Experimental investigation on the effect of charge temperature on ethanol fueled HCCI combustion engine

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study by varying the charge temperature on the ethanol fueled Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine. Ethanol was injected into the intake manifold by using port fuel injection technique while the intake air was heated for achieving stable HCCI operation. The effect of intake air temperature on the combustion, performance, and emissions of the ethanol HCCI operation was compared with the standard diesel operation and presented. The results indicate that the intake air temperature has a significant impact on in-cylinder pressure, ringing intensity, combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency and emissions. At 170°C, the maximum value of combustion efficiency and brake thermal efficiency of ethanol are found to be 98.2% and 43%, respectively. The NO emission is found to be below 11 ppm while the smoke emission is negligible. However, the UHC and CO emissions are higher for the HCCI operation.

     

EFFECTS OF COOLED EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON DIESEL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The effects of cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) are studied. Homogeneous mixture is formed by injecting fuel in-cylinder in the negative valve overlap (NVO) period. So, the HCCI combustion which has low NOx and smoke emission is achieved. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel (diesel) HCCI, because these fuels can easily self-ignition, which makes the start of combustion more early. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load which means that the EGR can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rate and various load compared with conventional diesel engine because there is no fuel-rich area in cylinder..     

An experimental investigation of the engine operating limit and combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine

In this paper, the radical induced (RI) ignition method was applied into a compressed natural gas (CNG) engine to achieve rapid bulk combustion. The experimental RI-CNG engine was modified from a diesel engine. The combustion chamber of the modified diesel engine was divided into a sub-chamber and a main-chamber. The sub-chamber is physically separated from the main-chamber above the piston and is connected to the main-chamber via several passage holes. CNG is injected into the sub-chamber during the intake stroke and then ignited before the top dead center (TDC) by a spark plug. As the ignition occurs in the sub-chamber, the pressure rises, forcing the gases which contain a number of active radicals out into the main-chamber to ignite the unburned mixture. The purpose of this paper is to study the engine operating limit and the combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine. The engine operating limit was accessed with different engine speeds and injection timings. The obtained data including the coefficient of variation (COV), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), mass fraction burned and emissions were analyzed.     

An investigation of the effect of changes in engine operating conditions on ignition in an hcci engine

The dependence of the ignition timing in an HCCI engine on intake temperature and pressure, equivalence ratio, and fuel species is investigated with a zero-dimensional model combined with a detailed chemical kinetics. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by comparing measured and computed results in a propane-fueled HCCI engine. It is shown that the peak pressure values are reproduced within 10% and ignition timing within 5° CA. The heat loss through the walls is found to affect significantly on the ignition timing for different inlet conditions. It is also shown that for the propane-fueled engine, the tolerance in intake temperatures is 20–25K and the tolerance in intake pressure is about 1 bar for stable operation without misfire or too early ignition. Comparison of propane and heptane fuels indicates that the tendency to misfire when heptane is employed as the fuel is less than that when propane is employed with the same wall temperature conditions. However, the heptane-fueled engine may have a Lower compression ratio to avoid too early ignition and hence lower efficiency. For the selected set of engine parameters, stable operations might be achieved for the heptane-fueled engine with twice as much tolerance in intake temperatures as for the propane-fueled engine.     

MECHANISM ON DISTRIBUTION OF PILOT FUEL SPRAY AND COMPRESSING IGNITION IN PREMIXED NATURAL GAS ENGINE IGNITED BY PILOT DIESEL

Numerical simulations of pilot fuel spray and compressing ignition for pre-mixed natural gas ignited by pilot diesel are described. By means of these modeling, the dual fuel and diesel fuel ignition mechanism of some phenomena investigated on an optional engine by technology of high-speed CCD is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the longer delay of ignition in dual fuel engine is not mainly caused by change of the mixture thermodynamics parameters. The analysis results illustrate that the ignition of pre-mixed natural gas ignited by pilot diesel taking place in dual fuel engine is a process of homogenous charge compression ignition.     

