氧煤在炉膛内的燃烧方式分析

采用高温预热氧化剂或提高射流速度的方式,可将氧煤燃烧和MILD燃烧相结合,氧煤燃烧可以得到较高CO_2浓度的烟气,约90%,便于实现燃煤过程的CO_2捕集和封存(CCS),而MILD燃烧模式下的氧浓度整体水平较低,从而降低了煤的化学反应速率。利用煤粉的反应动力学参数,建立了氧煤燃烧炉膛的辐射传热模型,同时对不同氧浓度下煤粉燃尽时间和炉膛温度分布进行了计算。结果表明:煤炭颗粒的燃尽时间随着氧浓度和燃烧温度的降低而延长,且在低氧浓度下(10%),氧浓度的变化对燃尽时间的影响程度增大,而燃烧温度的变化对燃尽率的影响不大。煤样固定碳含量高,则炉膛介质温度整体提高,随着氧浓度的降低,燃烧峰值降低且位置稍有延后,且温度分布趋于均匀化。     

U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性

采用热天平研究了U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性,考察了灰分以及不同升温速率对飞灰燃烧特性的影响,探讨了飞灰造粒后应用于流化床锅炉燃烧的可行性.结果表明:与入炉煤粉相比,飞灰着火温度高、燃尽时间长、反应性较差;飞灰中灰分对飞灰燃烧性能和反应性能产生不利影响;随着升温速率增大,飞灰着火温度及燃尽温度升高,燃尽时间缩短,反应性增强;造粒后飞灰颗粒着火温度、燃尽温度均与煤粉接近,且它们的燃烧温度区域基本重合,颗粒可用于流化床锅炉燃烧.     

生物质与煤富氧混合燃烧特性研究

采用热重分析仪研究了棉秆、玉米芯和大同煤以及它们之间混合燃料的富氧燃烧特性。分析了富氧条件混合燃料的燃烧特征参数,如着火温度、峰值燃烧速率及其对应温度、燃尽温度及综合燃烧特性指数。采用Coat-Redfern法计算混合燃烧动力学参数。结果表明:在O2/CO2气氛下,提高氧气浓度可以改善生物质与煤混合燃料的燃烧反应,降低燃尽温度,使混合燃料的燃烧反应向低温区域移动;燃烧反应活化能在挥发分析出和固定碳燃烧的两个阶段均增大;但生物质与煤的掺混比例在30%情况下,氧气浓度的变化对混合燃料的着火温度的影响规律并不明显。在50%O2/50%CO2气氛下,随着生物质比例的增加,所有特征参数向低温区域前移,混合燃料燃烧反应活化能在挥发分析出阶段逐渐减小,在固定碳燃烧阶段逐渐增大。Coat-Redfern模型可以较好的描述棉秆或玉米芯与大同煤混合物在空气或富氧条件下的主要燃烧过程。     

煤粉细度对燃烧特性影响的实验研究

对冷水江和斗笠山两种煤粉,采用热天平进行了热重分析实验,分析了煤粉样在不同细度下的着火特性、燃烧特性、燃尽性能及动力学参数,给出了反映煤粉燃尽性能的综合判别指数Hj并进行了对比.结果表明:在相同的升温速度下,随着煤粉粒径的减小,挥发分析出量及DTG峰值增大,出现最大燃烧速率的时间提前;煤粉粒径减小,活化能降低,着火温度降低,着火提前,煤粉的燃烧特性也随之变好.     

