Ca2+对SiO2-BSA混合体系膜污染行为的影响

为研究Ca²⁺对SiO₂-BSA混合污染物膜污染行为的影响,针对SiO₂与牛血清蛋白(BSA)共存体系,在不同Ca²⁺浓度下,使用原子力显微镜测定各污染物与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜及各污染物之间的作用力,结合膜污染实验,探讨Ca²⁺对SiO₂-BSA混合污染物膜污染行为的影响.结果表明:随着Ca²⁺浓度的增大,SiO₂-BSA引起的膜污染逐渐减小,主要是因为Ca²⁺改变了SiO₂-BSA混合体系中各污染物与膜及污染物之间的相互作用力.针对污染物与膜之间的相互作用力,Ca²⁺的加入触发了PVDF膜与BSA及SiO₂之间的水合排斥力,从而削弱BSA在膜表面的吸附累计速率,有效减缓了运行初期的膜污染速率;针对污染物之间的作用力,Ca²⁺浓度的增加使得SiO₂-SiO₂及SiO₂-BSA之间作用力增大,从而导致污染物团聚形成大尺寸聚集体,在膜面形成松散多孔的污染层,进而伴随着膜污染速率以及污染幅度的减小.     

Influence of Polyepoxysuccinic Acid on Solid Phase Products in Portland Cement Pastes

The influence of polyepoxysuccinic acid(PESA) on the solid phase products in hydrated Portland cement pastes was investigated by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction(XRD), ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The results indicated that PESA bonds Ca²⁺ ions in pore solution to prevent portlandite formation, and also combines with Ca²⁺ ions on the surface of silicate minerals to prolong the control time of phase boundary reaction process, leading to the retardation of silicate mineral hydration. Meanwhile, the interlayer Ca²⁺ ions in Jennite-like structure bridging PESA and C-S-H gels prevent silicate tetrahedron and aluminum tetrahedron from occupying the sites of bridging silicate tetrahedron, which causes the main existence of dimer in C-S-H structure, deceases the degree of Al³⁺ substituting for Si⁴⁺ and promotes the transformation from 4-coordination aluminum to 6-coordination aluminum. Furthermore, the -Ca⁺ chelating group from reacting PESA with Ca²⁺ ions combines easily with SO₄^2- ions, resulting in transformation from ettringite, AFm to TAH(Third aluminum hydrate). However, with the higher addition of PESA, it will bridge the excess PESA by Ca²⁺ ions to form a new chelate with ladder-shaped double chains structure, which not only reduces the amount of PESA bonding Ca²⁺ ions, but also decreases its solidifying capability for SO₄^2- ions, leading to the transformation from TAH to AFm or ettringite. Meanwhile, at later hydration, the inhibition effect of PESA on cement hydration is weakened, and the transformation degree from TAH to AFm is higher than that to AFt with the addition of PESA.     

Effects of Excess Barium on the Structure and Electrical Properties of (Ba,Ca)TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Piezoelectric Ceramics with High Mechanical Quality Factors

Manganese-doped Ba_0.925Ca_0.075TiO₃ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (abbreviated as BCT) with high mechanical quality factor were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method. The effects of excess Ba on the crystal structure, microstructure, and electrical properties of the ceramics were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra revealed that Ca²⁺ ions were pushed from Ba sites to Ti sites of BCT when 1.5 mol% extra Ba²⁺ ions were added after sintering. The grain size of the ceramics was decreased by adding extra Ba²⁺ ions. The mechanical quality factor and resistivity of the ceramics decreased dramatically when the excess Ba was more than 1.5 mol%. High piezoelectric coefficients ( d₃₃ = 150–190 pC/N ) and high mechanical quality factors ( Q_m = 1 000–1 200 ) were obtained in the ceramics when the excess of Ba was between 0.5 mol% and 1 mol%. These results indicated that the properties of BCT ceramics could be tailored by adjusting the content of Ba.     

