石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出水的显微结构和油水分离特性

大庆油田北二西试验区石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱现场试验中暴露出采出水沉降和过滤除油效果差,过滤后回注采出水含油量严重超标的问题。为确定该试验区三元复合驱采出水中O/W型原油乳状液的主要稳定机制,采用显微观测、光散射、重力沉降、离心沉降和膜过滤等试验手段对该试验区综合采出水和4口典型油井采出水进行了结构和油水分离特性测试,确定该试验区综合三元复合驱采出水中含有约40mg/L粒径为0.08~1μm的亚微米油滴,这些油滴粒径小,聚并和浮升能力差,难以通过沉降和过滤工艺有效去除,是造成该试验区三元复合驱采出水除油困难的主要原因;北二西试验区三元复合驱采出水中亚微米尺度油滴的主要来源为注入液与油藏中原油接触形成的增溶有原油的膨胀胶束,在采油、集油和采出液处理过程中当混合流体水相中表面活性剂浓度降低到临界胶束浓度(cmc)以下时,膨胀胶束发生崩溃,释放出其中增溶的原油,形成粒径细小的油滴。     

含高浓度石油磺酸盐表面活性剂三元复合驱采出液破乳剂

以大庆油田试验区中心井三元复合驱采出液为介质,研制了适用于高含量石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液破乳剂DE1022。室内试验结果表明,在其加药量为200mg/L时,可使水相表面活性剂含量不大于500mg/L、聚合物含量不大于2100mg/L的采出液在40℃下经过40min静置沉降后的水相含油量不高于2334mg/L,油相含水率不高于2.8%。     

油水分离剂在低驱油剂含量三元复合驱采出液处理中的应用

通过室内和现场试验评价了针对聚合物驱采出液研制的油水分离剂SP1003处理大庆油田杏二中试验区低驱油剂含量(NaOH388mg/L,重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂25mg/L,部分水解聚丙烯酰胺108mg/L)三元复合驱采出液的可行性。现场试验过程中在SP1003加药量为30mg/L的情况下,游离水脱除器放水和水处理设施进水含油量分别由试验前的平均40030mg/L和1547mg/L降低到858mg/L和197mg/L,降低幅度分别为97.9%和87.3%。试验过程中还发现杏二中试验站游离水脱除器前的离心脱水泵造成采出液严重二次乳化,二次乳化后的采出液在脱水泵至游离水脱除器间管道内的停留时间过短使得采出液中的油珠聚并不充分,以及采出液处理设施运行不平稳都对杏二中试验区三元复合驱采出液和采出水处理有非常严重的不良影响。     

油水分离剂在化学驱采出液和含油污水处理中的应用

针对大庆油田聚北-1联合站处理的化学驱采出液和含油污水因含有表面活性剂(52 8mg/L)、碱(294 5mg/L)和聚合物(347 5mg/L)而油水分离困难,造成该站处理后污水含油量严重超标的问题。从非离子型药剂的思路出发研制了适用于含表面活性剂、碱和聚合物的反相原油乳状液的油水分离剂。在聚北-1联合站原有的两级沉降和一级石英砂过滤含油污水处理工艺不变的条件下,在采出液中投加60mg/L本文研制的油水分离剂(药剂费用为0 51元/m3)后,该站处理后污水的平均含油量由投加油水分离剂前的99 0mg/L降低到9 9mg/L。     

含高浓度石油磺酸盐表面活性剂三元复合驱采出液破乳剂的实验与研究

通过对大庆石油的含高浓度石油磺酸盐表面活性剂三元复合驱采出液破乳剂的实验与研究,找出问题所在,并进行相应的改进与实践,最终达到改善水含油与油含水的国家标准,保证三元复合驱采的液体质量,得到最适宜当前情况的乳剂与配方比例。     

大庆油田弱碱三元复合驱采出液特性实验

与NaOH为碱剂的强碱驱油体系相比,Na_2CO_3为碱剂的弱碱三元驱采出液,腐蚀性小、结垢轻,对油藏伤害小,目前在大庆油田已有应用。现利用界面流变仪测定采出液界面强度;激光粒度分布仪测定采出污水中悬浮固体粒径以及油珠粒径分布;实验发现弱碱三元复合驱采出液的界面粘度在0.012MPa·s以内;污水中悬浮固体粒径以及油珠粒径随着温度升高而增大。     