陕西主要动力煤种燃烧特性的热天平研究

为了研究分析陕西主要煤种的燃烧特性,采用德国NETZSCH STA-409PC型热重分析仪分析了样品质量、升温速率、粒径对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,随着粒径的减小,神木烟煤的燃烧性能先增强后变弱,粒径75～90μm左右燃烧特性最好。升温速率、样品质量对煤粉的燃烧特性也有影响。随着升温速率的提高,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大失重速率增大,最大失重速率对应的温度升高;随着质量的增加,煤粉的着火温度略有降低,燃尽温度却逐渐增大,最大失重速率明显增大,放热效应的最大温度点逐渐增大,并且煤粉挥发分燃烧低温放热与固定碳燃烧高温放热有一定的分期。     

几种生物质的TG-DTG分析及其燃烧动力学特性研究

采用热重分析技术对木屑、麦秆、玉米秆和玉米芯4种生物质的燃烧特性进行了研究,考察了其着火、燃尽特性和综合燃烧特性,研究了升温速率对生物质燃烧特性的影响,同时在热天平上对其进行了动力学试验研究.研究表明:生物质燃烧过程大致可以分为3个阶段,即水分析出阶段、挥发分析出燃烧阶段、固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段:生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽温度低、燃尽率高等优点;随着升温速率的提高,着火温度、各试样挥发分最大释放速率、燃尽温度均呈升高趋势,燃烧特性随升温速率的提高而变好.采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,生物质具有较低的活化能,有利于点燃.     

O_2/CO_2气氛下粒径对煤粉燃烧特性的影响

利用热重分析法研究了粒径和氧气浓度对煤粉O_2/CO_2燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在O_2/CO_2气氛中,减小煤粉粒径能和提高氧浓度均可以改善阳泉无烟煤的燃烧特性。随着氧浓度增加,煤粉的着火温度和燃尽温度均有所下降,燃尽时间缩短,煤粉的反应活性增强。     

锡林浩特褐煤燃烧特性热重分析

利用热重分析仪获得了升温速率分别为10 K/min、30 K/min、50 K/min和70 K/min下锡林浩特褐煤的燃烧失重特性曲线,计算了着火温度、燃尽温度、最大失重速度等燃烧特性参数。采用Coats-Redfern法计算出反应动力学参数:活化能E和频率因子A。结果表明,随着升温速率升高,其着火温度降低,燃尽时间增加。     

恒温下准东煤粉燃烧特性研究

针对准东煤碱金属含量高导致灰熔融温度低、在燃烧过程中容易造成沾污及结焦等问题,利用恒温热重实验系统,研究了准东煤的燃烧特性及温度、煤种掺混等对燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明：单煤煤种燃烧过程中,不同煤种燃尽时间、燃烧速率存在显著差异,其中路茂通坎乡煤种和永华金泰煤种差异最大,路茂通坎乡煤种易着火,燃烧速率快,燃尽时间短;随着温度升高,单煤燃烧失重曲线发生左移,燃尽时间缩短,燃烧速率上升,表明温度升高会加速煤粉燃烧,并且1 000℃后提高温度对焦碳燃尽的促进作用更明显;掺混燃烧过程中,掺烧高挥发分的煤种可以有效改善煤粉燃烧初期着火特性,而掺烧高固定碳煤种可使燃尽时间延长,从而降低燃尽率;混煤掺烧能够提高灰熔点,有效改善准东煤熔融特性,从而在煤源方面减少或者避免炉膛受热面沾污、结渣,确保锅炉运行的安全性和经济性。     

煤粉热解特性对其富氧气氛下着火机理的影响

利用非等温热重分析法对两种烟煤的热解特性及富氧下的燃烧特性进行研究.实验结果表明,煤粉中低温下的热解行为对其富氧气氛下的着火机理有明显影响.挥发分初析温度低、热解特性指数D大的煤,随着氧体积分数的增加,着火方式逐渐由非均相转变为均相.而挥发分初析温度高、D较小的煤,着火方式则无明显变化.热解活性高的煤,在着火机理转变后,着火温度显著降低,但燃尽温度基本不受影响.氧体积分数提高后两种煤粉的燃烧特性指数S都有所增大,但相同氧体积分数下不同煤种之间的S相差不多,说明着火机理的改变对S无明显影响.     