高压直喷天然气发动机技术简介

缸内高压直喷(HPDI)天然气发动机是一款缸内喷入少量柴油、引燃直喷入缸内的天然气的1A型双燃料发动机。HPDI发动机可以保持同排量柴油机原有的性能;与传统点燃式天然气发动机相比,主要优势表现为动力强劲,燃气消耗低,可靠性高,排温低,响应快;与进气道喷射双燃料发动机相比,替代率高,经济优势明显,市场前景光明。     

A study on the characteristics of spray and combustion in a HCCI engine according to various injection angles and timings

Premixed diesel engines have the potential to achieve a more homogeneous, leaner mixture near TDC compared to conventional diesel engines. Early studies have shown that the fuel injection timing and injection angle affect the mixture formation in a HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine. Therefore in this study, we investigated the relationship between combustion and mixture formations accordance with injection conditions in a common rail direct injection type HCCI engine using an early injection strategy. From this results, we found that the fuel injection timing and injection angle affect the mixture formation and in turn affect combustion in the HCCI engine. In addition, this study revealed that the injection angle of 100° is effective to reduce smoke emission without any sacrificing power in the early injection case.     

中冷器对非道路柴油机性能影响的对比研究

随着非道路移动工程机械发动机机功率的不断增加,为满足柴油机的动力性和经济性指标,对增压空的气冷却提出了越来越高的设计要求。本文通过场地试验的方法对比研究了水冷中冷器与空冷中冷器对某款装载机柴油机工作特性的影响。试验结果表明,水冷中冷器相比于传统的风冷中冷器能更有效的降低柴油发动机的进气温度:水冷中冷器在铲装作业和高速跑工况下增压空气平均出温分别比空冷中冷器低27.6%和10.5%,柴油机扭矩提升为1.6%和6.3%,并且油耗降低了4.0%和2.5%。相对进气压力对柴油机经济性指标有一定影响,适当增加进气压力可以减少油耗。     

Numerical modeling of combustion processes and pollutant formations in direct-injection diesel engines

The Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) concept has been applied to numerically simulate the combustion processes and pollutant formation in the direct injection diesel engine. Due to the ability for interactively describing the transient behaviors of local flame structures with CFD solver, the RIF concept has the capabilities to predict the auto-ignition and subsequent flame propagation in the diesel engine combustion chamber as well as to effectively account for the detailed mechanisms of soot formation, NO_X formation including thermal NO path, prompt and nitrous NO_X formation, and reburning process. Special emphasis is given to the turbulent combustion model which properly accounts for vaporization effects on the mixture fraction fluctuations and the pdf model. The results of numerical modeling using the RIF concept are compared with experimental data and with numerical results of the commonly applied procedure which the low-temperature and high-temperature oxidation processes are represented by the Shell ignition model and the eddy dissipation model, respectively. Numerical results indicate that the RIF approach including the vaporization effect on turbulent spray combustion process successfully predicts the ignition delay time and location as well as the pollutant formation.     

Analysis of compression-induced auto-ignition combustion characteristics of HCCI and ATAC using the same engine

Controlled Auto-ignition (CAI) combustion processes can be broadly divided between a CAI process that is applied to four-cycle engines and a CAI process that is applied to two-cycle engines. The former process is generally referred to as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion and the later process as Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion (ATAC). The region of stable engine operation differs greatly between these two processes, and it is thought that the elucidation of their differences and similarities could provide useful information for expanding the operation region of HCCI combustion. In this research, the same two-cycle engine was operated under both the ATAC and HCCI combustion processes to compare their respective combustion characteristics. The results indicated that the ignition timing was less likely to change in the ATAC process in relation to changes in the fuel octane number than it was in the HCCI combustion process.     