大庆油田弱碱三元复合驱采出液电脱水性质研究

为确定弱碱三元复合驱采出液处理技术,进行了弱碱三元复合驱采出液电脱水性质研究。利用电导率测定仪、原油智能脱水试验仪、原油介电强度自动测试仪等仪器测定弱碱三元复合驱采出液电导率、含水率、击穿场强。结果表明:弱碱三元复合驱采出液电导率测试值约在4×10~3~2×10~4μs/cm之间;在保证原油含水达标合理的情况下电场强度为1 400~1 700 V/cm,电脱时间为60~90 min;影响击穿场强主要因素是含水量、活性剂含量,其次是温度。     

弱碱三元复合驱采出液破乳效果研究

通过模拟实验研究了弱碱三元组分及不同三元组分浓度对破乳效果的影响规律,并对同浓度三元组分不同含水条件进行了破乳实验,结果表明:单一组分对破乳效果有一定的影响,3种组分同时存在时,有明显的协同效应对破乳效果影响较大。随三元组分浓度的增加,加油水分离剂浓度增大,当聚合物浓度为900mg/L,表活剂浓度为150mg/L,加油水分离剂浓度为55mg/L时,油相含水量为24%,水相含油量为171 mg/L;同等三元组分条件下,随采出液含水增高,加油水分离剂的量减少,含水为90%的采出液,加油水分离剂浓度为40mg/L,污水含油量为161 mg/L。     

化学药剂在三元复合驱采出水处理中的应用

介绍了三元复合驱采出水特性,油田采出水中油的存在形态以及除油方法,三元复合驱组分对采出水油水分离效果的影响。重点综述了化学药剂在三元复合驱采出水处理中的应用,并提出了今后三元复合驱采出水处理的建议。     

三元复合驱采出水处理研究进展

随着三元复合驱采油技术在油田的广泛应用,三元复合驱采出水产量不断增加。三元复合驱采出水水质复杂,具有矿化度高、黏度大、含油乳化程度高、小油滴含量高、油水分离困难等特点,对油田生产和环境的影响日益严重。因此,开展三元复合驱采出水高效处理方法的研究成为一项重要的任务。本文分析了影响三元复合驱采出水油水分离特性的各种因素,介绍了目前国内应用于三元采出水处理的先进技术,如膜分离法、气浮选分离法、高级氧化法、微生物法等,阐述了这些处理技术的优势及存在的问题,重点介绍了气浮选分离法和微生物法在三元采出水处理中的应用情况,并对大庆油田三元复合驱采出水现场处理工艺进行了介绍,最后对今后的研究工作提出了一些展望。     

水质稳定剂在三元复合驱采出水处理中的应用

根据大庆油田三元复合驱采出水中碳酸盐过饱和而导致的胶态碳酸盐微粒析出,悬浮固体含量增大,处理后采出水中悬浮固体含量超标的实际问题,研制基于螯合机理的水质稳定剂以抑制采出水中新生矿物颗粒生成。在大庆油田北二西弱碱三元复合驱、喇北东块强碱三元复合驱开展了水质稳定剂现场应用试验,试验验证投加水质稳定剂处理后采出水悬浮固体含量达到20mg/L的含聚污水回注高渗透率油藏的控制指标。     

化学添加剂与三元复合驱用破乳剂的配伍性研究

通过对三元复合驱用破乳剂的性能评价及与消泡剂、防垢剂、抗沉积剂的配伍性研究,确定了破乳剂的最佳反应条件,即质量浓度30mg/L、温度50℃,并探讨了其他化学添加剂对破乳剂脱水性能的影响规律。     

采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的形成和稳定机制

在采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的显微结构、污染物成分和相分离特性研究的基础上,结合模拟介质试验,揭示了污油中油水乳状液的固体颗粒稳定机制——少量硫化亚铁微粒沉积在原本具有良好水润湿性的其他杂质微粒表面上使其表面具有与硫化亚铁颗粒相同的油水双润湿性而易于吸附在油水界面上,形成阻碍油珠或水滴间相互聚并的屏障,是污油中油水乳状液稳定的最主要原因。结合大庆油田典型的采出液和采出水处理过程揭示了污油的形成和演化过程,提出了从源头上抑制进入采出液处理设施的机械杂质、减轻井筒和地面集油管道腐蚀等可有效抑制采出液和采出水处理设施内污油产生的措施。     

