共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
W. R. Martin Jr. Donald A. Nordlund William C. Nettles Jr. 《Journal of chemical ecology》1990,16(2):499-508
The response of the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky to fresh plant material and several plant extracts was examined in an olfactometer. The plants tested can serve as a food source for hosts (Heliothis spp.) of the parasitoid. Females responded positively to 13 of the 19 fresh plant tissues tested, and all of the extracts tested. Males responded to only two of the fresh plant tissues and to none of the extracts. The significance of plant variety, morphology, and phenology on the host habitat-selection behavior of this parasitoid is discussed. 相似文献
2.
K. Aitzetmüller 《Lipids》1996,31(2):201-205
The current discussion on “renewable resources”, and the possibility of gene transfer into rapeseed, has led to many investigations
into the biosynthetic pathways leading to industrially useful fatty acids. The various tribes and genera of the plant familyRanunculaceae contain a large variety of unusual fatty acids. Seed fatty acid patterns differ considerably from genus to genus and are
chemotaxonomically significant indicators.Eranthis seed oil has now been found to contain a fatty acid pattern that deviates significantly from the eleven different fatty acid
patterns that had been described in this plant family. The main fatty acid (up to 57%) is 13-cis, 16-cis-docosadienoic acid. Other, minor fatty acids found are Δ5-cis-monoenoic,-dienoic, and-trienoic fatty acids that had already been reported to be constituents of the genus-specific seed
oil fatty acid patterns of various genera from this plant family. Capillary gas-liquid chromatographic retention data indicate
that 22:3Δ5cis, 13cis, 16cis is probably also present. Seed fatty acid chemotaxonomic evidence thus points to a different position ofEranthis within the tribes of this plant family. These findings again indicate that the plant familyRanunculaceae would be an ideal object to study fatty acid biosynthesis and phylogenetic evolution, because in other genera of this family
other types of desaturation and chain elongation mechanisms predominate. 相似文献
3.
Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) occasionally feed on Schouwia purpurea, a plant that contains tenfold higher levels of glucosinolates than most other Brassicaceae. Whereas this unusually high
level of glucosinolates is expected to be toxic and/or deterrent to most insects, locusts feed on the plant with no apparent
ill effects. In this paper, we demonstrate that the desert locust, like larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), possesses a glucosinolate sulfatase in the gut that hydrolyzes glucosinolates to their corresponding desulfonated forms.
These are no longer susceptible to cleavage by myrosinase, thus eliminating the formation of toxic glucosinolate hydrolysis
products. Sulfatase is found throughout the desert locust gut and can catalyze the hydrolysis of all of the glucosinolates
present in S. purpurea. The enzyme was detected in all larval stages of locusts as well as in both male and female adults feeding on this plant
species. Glucosinolate sulfatase activity is induced tenfold when locusts are fed S. purpurea after being maintained on a glucosinolate-free diet, and activity declines when glucosinolates are removed from the locust
diet. A detoxification system that is sensitive to the dietary levels of a plant toxin may minimize the physiological costs
of toxin processing, especially for a generalist insect herbivore that encounters large variations in plant defense metabolites
while feeding on different species. 相似文献
4.
The origin of olfactory stimuli involved in the host microhabitat location inCotesia flavipes, a parasitoid of stem-borer larvae, was investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. The response of femaleC. flavipes towards different components of the plant-host complex, consisting of a maize plant infested with two or more larvae of the stem borerChilo partellus, was tested in dualchoice tests. The concealed lifestyle of the stem-borer larvae did not limit the emission of volatiles attractive to a parasitoid. A major source of the attractive volatiles from the plant-host complex was the stem-borer-injured stem, including the frass produced by the feeding larvae. Moreover, the production of volatiles attractive to a parasitoid was not restricted to the infested stem part but occurs systemically throughout the plant. The uninfested leaves of a stem-borer-infested plant were found to emit volatiles that attract femaleC. flavipes. We further demonstrate that an exogenous elicitor of this systemic plant response is situated in the regurgitate of a stem-borer larva. When a minor amount of regurgitate is inoculated into the stem of an uninfested plant, the leaves of the treated plant emit volatiles that attract femaleC. flavipes. 相似文献
5.
