In vitro Digestibility of Hydroxypropyl Maize,Waxy Maize and High Amylose Maize Starches

Hydroxypropyl derivatives of maize, waxy maize and high amylose maize starches were prepared and characterized. The in vitro digestibility of the raw and gelatinized starches and their derivatives was compared using porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Digestibility of the unmodified starches decreased in the order waxy maize > maize > high amylose maize. Increasing molar substitution (MS) caused a decrease in digestibility for all starch types after gelatinization. Raw maize and high amylose maize starch derivatives showed an initial decrease in digestibility followed by increases at higher MS levels. The digestibility of the raw waxy maize starch derivatives showed a continuing drop as MS increased.     

Gelatinization of Starch and Modified Starch

Gelatinization temperatures of starch and hydroxyethyl starch was determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy and viscography. The gelatinization temperature based on peak temperature of DSC is incorrect. Viscograph overestimates the gelatinization temperature. Hot stage microscopy based on visual observation gives the correct gelatinization temperature. DSC gives the heat of gelatinization which is helpful in estimating heat requirement during cooking of starch. Hydroxyethylation of starch reduces gelatinization temperature and heat of gelatinization for starch.     

小米淀粉与玉米淀粉糊性质比较研究

对小米淀粉和玉米淀粉糊性质进行较详细比较研究,包括透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、膨胀力、酸解、酶解,和介质对糊粘度性质影响。结果表明,小米淀粉与玉米淀粉相比,糊的凝胶稳定性好、持水力强、膨胀力高、糊化温度高、热焓变值大、但透明度较差、冻融稳定性不佳、热稳定性差;且氯化钠及糖溶液对小米淀粉糊粘度性质影响较大。     

玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的理化特性研究

以玉米淀粉为参照,采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、快速粘度分析等现代仪器分析方法对玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的结构特征、热力学特性、黏度特性等物化性质进行了测定和研究,并采用体外消化方法,模拟人体肠道体系,研究了玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的消化特性,根据淀粉水解百分率推算其血糖指数的变化。结果表明,玉米淀粉经三偏磷酸钠酯化交联后,其红外光谱在1028 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,说明分子中引入了磷酸根基团;样品的糊化温度和热焓值都有所升高,随着结合磷含量增加,淀粉糊黏度降低,稳定性增强;随着酯化度的增加玉米淀粉磷酸双酯抗消化淀粉含量显著上升,消化能力有较大水平的降低,高酯化度玉米淀粉磷酸双酯预测血糖指数为67.11,为中等血糖指数食品,可以添加在食品中为糖尿病患者食用。     

In vitro Digestibility and Glycemic Response of Potato Starch is Related to Granule Size and Degree of Gelatinization

ABSTRACT:  Starch granule microstructure affects the digestion of starch and its nutritional impact; however, the exact relationship between both factors is not clear. This study reports quantitative relationships between granule size (length and polygonal area), degree of gelatinization ( DG ), in vitro digestibility (by enzymatic methods), and glycemic response of potato starch granules gelatinized to various extents by heating at several constant temperatures in the range of 55 to 65 °C. DG measured by differential scanning calorimetry was closely related with heating temperature ( R ²= 0.997), size parameters of granules (measured by image analysis), in vitro digestion, and in vivo glycemic response ( R ² of adjusted models > 0.9); shape parameters of granules (measured by image analysis) were not related with DG . Results demonstrate that DG of starch strongly affects its digestibility in vitro , and may influence the postpandrial glycemic response. Future studies should be performed to investigate the effect of potato starch gelatinization on the nutritional impact at other temperatures and in more complex matrices.     

瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性和糊化特性的影响

研究瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性和糊化特性的影响,采用体外模拟消化性实验测定淀粉的消化性,比较与不同质量比(0:100、1:80、1:40、1:20)的瓜尔豆胶与马铃薯淀粉间糊化特性、热力学特性、结晶结构及微观结构的差异,从而探索瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性影响的本质原理。研究结果显示:当瓜尔豆胶添加量较低时复配体系经糊化后冷却至37 ℃的体系较易被酶解,抗性淀粉含量低;随着瓜尔豆胶添加量的增大,瓜尔豆胶与淀粉颗粒缠结形成空间位阻从而抑制酶解,复配体系经糊化后冷却至37 ℃的体系不易被酶解,抗性淀粉含量较高。添加瓜尔豆胶增大了马铃薯淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值温度,提升了马铃薯淀粉的吸热焓,延长糊化过程,增加吸热量。观察复配体系的结晶结构发现加入胶体后复配体系并没有新基团产生,胶体与淀粉间仅为物理作用,同时微观结构观察表明胶体与淀粉作用所形成空间位阻使得淀粉颗粒分布均匀,复配体系呈现出更加均一稳定的结构。     