采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的杂质成分、结构和分离特性

通过采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的杂质成分、显微结构和相分离特性的研究,揭示了采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的主要特性：成分复杂,含有大量机械杂质,部分污油中还含有大量微生物;油水界面上吸附有杂质微粒;破乳困难,重力沉降和离心沉降后均残留有未破乳的油水乳状液。采出液和采出水处理设施内污油中的杂质主要为油藏中采出的岩石碎屑和粘土颗粒、钻完井过程中进入油藏的的污染物、以及井场和漏油场地回收落地污油中的粘土颗粒、垢沉积物、腐蚀产物、微生物以及采出水处理中应用的絮凝剂、混凝剂及其作用产物。污油中的碳酸钙和硫化亚铁多为尺寸不大于1μm的小颗粒聚集体,且多附着在石英和粘土颗粒的表面上。     

C3S and C2S hydration in the presence of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4

This study analyses the behavior of calcium silicates C₃S and C₂S hydrated in two alkaline media, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄. The silicates were synthesized with laboratory reagents and hydrated in water, to which solid‐state alkaline activators with 4 wt% Na₂CO₃ or 4 wt% Na₂SO₄ were added. Two‐ and 28‐day mechanical strength values were determined and the reaction products were characterized with XRD, SEM/EDX, and ²⁹Si and ²³Na MAS NMR. The findings showed that the presence of Na₂CO₃ hastened hydration kinetics and stimulated early‐age mechanical strength development in both silicates. The most significant effect of sodium sulfate, however, was observed in the 28‐day material in both silicates, in which it raised strength by stimulating the precipitation of C–S–H gels with a high percentage of Q² units.     

Preparation and rheological properties of oil–water–coal triplex synfuel using petroleum sulfonate as the dispersants

Triplex synfuel containing light oil, water and coal was prepared using octyl phenol polyethenoxy ether (OP) nonionic surfactant as emulsifying agent and petroleum sulfonate (PS) anionic surfactant as dispersing agent. Rheological properties of triplex mixture systems were investigated and the ratio of OP to PS was also optimized. The structures of PS products and naphthalene sulfonate and formaldehyde condensation compound (NSF) that has good dispersing performance were analyzed through FTIR spectrum. It was found that the dispersing performance of F^# petroleum sulfonate which was sulfonated higher and contained more aromatic was the best. Furthermore it was better to be used as a kind of dispersant of triplex mixture systems. The triplex systems, with the ratio of the components of coal (C) to water (W) to oil (O) by weight was C:W:O = 63%:27%:10% and C:W:O = 65%:30%:5% were prepared when OP:PS-F^# was 0.3%:0.8%. Moreover, at 25 °C apparent viscosities of triplex mixture systems were 415.0 and 1060.7 mPa s^− 1 respectively at a shear rate of 100 s^− 1 and it could be kept stable for more than two months. Two kinds of triplex synfuels can meet the demand of industrial quality.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of fungal oil using CO2, N2O,CHF3 and SF6

The extraction of oil from fungi (Mortierella ramanniana var.angulispora) was studied using carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), trifluoromethane (CHF₃) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) under supercritical conditions. The oil solubility was highest in SC-N₂O followed by SC-CO₂, while both SC-CHF₃ and SC-SF₆ showed poorer solvent power. The recorded oil solubilities at 333 K and 24.5 MPa were 2.3 wt% in N₂O, 0.48 wt% in CO₂, 0.0099 wt% in CHF₃ and 0.0012 wt% in SF₆. The oil solubilities in SC-N₂O and SC-CO₂ were measured over the pressure range 15.7–29.4 MPa and at temperatures ranging from 313–353 K. N₂O always showed greater solvent power than did CO₂ at the same temperature and pressure. The solvent power of a supercritical fluid increases with density at a given temperature, and increases with temperature at constant density. The change in neutral lipid composition of the extracted oil with the extraction ratio was measured. Free fatty acids or diglycerides were extracted more easily than triglycerides or sterol esters. The change in fatty acid composition was also measured. The proportion of γ-linolenic acid in the extract remained constant throughout the extraction.     

反渗透技术在碳酸钾生产废水处理中的应用

对碳酸钾生产中产生的废水进行了概述,针对目前生产情况和环保要求,经过多方面探讨,确定采用反渗透膜技术处理该废水,介绍了反渗透膜处理技术的工艺流程,详细说明了反渗透处理废水的应用经验及效果。分析了反渗透的优势与不足,提出了今后的改进设想。