石灰铝盐法沉淀废水中高浓度氯离子的研究

工业废水中高氯离子使其具有腐蚀性并妨碍水生动植物生长, 破坏生态环境, 在排放之前必须进行氯离子 去除, 达到排放要求。探究了单因素对氯离子去除率的影响, 并讨论了投料比、搅拌时间、静置时间以及体系初始 pH 对去除率影响及交互作用。研究表明: 搅拌速度为400 r/min, n(Al³⁺) : n(Ca^{2+) 为1 : 3.3, 搅拌时间为30 min, 静 置时间为30 min, 废水初始pH 为10 时, 去除效果最佳。应用所得最佳条件对实际水样进行二次去除实验并探讨了 相关影响因素。对实际水样二次氯离子去除实验的最佳工艺条件: 当n(Cl-):n(Al3+) : n(Ca2+) 为1 : 3.6 : 12, 初始溶 液浓度为4 g/L 时, 并且需要在二阶段投加药品前调节体系pH 值至弱碱性, 氯离子去除效率可达95%, 浓度可降到 400 mg/L 以下。通过X 射线洐射分析可知, 沉淀产物为层状结构的弗氏盐[Ca₂Al(OH)₆Cl·2H₂O]。此方法成本低、 无污染, 对高氯废水去除有很好的应用价值。}     

纳滤膜分离浓缩煤化工高盐废水

利用NF-HF和NF-HS纳滤膜对煤化工废水二级反渗透浓水进行处理,重点考察其对Cl与SO42-的分离效果、结垢离子的截留率以及膜抗污染性能,并采用STRO(卷式高压反渗透膜)对纳滤产水进行浓缩处理.实验结果表明,与NF-HS相比,NF-HF具有更优的Cl-/SO42-分离效果及钙、镁、硅离子截留效果和抗污染性能;NF...     

酸雨对河道淤泥气泡混合土工程性质的影响

通过渗滤法考察模拟酸雨对河道淤泥气泡混合土的侵蚀作用,试验过程中测定混合土试样的物理力学指标、渗滤液的pH值和Ca²⁺浓度值以及矿物组分受酸雨渗滤影响后的变化规律,研究考察酸雨对混合土性质的影响。试验结果表明：酸雨导致河道淤泥气泡混合土中的矿物水解并以Ca²⁺离子形式析出,导致混合土中性化。酸雨的酸性越强,土体中性化程度越高,在中性化过程中又有新的矿物生成,使混合土中矿物相对含量发生改变,导致混合土物理力学性质的变化;与正常雨水作用相比,经酸雨作用后的河道淤泥气泡混合土含水率和密度升高,强度降低,破坏模式向脆性化发展,并且酸雨的酸性越强,物理力学性质的变化越明显。     

Effects of clay and calcium ions on coal flotation

The microflotation of three single minerals, mixed coal–kaolinite and mixed coal–montmorillonite were examined to study the effects of clay and calcium ions on coal flotation. The results show that the ash content of flotation concentrate increases by 3% in the presence of clay minerals, and the ash content would further increase by 3% in co-presence of clay minerals and high concentration of Ca²⁺. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and elemental spectrum analysis indicate that fine clay particles that coat on the coal surface, which is called slime coating, can affect the coal flotation. The slime coating would be induced much more easily in the presence of Ca²⁺.     