A Study of Native and Chemically Modified Potato Starch. Part II: Digestibility in the Rat Intestinal Tract

The in vivo digestibility of the following chemically modified potato starch derivatives was evaluated in rats; distarch phosphate (DSP), acetyl di-starch phosphate (ADSP) and hydroxypropyl di-starch phosphate (HPDSP). Unmodified potato starch was used as reference. The starches were studied raw and after gelatinization by drum-drying. The extent of in vivo digestion was evaluated through balance experiments in normal rats (apparent digestibility) and in rats treated with an antibiotic drug to suppress hind-gut fermentation (true digestibility). Starch digestibility was calculated from direct measurement of starch in feed and faeces. Three different methods for starch analysis were compared. The apparent digestibility of raw potato starches was low, ranging from 50 (HPDSP) to 84% (ADSP). The true digestibility of gelatinized unmodified potato starch was essentially complete and was not affected to any appreciable extent as a result of cross-linking or acetylation. In contrast, etherification with hydroxypropyl significantly reduced the extent of digestion and absorption to a low level, about 50%, which was not significantly different from that with the corresponding raw material. Thus, the digestibility of the HPDSP derivative was not improved by gelatinization. The maldigested hydroxypropylated starch fraction was only metabolized to a limited degree by the hind-gut microorganisms.     

Effect of Extrusion Cooking on Functional Properties and in vitro Starch Digestibility of Barley-Based Extrudates from Fruit and Vegetable By-Products

ABSTRACT:  Barley flour and barley flour–pomace (tomato, grape) blends were extruded through a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of die temperature, screw speed, and pomace level on water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), degree of starch gelatinization, and in vitro starch digestibility using a response surface methodology. The selected extrudate samples were examined further using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy, respectively. The WAI of barley–pomace extrudates was affected by increasing pomace level. Temperature had significant effect on all types of extrudate but screw speed had significant linear effect only on barley and barley–grape pomace extrudates on degree of starch gelatinization. Although no gelatinization peak was detected, an endotherm was observed on all selected extrudates. In general, extrusion cooking significantly increased in vitro starch digestibility of extrudates. However, increasing level of both tomato and grape pomace led to reduction in starch digestibility.     

等离子体协同白藜芦醇改性香蕉淀粉及其性质

为探究等离子体协同多酚改性对淀粉性质的影响,以青香蕉淀粉为原料,通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrierdischarge,DBD)等离子体和白藜芦醇复合改性,制备DBD等离子体改性香蕉淀粉-白藜芦醇复合物,研究复合改性对香蕉淀粉理化性质和消化性的影响。结果表明,DBD等离子体处理后提高了香蕉淀粉与白藜芦醇的复合率;与未改性香蕉淀粉相比,复合改性所形成复合物的溶解度和凝沉性显著提高;DBD等离子体改性后样品的吸油率有很大提升;凝胶化温度T_o、T_p和T_c分别从64.10、71.14℃和73.92℃提高至70.18、75.79℃和82.53℃;改性后淀粉的消化率和消化速率提高;膨胀力和冻融稳定性降低。扫描电子显微镜表明,DBD等离子体处理产生了更多的淀粉碎片,对淀粉表面具有刻蚀作用。X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,白藜芦醇与香蕉淀粉通过CH-π键结合,使复合物的结构更加致密有序,形成结晶度较高的非“V”型包合物。因此,通过等离子体协同多酚改性香蕉淀粉,能够改善香蕉淀粉的加工性能,有助于开发新型保健食品。     

挤压法制备的硬脂酸玉米淀粉酯的性质研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,硬脂酸为酯化剂,用双螺杆挤压机作反应器制备了硬脂酸玉米淀粉酯.对硬脂酸玉米淀粉酯的黏度、稳定性、溶解度、糊化度、乳化特性和消化性等性质进行了测定和分析.     