Control of Plant Defense Mechanisms and Fire Blight Pathogenesis through the Regulation of 6‐Thioguanine Biosynthesis in Erwinia amylovora
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Dr. Sébastien Coyne Agnieszka Litomska Dr. Cornelia Chizzali Dr. Mohammed N. A. Khalil Dr. Klaus Richter Prof. Dr. Ludger Beerhues Prof. Dr. Christian Hertweck 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2014,15(3):373-376
Fire blight is a devastating disease of Rosaceae plants, such as apple and pear trees. It is characterized by necrosis of plant tissue, caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The plant pathogen produces the well‐known antimetabolite 6‐thioguanine (6TG), which plays a key role in fire blight pathogenesis. Here we report that YcfR, a member of the LTTR family, is a major regulator of 6TG biosynthesis in E. amylovora. Inactivation of the regulator gene (ycfR) led to dramatically decreased 6TG production. Infection assays with apple plants (Malus domestica cultivar Holsteiner Cox) and cell cultures of Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash, rowan) revealed abortive fire blight pathogenesis and reduced plant response (biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexin production). In the presence of the ΔycfR mutant, apple trees were capable of activating the abscission machinery to remove infected tissue. In addition to unveiling the regulation of 6TG biosynthesis in a major plant pathogen, we demonstrate for the first time that this antimetabolite plays a pivotal role in dysregulating the plant response to infection. 相似文献
6.
Dryocosmus kuriphilus is one of the most damaging pests of Castanea spp. Behavioral, chemical, and electrophysiological investigations were employed to examine the role of plant volatiles for
host location by this thelytokuos cynipid. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays showed that adult wasps are significantly attracted
by C. sativa twigs with at least 1-hr-old mechanical damage. Odors of undamaged host seedlings, intact twigs, and twigs with a fresh mechanical
damage were not attractive. Wasps were repelled by plant materials of the non-host Prunus laurocerasus. Fourteen compounds, mainly general green leaf volatiles, were identified in the head-space of attractive host plant twigs
by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. All compounds elicited dose-dependent antennal responses in adult wasps.
A synthetic blend comprising all identified compounds in the same ratio as in the attractive host source induced significant
positive responses in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. The study gives a basis for future identification of host plant attractants
that could contribute to semiochemical-based monitoring and management practices of this pest. 相似文献
7.
Rudrappa T Bonsall J Gallagher JL Seliskar DM Bais HP 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(10):1898-1918
Phragmites australis is considered the most invasive plant in marsh and wetland communities in the eastern United States. Although allelopathy
has been considered as a possible displacing mechanism in P. australis, there has been minimal success in characterizing the responsible allelochemical. We tested the occurrence of root-derived
allelopathy in the invasiveness of P. australis. To this end, root exudates of two P. australis genotypes, BB (native) and P38 (an exotic) were tested for phytotoxicity on different plant species. The treatment of the
susceptible plants with P. australis root exudates resulted in acute rhizotoxicity. It is interesting to note that the root exudates of P38 were more effective
in causing root death in susceptible plants compared to the native BB exudates. The active ingredient in the P. australis exudates was identified as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid). We tested the phytotoxic efficacy of gallic acid on
various plant systems, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Most tested plants succumbed to the gallic acid treatment with the exception of P. australis itself. Mechanistically, gallic acid treatment generated elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the treated
plant roots. Furthermore, the triggered ROS mediated the disruption of the root architecture of the susceptible plants by
damaging the microtubule assembly. The study also highlights the persistence of the exuded gallic acid in P. australis’s rhizosphere and its inhibitory effects against A. thaliana in the soil. In addition, gallic acid demonstrated an inhibitory effect on Spartina alterniflora, one of the salt marsh species it successfully invades.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
8.