有机物对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜硫酸钙结垢的影响

为揭示不同有机物形成的污染层对硫酸钙在纳滤膜面结垢行为的影响,选用牛血清蛋白(BSA)、腐殖酸(HA)、海藻酸(SA)作为典型有机污染物对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行污染,之后进行硫酸钙结垢实验.利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察不同污染条件下的硫酸钙形态,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)结合自制的硫酸钙探针测定不同污染条件下膜-硫酸钙及硫酸钙-硫酸钙之间的作用力.结果表明:与新膜结垢相比,有机物吸附在纳滤膜上改变了膜面性质,影响硫酸钙晶体成核机理.3种有机污染条件下硫酸钙结垢污染程度为SAHABSA.这是因为SA与Ca~(2+)的相互作用可缩短硫酸钙晶体成核时间,增大晶体尺寸,导致纳滤膜通量迅速下降;HA与Ca~(2+)络合增大了结垢层的厚度和密实度,导致纳滤膜通量衰减较大;而BSA与Ca~(2+)的结合能力较弱,加上其特殊的心形分子结构,导致该情况下硫酸钙结垢程度弱于其他两种有机物条件.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of Pr3+ doped CaxBa1?xTiO3 (0.3?x<1) fine particles

Ca _x Ba_1−x TiO₃ (CBT) fine particles doped with red luminescence center of Pr³⁺ ions (Pr: CBT) were successfully synthesized by salt assisted spray pyrolysis (SASP) process. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and laser scattering analysis demonstrate that salt can be removed from the surface of particles by washing with Milli-Q water and the particles can be further separated by ball-milling to get well-dispersed Pr³⁺ ions doped CBT fine particles. The luminescence properties, such as photoluminescence (PL) and mechanoluminescence (ML), of as-synthesized Pr: CBT particles were investigated. For Pr: CBT fine particles with different Ca molar ratios, all the samples show one emission at 612 nm, with increasing Ca molar ratio, PL intensity of Pr: CBT fine particles become stronger and stronger. When pressure was loaded on the Pr: CBT pellet, mechanoluminescence(ML) emission was measured. The results show that the ML intensity is proportional to the applied pressure.     

Enrichment of Cd<Superscript>2+</Superscript> from water with a calcium alginate hydrogel filtration membrane

A new method was developed for effective enrichment of Cd²⁺ ions from water with a calcium alginate (CaAlg) hydrogel filtration membrane. First, the CaAlg hydrogel filtration membrane was prepared without a pore-forming agent. This membrane was used to remove Cd²⁺ via ion exchange with Ca2+, and the Cd²⁺ was preserved in the CaAlg hydrogel. Then, the CaAlg hydrogel containing Cd²⁺ was soaked in a sodium citrate solution, and the hydrogel was fully dissolved. The removal rate of the CaAlg filtration membrane reached almost 100% within 120 min when the Cd²⁺ concentration was under 1 mg/L. Factors affecting the removal rate were investigated, such as NaAlg concentration, operating pressure, operating time and the initial concentration of Cd²⁺. The effects of initial Cd²⁺ concentration, pressure and filtration time on the enrichment factor were also investigated. The results show that the enrichment factor reached 87.3 when the pressure was 0.18 MPa and the filtration time was 240 min. Different enrichment factors could be achieved by adjusting the operating pressure and filtration time.     

Stabilization of lanthanum sulfides with different dopants

By introducing different dopants into the lattice, lanthanum sulfides with higher stability were prepared via the sulfurization of lanthanum oxides using CS2 gas at 1 000 ℃. The sulfurizing time of 8 hours was optimized for La/Ca=2 at 1 000 ℃ and its sulfurization mechanism to form CaLa2S4 was via the reaction of β-La2S3 with CaS. As the increase of the La/Ca and La/Na ratio, longer sulfurizing time was required to get cubic phase. The investigation indicates that Na+ ions were more effective to stabilize cubic structure comparing with Ca2+ ions.     

Effect of Rare Earth Oxides on the Microstructure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaO-MgO-Nb2Os-TiO2 System Ceramics

La2O3 and SrO-doped CaO-MgO-Nb2O3-TiO2 system ceramics were prepared by solid-state ceramic technique.The microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of CaO-MgO-Nb2O5-TiO2-La2O3 cermics can be adjusted by varying the amount of La^3＋ or Sr^2＋ ions respectively.The replacement of Ca^2＋ by La^3＋ at A-site of the ceramics increases the quality factor Q value（ at 7.6GHz）as well as the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf and decreases the dielectric constant εr and the substitution of Sr^2＋ at A-site in this ceramics system exhibits opposite characteristics.The microwave properties of La^3＋,Sr^2＋-doped CaO-MgO-Nb2O5-TiO2 system ceramics depend on the degree of octahedral distortion inside materials.     