某海洋平台废气涡轮增压中冷柴油机提高性能探究

废气涡轮增压中冷柴油机广泛应用于海上油气开发,在柴油机运行过程中,增压后空气温度下降可以提高进气空气密度,进而提高柴油机功率以及效率。通过现场运行分析发现,随着柴油机功率提高和空冷器换热效率下降,增压空气温度上升,而柴油机低温水出口温度设定为50℃不变,导致了柴油机性能降低。本研究通过理论分析、实验等方式对该柴油机进气温度可变性进行分析研究,寻求最佳进气温度以提高主机燃油效率、降低排气温度及污染物排放。     

柴油机HCCI燃烧特点及影响因素分析

介绍了发动机均质充量压缩着火（HCCI）燃烧的概念和特点，更进一步分析了柴油机HCCI燃烧的特点．以及影响柴油机HCCI燃烧的一些重要因素，如混合气形成方式、进气温度、负荷、EGR、气门正时、压缩比等的影响．     

Comparisons of predicted and measured results on performance and emission of engine effected by intake air dilution and supercharging

An experimental study was conducted on a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine to investigate the effects of diluting intake air, with different gases and increasing intake pressure on combustion process and exhaust emissions. The intake O₂ concentration is changed from 15% to 21% by diluting intake air with different gases (CO₂, Ar, N₂), and the intake pressure is changed from one to two bar by a screw compressor. A modified program for calculating heat release rate, is used to study the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions in detail. The main results show that the addition of either CO₂ or Ar to the intake air increases the ignition delay. The variations of ignition delay with CO₂ are much larger than those of ignition delay with Ar for the same O₂ concentration. The emission of NOx decreases with the decrease of O₂ concentration and the smoke level is lower with the addition of the CO₂ than with that of Ar. As the intake pressure is increased, the ignition delay is shortened. Furthermore the high intake air pressure enhances the air-fuel mixing and diffusion combustion, and reduces the premixed combustion, so that NOx emission is decreased without increasing smoke emissions. The addition of CO₂ at high intake pressure, drastically reduces NOx emissions and smoke emission simultaneously at a high load condition, and the addition of CO₂ reduces NOx emissions without affecting the smoke emissions substantially at a low load condition. A zero-dimensional combustion simulation program incorporated with the present heat release correlation and ignition delay correlation is used to predict ignition delay, cylinder pressure and engine power. The results show that the correlations are likely to be adequate for the engine operating under diluted intake air and various intake pressure.     

Analysis and modeling of exhaust gas temperature in an ethanol fuelled HCCI engine

Low exhaust temperature in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) significantly limits efficiency of an exhaust aftertreatment system to mitigate high HC and CO emissions in HCCI engines. This article aims to understand the effect of varying input parameters on HCCI exhaust gas temperature (T_exh) for an ethanol fuelled engine. A single cylinder engine is used to collect experimental data at 100 different HCCI conditions. The results indicate that variation in combustion parameters such as start of combustion (SOC), burn duration (BD) and maximum in-cylinder pressure (P_max) are not effectively correlated with variations of Texh, but the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and constant-volume adiabatic flame temperature (T_ad) are strongly related to T_exh. These experimental findings were then used to design an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict T_exh. The model was validated with the experimental data, indicating an average error less than 4.5°C between predicted and measured T_exh.     

某型燃油电控调节器结构改进设计研究

某型燃油电控调节器是用于某型发动机燃油数控系统的执行装置，在厂内调试时，空中起动点火供油量性能调试困难；在进行交付试验时出现了空中起动点火供油量变小，即性能不稳定的问题。针对上述不足，对该调节器的组成、功能、工作原理进行详细分析，从而对其压差回油装置进行结构改进设计及静差分析，利用AMESim仿真软件建立数学模型并给出性能仿真结果。改进后的试验结果表明，空中起动点火供油量指标已达到要求，保证了发动机的正常工作。     

An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel and its blends with diesel

The performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using mixture of jatropha biodiesel and mineral diesel have been experimentally investigated. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends. Brake thermal efficiency decreases with the increased percentage of biodiesel in the blends. The maximum efficiency is found to be 29.6% with pure diesel and 21.2% with pure biodiesel. Carbon mono-oxide and hydrocarbon emissions are improved with the addition of biodiesel to diesel. NO_x emission is found to be increased with pure biodiesel by 24% compared to mineral diesel.     

