shape Optimization of Flexure Hinges for Designing Compliant Mechanisms Using the Level Set Method

A flexure hinge is a major component in designing compliant mechanisms that o ers unique possibilities in a wide range of application fields in which high positioning accuracy is required. Although various flexure hinges with di erent configurations have been successively proposed, they are often designed based on designers' experiences and inspirations. This study presents a systematic method for topological optimization of flexure hinges by using the level set method. Optimization formulations are developed by considering the functional requirements and geometrical constraints of flexure hinges. The functional requirements are first constructed by maximizing the compliance in the desired direction while minimizing the compliances in the other directions. The weighting sum method is used to construct an objective function in which a self-adjust method is used to set the weighting factors. A constraint on the symmetry of the obtained configuration is developed. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The obtained results reveal that the design of a flexure hinge starting from the topology level can yield more choices for compliant mechanism design and obtain better designs that achieve higher performance.     

基于拓扑与形状优化的柴油机机体低振动设计

为实现机体的低振动优化设计,在试验验证有限元模型正确性的基础上,采用拓扑优化和形状优化方法,保证不同层次优化模型的承接性,以机体模态频率和整机振动烈度值作为优化设计目标,采用数值模拟方法对机体进行振动响应分析,为机体的优化设计识别出机体振动状况分布。以四缸柴油机机体的虚拟样机为设计对象,通过拓扑优化与形状优化得到设计变量最优解,并综合考虑相关因素确定全部布局和细节设计的最终优化方案。优化结构分析结果表明,优化后各阶模态频率均得到了提高,同时整机振动烈度值降低了34.8%,优化后的机体在满足结构刚度和强度条件下实现了机体振动烈度处于安全区域。研究表明所提出的拓扑优化和形状优化在设计效率和精度都有所提高,在机体的低振动设计中可行且有效。     

基于拓扑优化的机床立柱筋板改进

在拓扑优化的基础上,提出根据拓扑优化结果改进筋板布局的方法,并结合案例,构造了基于相对密度法的连续体结构动力学拓扑优化设计数学模型,以结构的相对密度为设计变量,分别以柔度最小化、一阶固有频率最大化为目标和两者结合的多目标进行拓扑优化。在采用多目标优化时,对两个目标用加权和方法进行折衷处理,通过设置权值来确定两者在优化中所起作用大小。优化后得出不同的密度云图,根据密度云图所示材料分部,改进筋板布局,达到提高机床动、静态特性的目的。     

Design of Lattice Structures Using Local Relative Density Mapping Method

In order to solve the problem of substantial computational resources of lattice structure during optimization, a local relative density mapping(LRDM) method is proposed. The proposed method uses solid isotropic microstructures with penalization to optimize a model at the macroscopic scale. The local relative density information is obtained from the topology optimization result. The contour lines of an optimized model are extracted using a density contour approach, and the triangular mesh is generated using a mesh generator. A local mapping relationship between the elements' relative density and the struts' relative cross?sectional area is established to automatically determine the diameter of each individual strut in the lattice structures. The proposed LRDM method can be applied to local finite element meshes and local density elements, but it is also suitable for global ones. In addition, some cases are con?sidered in order to test the e ectiveness of the LRDM method. The results show that the solution time of the LRDM is lower than the RDM method by approximately 50%. The proposed method provides instructions for the design of more complex lattice structures.     

Power flow response based dynamic topology optimization of bi-material plate Structures

Work on dynamic topology optimization of engineering structures for vibration suppression has mainly addressed the maximization of eigenfrequencies and gaps between consecutive eigenfrequencies of free vibration, minimization of the dynamic compliance subject to forced vibration, and minimization of the structural frequency response. A dynamic topology optimization method of bi-material plate structures is presented based on power flow analysis. Topology optimization problems formulated directly with the design objective of minimizing the power flow response are dealt with. In comparison to the displacement or velocity response, the power flow response takes not only the amplitude of force and velocity into account, but also the phase relationship of the two vector quantities. The complex expression of power flow response is derived based on time-harmonic external mechanical loading and Rayleigh damping. The mathematical formulation of topology optimization is established based on power flow response and bi-material solid isotropic material with penalization(SIMP) model. Computational optimization procedure is developed by using adjoint design sensitivity analysis and the method of moving asymptotes(MMA). Several numerical examples are presented for bi-material plate structures with different loading frequencies, which verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this method. Additionally, optimum results between topological design of minimum power flow response and minimum dynamic compliance are compared, showing that the present method has strong adaptability for structural dynamic topology optimization problems. The proposed research provides a more accurate and effective approach for dynamic topology optimization of vibrating structures.