Microstructural Evolution Mechanism of C-(A)-S-H Gel in Portland Cement Pastes Affected by Sulfate Ions

The microstructural evolution of C-(A)-S-H gel in Portland cement pastes immersed in pure water and 5.0 wt% Na₂SO₄ solution for different ages was comparatively investigated, by means of ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDS analysis. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study the aluminum coordination status and interaction of sulfate ions in C-(A)-S-H gel. The results showed significant changes in the microstructural evolution of C-(A)-S-H gel in Portland cement paste. Sulfate attack has decalcifying and dealuminizing effect on C-(A)-S-H gel which is evident from increase in mean chain length (MCL) and decrease in Ca/Si & Al[4]/Si ratios of C-(A)-S-H gel. Additionally, Molecular dynamics simulation proves that Al[4] substituted in silicate chains of C-(A)-S-H gel is thermodynamically metastable, which may explain its migration from the silicate chains and transformation to Al[6], thus lowering the Al[4]/Si ratio of C-(A)-S-H gel. SO₄^2- ions can carry the interfacial Ca²⁺ ions into the pore solution by the diffusion-absorption-desorption process, which unravels the mechanism of sulfate attack on C-(A)-S-H gel.     

Swelling studies and in vitro release of acemetacin and BSA from alginate gel beads crosslinked with Ca2+ or Ba2+

The aim of the present work was to investigate the swelling behavior and the in vitro release of acemetacin and bovine serum albumin from alginate gel beads crosslinked with Ca2+ or Ba2+. The release profiles suggested that the extent of swelling of the alginate beads played an important role in the release of drug. Small drugs are mainly released via diffusion through the alginate gel matrix. Compared with small drugs, large molecule drugs are difficult to diffuse through the pores of the matrix bead until the beads swell to a certain extent to provide enough large pores. The Ba2+ crosslinked alginate beads showed slower release rate compared with the Ca2+ crosslinked alginate beads, whether loaded the large molecules or small drugs. In conclusion, the Ba2+ crosslinked alginate beads are considered more suitable than Ca2+ crosslinked alginate beads for using as a sustained release vehicle especially for large molecule drugs.     

Synthesis and characteristics of a novel heavy metal ions chelator

Polyacrylamide-urea-sulfanilamide(PUS) was prepared as a novel heavy metal ions chelator and successfully used to simultaneously remove heavy metals from wastewater effluents.The effects of reaction parameters(sodium hydroxide,material ratio,temprature and contact time) were monitored to specify the best synthesis conditions.PUS was chemically characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis).The simultaneous chelation performance of PUS towards selected heavy metals ions,Ni2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,Cd2+ was discussed,showing that Ni2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+ could be better chelated.It is indicated that the synthesized PUS is a potential remediation material when used for the treatment of wastewater containing metal ions.     

Photocatalytic activity of Mo+Fe Co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared by Sol-Gel method

Mo+Fe co-doped TiO2 nano powders were synthesised by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy morphologies showed that the Mo+Fe co-doped TiO2 nano powders were pure anatase phase, with the average crystallite size around 20 nm. UV-Vis and photocatalic activity measurements show that this Mo+Fe co-doped TiO2 can absorb visible light, have higher separation efficiency of photoinduced electrons and holes, and possess higher photocatalytic activity compared with anatase TiO2. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Mo+Fe co-doped TiO2 verified that doping by transition metal ions can also modify the energy band and reduce the recombination centers in TiO2.     