茶叶乙醇提取物对蜡质玉米淀粉回生性质的影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy corn starch,WCS）为原料,研究不同添加量（1.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%）茶叶乙醇提取物（ethanol extract of tea,EET）与WCS共糊化后的相互作用以及对其透光率、老化度、溶解度、膨胀度、凝胶强度、糊化及回生特性、结晶结构、微观结构及体外消化性能的影响。结果表明：EET的添加对WCS的理化性质、回生性质及体外消化性能影响显著。随着EET添加量的增加,WCS的溶解度、膨胀度逐渐增加,而WCS的凝胶强度逐渐下降;与对照组相比,当EET添加量为2.5%时,WCS的老化度、糊化焓值、回生焓值、回生率、1047/1022的比值以及相对结晶度均有所下降,说明WCS的回生受到显著抑制。此外,EET的添加导致WCS的消化性能下降,使WCS中的快消化淀粉含量下降,抗性淀粉的含量增加。因此,在淀粉类食品加工时,可适量加入EET,降低产品的回生程度,提高产品的感官品质并延长产品的保质期。     

Effect of Microwave Treatment on Starch Digestibility and Physico-chemical Properties of Three Barley Types

Samples of normal, high-amylose, and waxy barleys (NB, HAB, and WB, respectively) were tempered and then microwaved using three treatment protocols at each of three power levels. Microwave treatment increased starch digestibility, as rapidly digestible starch (RDS) concentrations were markedly higher and resistant starch (RS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) concentrations were significantly lower, in all microwaved samples compared to corresponding unprocessed samples. Levels of RDS, on a dry sample basis, were similar in corresponding microwaved samples of the three barley types but were higher in WB when expressed on a starch basis. Levels of RS were lowest in microwaved WB samples. Microwave treatment was most effective in increasing starch digestibility at higher microwave power levels and when samples were tempered and then stored for 14 days at 4°C prior to microwaving, although the magnitude of the increase may not justify the cost of the storage step and might be achieved more economically through the use of an even higher power level. Increases in starch digestibility were attributed to gelatinization of starch. This conclusion was supported by degree of starch gelatinization, thermal analysis, and pasting data.     

Substantial Rise of Gelatinization Temperature of Starch by Adding Hydroxide

The initial gelatinization temperatures of several corn starch suspensions in alkaline sulphate solutions were determined. In trying to correlate the data, an unexpected effect of the hydroxide concentration upon the gelatinization temperature was discovered. Subsequent experiments did reveal substantial rises of the gelatinization temperatures after having added hydroxide to the starch suspensions in salt solutions. Rises as great as 25 °C have been measured. The results of further experiments indicate that this hydroxide effect is common to all starches suspended in solutions of an inorganic salt.     

玉米淀粉在水-离子液体混合溶液中的相转变机制研究

利用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)、激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱(laser confocal micro-Raman,LCM-Raman)、X-射线衍射技术(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)等手段,研究不同摩尔比的水/离子液体(ionic liquid,IL)混合液对玉米淀粉结构和性质的影响,揭示玉米淀粉在水:离子液体混合溶液中的相转变机制。结果表明,随着IL浓度的增加,淀粉的凝胶化转变为从单个吸热峰、到先有小的放热峰后紧接着吸热峰、再到单个放热峰的过渡趋势。在DSC相转变的起始温度下,淀粉多尺度结构没有发生明显的破坏。加热温度在凝胶化相转变的峰值温度时,淀粉结构都有显著破坏。加热温度在DSC终止温度时未观察到淀粉的残余有序结构,表明淀粉完全发生凝胶化,综上表明加热温度在淀粉多尺度结构变化过程中起关键作用。     

Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Amaranth Starch Gelatinization – Influence of Water,Solutes and Annealing

Gelatinization phenomena of amaranth starch were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Slight variations in onset (To) and peak (Tpl) temperatures were observed at moisture contents over 0.48 g water/g total. However, completion temperature (Tc) increased significantly. The intermediate transition temperature (Tp2) appeared at 0.61 g water/g total and below. The degree of gelatinization decreased by decreasing the moisture content. The three transition temperatures (To. Tpl and Tc) were increased and gelatinization delayed as the concentration of sucrose was enhanced. The three latter transition temperatures tended to increase as the sodium chloride was raised to 0.066 g/g total, but further increases in salt reduced significantly these temperatures. The gelatinization was delayed by increasing the salt concentration. After annealing for 12 h at 25 to 65°C, starch samples exhibited higher To and Tpl values, and narrowed gelatinization ranges. The degree of gelatinization augmented up to the annealing temperature of 55ºC and significantly decreased thereafter.     