Yoko Inui Takao Itioka Kaori Murase Ryohei Yamaoka Takao Itino 《Journal of chemical ecology》2001,27(10):2029-2040
The partnership in the Crematogaster–Macaranga ant–plant interaction is highly species-specific. Because a mutualistic relationship on a Macaranga plant starts with colonization by a foundress queen of a partner Crematogaster species, we hypothesized that the foundress queens select their partner plant species by chemical recognition. We tested this hypothesis with four sympatric Macaranga species and their Crematogaster plant-ant species. We demonstrated that foundress Crematogaster queens can recognize their partner Macaranga species by contact with the surface of the seedlings, that they can recognize compounds from the stem surface of seedlings of their partner plant species, and that the gas chromatographic profiles are characteristic of the plant species. These findings support the hypothesis that foundress queens of the Crematogaster plant-ant species select their partner Macaranga species by recognizing nonvolatile chemical characteristics of the stem surfaces of seedlings. 相似文献
9.
Musser RO Hum-Musser SM Slaten-Bickford SE Felton GW Gergerich RC 《Journal of chemical ecology》2002,28(8):1691-1696
Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'Pinto' bean is a local lesion host for the plant pathogen Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and its vector is the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. The objective of this study was to determine if prior feeding by the beetle would affect 'Pinto' bean's resistance to SBMV and determine if ribonuclease (RNase), a major constituent of beetle regurgitant, mediated the plant's response to the virus. 'Pinto' bean plants fed upon by beetles had increased resistance to plant viruses compared to non-wounded or mechanically wounded and buffer-treated plants. Plants that were mechanically wounded and treated with RNase had increased resistance to plant viruses that was equal to plants fed upon by adult beetles. The induction of plant pathogen defenses could be a good adaptation for the plant in the presence of a beetle and pathogen threat. This evidence suggests that RNase activity in the beetle regurgitant could function as an insect-derived elicitor of plant resistance to viruses. 相似文献
10.
Broad bean plants (Vicia faba) infested by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, play a key role in the in-flight orientation of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, by producing host-induced synomones (HIS). These volatiles are herbivore-specific and are systemically released from insect-free parts of an infested plant, suggesting the existence of an elicitor circulating throughout the plant. This study was designed to investigate whether the plant metabolic changes, leading to HIS biosynthesis and emission, can in some way trigger similar responses in neighboring plants through aerial and/or root communication. Uninfested broad bean plants maintained in the same pot together with plants infested by A. pisum became more attractive towards A. ervi females when tested in a wind-tunnel bioassay. This change was not observed when root contact was prevented among plants that had their aerial parts in close proximity, suggesting that an exudate from the roots of the infested plant may cause the induction of the attractive volatiles in uninfested plants. Broad bean plants grown hydroponically also produce pea aphid induced signals that attract A. ervi. When an intact (uninfested) plant was placed in a hydroponic solution previously used to grow a pea aphid-infested plant, it became attractive to parasitoids, while an intact plant placed in a solution previously used to grow an intact plant did not undergo such a change. These results indicate that plant-to-plant signaling in this tritrophic system may occur at the rhizosphere level and is most likely mediated by a systemically translocated elicitor. 相似文献
11.
Qing-Nian Cai Ying Han Ya-Zhong Cao Yuan Hu Xin Zhao Jian-Long Bi 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(3):320-325
Secondary metabolites play an important role in host plant resistance to insects, and insects, in turn, may develop mechanisms
to counter plant resistance mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of gramine to the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae and some enzymatic responses of S. avenae to this alkaloid. When S. avenae fed on an artificial diet containing gramine, mortality occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The LC50 of gramine was determined to be 1.248 mM. In response to gramine, S. avenae developed increased activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase, two important detoxification enzymes. The activities of both enzymes were positively correlated with the concentration
of dietary gramine. In addition, the activities of peroxidase and polypheolic oxidase, two important oxidoreductase enzymes
in S. avenae, increased in response to gramine; however, catalase activity decreased when insects were exposed to higher levels of dietary
gramine. The potential role of gramine in host plant resistance and S. avenae counter-resistance is discussed. 相似文献
12.