Preparation of nanometer Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript>, Y<Superscript>3+</Superscript> co-doped CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> powder by coprecipitation-azeotropic distillation technique

The synthesis of Nd³⁺, Y³⁺:CaF₂ nanopowder was conducted by azeotropic distillation method, which effectively dehydrated hydrous CaF₂ and prevented forming hard agglomerates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning calorimetries-thermalgravimetry (DSC-TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and absorption spectroscopy were performed to characterize the powder properties. The experimental results showed that products obtained by azeotropic distillation were single phased, rather monodispersed, successfully prevented the hard agglomerate formation and effectively removed the residual water inside the as-prepared precipitate than that of the direct drying. The absorption spectra showed a wider and stronger absorption bands around 792 nm, which should be profitable for LD pumping.     

Thermochemical studies of the toxic action of heavy metal ions on<Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> by microcalorimetry

By using an LKB2277, BioActivity Monitor (heat conduction microcalorimeter), stopped-flow method, the thermogenetic curves of Escherichia coli growth at 37°C inhibited by four kinds of heavy metal ions are determined, and parameters such as growth rate constants, inhibitory ratio, half-inhibitory concentration etc. were obtained. The experimental results show that heavy metal ions can inhibit Escherichia coli growth obviously, but low concentration of Cu²⁺ has a promoting action. The half inhibitory concentrations of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ are 28.3, 10.9, 3.19 and 69.6 μg. mL⁻¹, respectively. Judged from the rate constant, the half-inhibitory concentration and the molecular mass, the inhibitory sequence is Hg²⁺>Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺>Cu²⁺. This microclorimetric bioassay for acute cellular toxicity is based on metabolic heat evolution from cultured cells. The assay is quantitative, inexpensive, and versatile; moreover, toxicological information can be obtained with cell from other species of interest. Li Xi: Born in 1968 Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (29973030 and 30170010)     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of red phosphor CaO: Eu3+

Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, Eu(NO₃)₃ and H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O were adopted to synthesize CaO: Eu³⁺ with the chemical co-precipitation method, and the effects of the calcination temperature and Eu³⁺ doping concentration on the phosphor structure and its luminescent properties were investigated by TG-SDTA, XRD, and PL-PLE. The results confirm that the Eu³⁺ ions as luminescent centers substitutes Ca²⁺ sites without changing the crystal structure of cubic CaO. The optimum calcination temperature and the optimum concentration of Eu³⁺ are 1 100 ° and 1 mol%, respectively, under which the best crystallinity and highest PL intensity appeared. The maximum emission wavelength is 592 nm (⁵D₀→⁷F₁) which is excited by xenon lamp with the wavelength of 200–280 nm, indicating that the Eu³⁺ ion mainly locates in the symmetric position (O_h) in the crystal lattice of CaO. Funded by the Science and Technology Bureau of Sichun Province(No. 2006J13-059) and Education Bureau of Sichun Province (No. 2006A094)     

Upeonversion Luminescence of Er3＋, Tin3＋ and Yb3＋ Co-doped Gd3Ga5O12 Nanocrystals

A series of Er3+,Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped Gd3Ga5O12 nanocrystals were prepared by a combustion method.The X-ray diffraction(XRD),field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and upconversion(UC)emission spectra were used to characterize the samples.The results of XRD indicate that Gd3Ga5O12:Er3+,Tm3+,Yb3+ nanocrystals with cubic phase can be obtained.Under the excitation of a 980 nm laser,the different rare earth ions doped Gd3Ga5O12 nanocrystals show upconversion luminescence involving the green emission attributed to the 2H11/2→4I15/2,4S3/2→4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ ions,respectively,the red emissions assigned to the 4F9/2→4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ ions and the 1G4→3F4 as well as 3F2,3→3H6 transitions of Tm3+ ions,respectively,the blue emission attributed to 1G4→3H6 transitions of Tm3+ions,and the near-infrared assigned to the 3H4→3H6 transitions of Tm3+ ions.The CIE coordinates for the samples are calculated.The dependence of their upconversion luminescence properties on Yb3+ ion concentration is investigated.