预燃室射流点火对汽油机性能影响研究

通过试验手段对比分析了预燃室射流点火模式及火花塞点火模式 （SI）对燃烧性能的影响,结果表明:SI点火模式的发动机受高负荷爆震的限制,仅在中等负荷达到最佳的油耗率和热效率。压缩比（CR）的增加仅在中小负荷对油耗率和热效率有改善效果;相比于SI点火模式,预燃室射流点火模式可实现更快的燃烧速度和火焰传播速度,对SI发动机的爆震有较好的抑制效果,在中等负荷具有更低的油耗率和更高的热效率,但在低负荷及高负荷阶段,油耗率和热效率恶化;采用预燃室射流点火模式,能有效增加缸内燃烧速率,减轻CA50推迟对油耗率恶化的效果,通过提高压缩比实现降低油耗率的潜力和效果更好。     

微自由活塞发动机HCCI着火界限研究

开展微燃烧室里均质压缩燃烧(Homogeneous charge compression ignition,HCCI)可视化试验,进行定性分析,并以试验为基础建立三维数值模拟计算模型;基于丙烷燃烧化学反应动力学机理,提出自由活塞运动与燃烧过程耦合的计算方式,通过编写STAR-CD软件中的动网格子程序,对微燃烧室里均质气体压缩燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究;分析了各种参数对微HCCI着火特性的影响,得出在理想模型下的压缩着火界限,即当量纲一参数压缩比不小于55时,均质气体总能压缩着火;并揭示泄漏对均质压缩燃烧过程的影响,得出在不同泄漏间隙尺寸下着火界限的变化情况,为微自由活塞发动机的设计提供一定的理论依据。     

小型航空二冲程煤油发动机小负荷试验研究

将1台点燃式二冲程气道喷射汽油机改造为缸内直喷煤油发动机,在3000r/min小负荷工况下进行了点火提前角、喷气结束角、过量空气系数对性能影响的试验研究。结果表明,喷气结束角为50°和80°（上止点前）时,适当增大点火提前角,能使功率增加、油耗降低,但点火提前角不宜过大,否则会造成HC和CO排放量的增加;点火提前角为15°和30°（上止点前）时,适度提前喷气结束时刻,可以使功率增加、油耗和排放降低;另外,偏浓混合气有利于提高功率输出,偏稀混合气有利于降低排放。     

Study of performance and emission characteristics of IC engines by using diesel–water emulsion

Due to the shortage of petroleum products and its increasing cost, efforts are on to develop alternate fuels, especially diesel oil, for partial or full replacement. Also, internal combustion engines generate undesirable emissions during combustion process. The emissions exhausted in to the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes several problems. The emissions of concern are: unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_X). Advanced diesel fuel formulations offer significant emission reductions to new and older in-use engines every time the fuel tank is filled. The addition of water to diesel fuel lowers particulate emissions by serving as diluents to the key combustion intermediates that lead to particulate formation. The incorporation of water also reduces NO_X emissions by lowering the peak combustion temperatures through high heat of vaporization. When using water blend diesel, the engine fuel system recognizes the liquid as diesel fuel because the water droplet is encapsulated within a diesel fuel. In this experiment, we have used single cylinder four-stroke engine and the water-blend diesel emulsion is used and the diesel emission test, emulsion emission test, and various gases has been analyzed; smoke meter test is also conducted for various rate of loads. The test results from the engine fuelled with water-blend diesel showed reduction in emissions as compared to that of engine fuelled with conventional diesel. The better emissions in the CI engine using water-blend diesel is due to the incorporation of water which reduces NO_X emissions by lowering the peak combustion temperatures. Water-blend fuel enhances fuel atomization by micro-explosion. The addition of water to diesel fuel lowers particulate emissions by serving as diluents to the key combustion intermediates that lead to particulate formation