青香蕉微波干燥中淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的研究

明确微波干燥(Microwave drying,MD)过程中青香蕉水分迁移与其淀粉糊化行为的关系及其对淀粉消化特性的作用,以青香蕉片为研究对象,设计不同微波功率密度,研究青香蕉MD干燥特性、淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的变化.结果表明微波功率密度和MD时间对青香蕉中淀粉糊化行为和消化特性影响显著.当青香蕉含水率高于45％,在...     

Protein Denaturation and Starch Gelatinization in Hard-To-Cook Beans

A study was undertaken to assess protein denaturation and starch gelatinization in ground samples of common black beans exhibiting the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect. Using differential scanning calorimetry, no significant differences in either gelatinization or denaturation temperatures were found between hard and soft beans but tropical storage conditions produced significant increases in gelatinization enthalpy and decreases in denaturation enthalpy. Endotherms of cooked samples showed as little as 34% of the protein had denatured in HTC beans as compared to over 85% in soft beans. Micrographs indicated the ground raw material was composed of clumps of cotyledon cells; cooking soft beans produced cell separation but this did not occur in HTC samples. These data supported the idea that bean hardening was accompanied by limited water availability inside cotyledon cells that could reduce cell swelling, starch gelatinization and protein denaturation, leading to textural toughness.     

小麦总淀粉、A-淀粉及B-淀粉的热损伤与其糊化度、糊化特性的关系

为了探索热处理温度和水分对淀粉损伤及损伤后淀粉糊特性的影响,揭示小麦淀粉的热损伤程度与糊化度、糊黏度特性之间的关系,以市售面粉分离的总淀粉、A-淀粉和B-淀粉为原料,经30～90 ℃的温度处理后,测定其在高、低水分下的破损淀粉含量、糊化度及糊化特性的变化。结果表明：低水分下,淀粉损伤、糊化度和淀粉糊性质随热处理温度变化不明显;高水分含量下,随着热处理温度的升高,破损淀粉含量和糊化度呈明显上升趋势,热损伤程度与糊化度之间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,糊化温度略有增加,主要的黏度参数显著下降,损伤淀粉与峰值黏度之间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

A Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study on the Effect of Annealing on Gelatinization Behavior of Corn Starch

Gelatinization characteristics of laboratory-isolated and commercial corn starch were compared by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) before and after being annealed at subgelatinization temperatures in excess water. Prior to annealing, commercial corn starch has a relatively narrow gelatinization range, with a peak temperature at 71°C. Starches isolated in the laboratory have wide gelatinization ranges and lower peak temperatures. After annealing, commercial starch showed little change in gelatinization characteristics, whereas laboratory starches all had narrowed gelatinization ranges, higher peak temperatures, and increased gelatinization enthalpy, indicating changes in the internal structure of the starch granules. This demonstrates that the wet-milling process anneals corn starch during the isolation procedure.     

Thermal and Pasting Properties of Microwaved Corn Starch

Corn starch with 15–40% moisture was irradiated at 0.17 or 0.5 W/g for 1 h using the sophisticated Ethos 1600 microwave apparatus that accurately controls temperature and wattage. Temperature of irradiated starch was measured during microwaving. Thermal and pasting properties were studied on dehydrated starch after microwave irradiation. Temperature increases were greatest during the first 10 min for starch at all moisture contents at both microwave power levels. Starch irradiated at 0.17 W/g had a temperature below onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) after 1 h. Higher temperatures were observed for starch with higher moisture content and microwaved at 0.5 W/g. Compared to native starch, starch with 15–40% moisture had higher T_o (measured using differential scanning calorimetry) and with 35–40% moisture had higher peak gelatinization temperature and lower enthalpy change of gelatinization. All paste viscosity parameters measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser were reduced and pasting temperature was elevated for starch irradiated at 0.5 W/g compared to native starch.