In an attempt to combine the hypocholesterolemic properties of plant sterols with the hypotriglyceridemic action of fish oil
FA, plant sterols have recently been esterified to fish oil n−3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to determine the effects
of plant sterols esterified to n−3 PUFA on plasma lipid levels and erythrocyte fragility. For 5 wk, male Golden Syrian hamsters
were fed diets varying in cholesterol and plant sterol content: (i) Noncholesterol (semipurified diet with no added cholesterol
or plant sterols) (ii), Cholesterol (0.25% cholesterol) (iii), Sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1% nonesterified plant sterols),
or (iv) Fish oil esters of plant sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1.76% EPA and DHA sterol esters, providing 1% plant sterols).
The addition of fish oil esters of plant sterols to the cholesterol diet decreased (P=0.001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 20%, but nonesterified plant sterols did not have such a beneficial impact. In
addition, non-HDL cholesterol concentrations were 29% lower in hamsters fed fish oil esters of plant sterols than in hamsters
fed nonesterified plant sterols (P<0.0001). Despite higher (P<0.0001) plant sterol levels in whole erythrocytes of hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols and fish oil esters of plant
sterols compared with hamsters fed no plant sterols, no difference was observed in erythrocyte fragility. The present results
show that EPA and DHA esters of plant sterols have a hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters, and that these new esters of
plant sterols exert no detrimental effect on erythrocyte fragility. 相似文献
13.
Kaplan I Halitschke R Kessler A Sardanelli S Denno RF 《Journal of chemical ecology》2008,34(10):1349-1359
Herbivores induce systemic changes in plant traits, and the strength of these induced responses is often associated with the
degree of vascular connectivity that links damaged and undamaged plant tissues. Although this phenomenon is known to occur
aboveground in leaves, it is unknown whether or not leaf–root induction similarly follows the vascular architecture of plants.
To test for this possibility, we manipulated foliar and root herbivory on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by the leaf-chewing insect Spodoptera exigua and the root-galling nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Subsequent changes in secondary chemistry (alkaloids and phenolics) were measured in leaves and roots that were orthostichous
(vertically aligned) and nonorthostichous (opposite) from the herbivore-damaged tissues. Aboveground caterpillar herbivory
elicited stronger secondary chemical responses in orthostichous compared with nonorthostichous plant tissues, although the
magnitude of this difference was greater in leaves than roots. However, belowground nematode herbivory did not affect the
secondary chemistry of tobacco leaves, despite inducing strong local responses in roots. Thus, plant vascular architecture
can mediate the magnitude of systemic induction in roots as well as in leaves, with stronger responses in tissues that are
more closely aligned. As a result, herbivores that co-occur on the same sector of plant (both aboveground and belowground)
may be more likely to affect one another via induced responses than herbivores that occur on plant tissues sharing fewer resources.
Miscellaneous Robert F. Denno, deceased 相似文献
14.
Invasive plants are by definition excellent competitors, either indirectly through competition for resources or directly through
allelopathic inhibition of neighboring plants. Although both forms of competition are commonly studied, attempts to explore
the interactions between direct and indirect competition are rare. We monitored the effects of several doses of extracts of
Alliaria petiolata, a Eurasian invader in North America, on the growth of Impatiens pallida, a North American native, at several planting densities. The density-dependent phytotoxicity model predicts that as plant
density increases, individual plant size will decrease, unless a toxin is present in the soil. In this case, individual plant
size is predicted to increase as plant density increases, as plants share a limited toxin dose. We tested this model using
fractions of an A. petiolata extract enriched in flavonoids or glucosinolates, as well as a combined fraction. The flavonoid-enriched fraction and the
combined fraction suppressed I. pallida growth but only when applied at a dose eight times higher than that expected in the field. When treated with a dose equivalent
to estimated field exposure levels, I. pallida growth was not distinguishable from that of control plants that received no extract, showing that indirect competition for
resources was more important for determining the growth of I. pallida than direct allelopathic inhibition by A. petiolata. This is an important reminder that, even though many plants have the demonstrated potential to exert strong allelopathic
effects, those effects may not always be apparent when other forms of competition are considered as well. 相似文献
15.
The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of warm season perennial forage grasses to applied nitrogen. A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant N accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to apply the extended logistic model to cool season Gulf annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to establish a common response coefficient c between accumulation of dry matter and plant N. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant N removal, and plant N concentration to applied N, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9954. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant N removal, as well as between plant N concentration and plant N removal. The logistic equation is well-behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to estimate yields and plant N removal in evaluation of agricultural production and environmental quality. 相似文献
16.
Invasive plant species can have significant ecological and economic impacts. Although numerous hypotheses highlight the importance
of the chemical defenses of invasive plant species, the chemical ecology of many invasive plants has not yet been investigated.
In this study, we provide the first quantitative investigation of variation in iridoid glycoside concentrations of the invasive
plant Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica). We examined variation in chemical defenses at three levels: (1) variation within and among populations; (2) variation due
to phenology and/or seasonal differences; and (3) variation among plant parts (leaves, flowers, and stems). Further, we examined
two biological control agents introduced to control L. dalmatica for the ability to sequester iridoid glycosides from this invasive plant. Results indicate that L. dalmatica plants can contain high concentrations of iridoid glycosides (up to 17.4% dry weight of leaves; mean = 6.28 ± 0.5 SE). We
found significant variation in iridoid glycoside concentrations both within and among plant populations, over the course of
the growing season, and among plant parts. We also found that one biological control agent, Calophasia lunula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was capable of sequestering antirrhinoside, an iridoid glycoside found in L. dalmatica, at levels ranging from 2.7 to 7.5% dry weight. A second biological control agent, Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem-mining weevil, did not sequester iridoid glycosides. The demonstrated variation in L. dalmatica chemical defenses may have implications for understanding variation in the degree of invasiveness of different populations
as well as variation in the efficacy of biological control efforts. 相似文献
17.
Hypochlora alba is a specialist grasshopper that lives and feeds almost exclusively onArtemisia ludoviciana, a plant that produces large amounts of allelochemics including a variety of monoterpenes. This plant is not a host for generalist grasshoppers such asMelanoplus sanguinipes. The role of olfaction in the grasshopper-plant relationship was investigated by comparing electroantennograms (EAGs) of males and females of both species generated by solvent-extracted volatiles from plant leaves and by major individual components. Volatiles ofA. ludoviciana were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components were 1,8-cineole, camphor, camphene, and borneol, while minor identified compounds were - and -pinene, -thujene, myrcene,p-cymene, Artemisia ketone, -thujone, and bornyl acetate. The EAGs (mV) ofH. alba males to a range of concentrations of individual volatiles or the total plant extract were nearly double those of conspecific females or both sexes ofM. sanguinipes. However, both sexes ofM. sanguinipes were more sensitive than either sex ofH, alba to geraniol, a monoterpene that commonly occurs in many plant species but is absent or is present in only trace amounts inA. ludoviciana. The increased sensitivity ofH. alba males to the odor components of their host plant appears to be related to the greater number of certain olfactory chemoreceptors on male versus female antennae. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed. 相似文献
18.
In phytophagous insects, experience can increase positive responses towards non-host plant extracts or induce oviposition
on non-host plants, but the underlying chemical and behavioral mechanisms are poorly understood. By using the diamondback
moth, Plutella xylostella, its host plant Chinese cabbage, and a non-host plant Chrysanthemum morifolium, as a model system, we observed the experience-altered olfactory responses of ovipositing females towards volatiles of the
non-host plant, volatiles of pure chemicals (p-cymene and α-terpinene) found in the non-host plant, and volatiles of host plants treated with these chemicals. We assessed
the experience-altered oviposition preference towards host plants treated with p-cymene. Naive females showed aversion to the odors of the non-host plant, the pure chemicals, and the pure chemical-treated
host plants. In contrast, experienced females either became attracted by these non-host odors or were no longer repelled by
these odors. Similarly, naive females laid a significantly lower proportion of eggs on pure chemical-treated host plants than
on untreated host plants, but experienced females laid a similar or higher proportion of eggs on pure chemical-treated host
plants compared to untreated host plants. Chemical analysis indicated that application of the non-host pure chemicals on Chinese
cabbage induced emissions of volatiles by this host plant. We conclude that induced preference for previously repellent compounds
is a major mechanism that leads to behavioral changes of this moth towards non-host plants or their extracts. 相似文献
19.
Do Caterpillars Secrete “Oral Secretions”? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The oral secretions or regurgitant of caterpillars contain potent elicitors of plant induced responses. These elicitors are
recognized by host plants to differentiate between simple mechanical injury and the presence of herbivores. In some cases,
this level of recognition is highly specific. Despite the in-depth chemical characterization of these elicitors, little is
known about the amounts delivered in regurgitant during feeding. In this study, we use a fluorescent dye to label regurgitant
in order to visualize caterpillar regurgitation during feeding. The procedure is highly sensitive and allows us to visualize
nanoliter amounts of regurgitant. We examined the propensity of larval Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Manduca sexta to regurgitate on various host plants. These species were selected because they have been among the most intensely studied
in terms of elicitors. Our results indicate that most larvae did not regurgitate following a brief feeding bout (∼10 min)
during which they ate ca. 0.40 cm2 of leaf. When larvae did regurgitate, it was typically less than 10 nl. This is several orders of magnitude less than is
typically used in most studies on oral secretions. The frequency of regurgitation appears to vary depending upon the host
plant. Larval H. zea are less likely to regurgitate when feeding on tomato leaves compared to corn mid-whorl tissue. Our results have importance
in understanding the role of oral secretions in plant recognition of herbivory. Because caterpillars did not routinely regurgitate
during feeding, it is likely that they avoid the elicitation of some plant defensive responses during most feeding bouts. 相似文献
20.
Jacqueline B. F. Geervliet Maarten A. Posthumus Louise E. M. Vet Marcel Dicke 《Journal of chemical ecology》1997,23(12):2935-2954
Plants that are infested by herbivores emit volatile cues that can be used by the natural enemies of the herbivores in their search for hosts. Based on results from behavioral studies, we investigated to what extent intact and herbivore-infested plant species and varieties from the food plant range of Pieris herbivore species differ in the composition of the volatile blends. Parasitoids of Pieris species, Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula, show differential responses towards various herbivore-infested food plants, whereas differences in responses to plants infested by other herbivore species were less clear. Chemical analysis of the headspace samples of red cabbage, white cabbage, and nasturtium plants that were infested by P. brassicae or P. rapae larvae, or that were intact, yielded 88 compounds including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, terpenoids, sulfides, (iso)thiocyanates, carboxylic acids, and others. The analysis revealed that herbivore-infested plants emit the largest number of compounds in the highest amounts. The plant species affected the volatile blend more than did the herbivore species, and differences between plant varieties were less pronounced than differences between plant species. Differences in headspace composition between plants infested by P. brassicae or P. rapae were mainly of a quantitative nature. Herbivore-infested nasturtium differed considerably from the cabbage varieties in a qualitative way. Headspace compositions of red and white cabbage varieties were comparable to that of the food plant Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera cv. Titurel) as determined in earlier studies in our laboratory. With respect to plant response to herbivory, nasturtium differed considerably from the cabbage varieties analyzed so far and shows resemblance with Lima bean, cucumber, and corn. These plant species produce a greater quantity and variety of volatiles under herbivore attack than intact plants. The results of this study are discussed in relation to behavioral observations on C. glomerata and C. rubecula. 相似文献