Thermal analysis and kinetics of coal during oxy-fuel combustion

The pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of Polish bituminous coal were studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis tests showed that the mass loss profiles were almost similar up to 870℃ in both N_2 and CO_2 atmospheres, while further mass loss occurred in CO_2 atmosphere at higher temperatures due to char-CO_2 gasification. Replacement of N_2 in the combustion environment by CO_2 delayed the combustion of bituminous coal. At elevated oxygen levels, TG/DTG profiles shifted through lower temperature zone, ignition and burnout temperatures decreased and mass loss rate significantly increased and complete combustion was achieved at lower temperatures and shorter times. Kinetic analysis for the tested coal was performed using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS) method. The activation energies of bituminous coal combustion at the similar oxygen content in oxy-fuel with that of air were higher than that in air atmosphere. The results indicated that, with O_2 concentration increasing, the activation energies decreased.     

炭黑非催化燃烧特性的固定床实验研究

含碳燃料在还原气氛下燃烧会生成炭黑，在动力设备的燃烧装置中，炭黑的后期氧化对污染控制是非常重要的。利用石英管固定床反应器对天然气扩散火焰中生成的炭黑在不同氧浓度下（20％、15％、10％和5％）的燃烧特性进行了研究，并选用了蜡烛炭黑、丁烷炭黑和煤焦作为对比。根据实验中得出的燃烧特性，与煤焦相比，炭黑的着火温度较低，但是炭黑的燃烧活化能相对更高。氧浓度对各试样着火温度影响不大，而却影响各试样燃烧过程。还进行了水蒸汽对天然气炭黑燃烧的影响研究，水蒸汽能引起炭黑燃烧速率的显著增大。图9参12     

入口旋流数对煤粉低尘燃烧器流场的影响

以液排渣旋风燃烧过程为基础的煤粉低尘燃烧器可在燃烧过程实现捕渣,为工业加热提供低含尘浓度的高温火焰,是工业加热过程实现以煤代油的先进燃烧技术。根据旋流燃烧流动特点,采用能考虑非均向湍流应力的雷诺应力模型,对旋流煤粉低尘燃烧器内气流流动过程场进行数值模拟计算,计算结果与流场实验测试相吻合。研究表明,气流进入燃烧器时的旋转强度（旋流数）对燃烧器内的流动特性有很大影响,在冷态模型条件下,当旋流数在7以上时,环室回流在轴向贯穿燃烧器整个流场,有利于增加煤粉颗粒在燃烧室内的循环次数,提高灰渣捕获率;低于7时,环室回流出现阻断,不再连续,易造成煤粉颗粒直接逸出,对燃烧及灰渣捕获不利。随旋流数增加,燃烧器出口处中心回流率增大,对炉膛高温烟气的抽吸作用增强。     

污泥掺烧方式对燃煤锅炉燃烧影响的模拟研究

为了确保燃煤锅炉掺烧污泥后炉内燃烧安全稳定并控制NO_x的生成,以国内某典型1 000 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉为研究对象,利用CFD软件计算研究了不同的污泥掺烧方式对锅炉温度场和NO_x生成的影响。结果表明：在燃煤锅炉不同层的燃烧器掺烧污泥,掺烧污泥的燃烧器对应高度均出现了温度的下降和NO_x排放浓度的降低;随着污泥分别由下往上在B,D,F层燃烧器进行掺烧,在炉膛出口处烟温升高,NO_x排放浓度降低;在保持F层燃烧器总热值不变的情况下进行掺烧时,能保证锅炉整体温度水平,掺烧污泥比例越高,炉膛出口烟温越低,NO_x生成量越少;在F层燃烧器掺烧污泥燃烧效果较好,有利于NO_x减排,是最适合污泥掺烧的燃烧器层。     

Characterisation of an oxy-coal flame through digital imaging

This paper presents investigations into the impact of oxy-fuel combustion on flame characteristics through the application of digital imaging and image processing techniques. The characteristic parameters of the flame are derived from flame images that are captured using a vision-based flame monitoring system. Experiments were carried out on a 0.5 MW_th coal combustion test facility. Different flue gas recycle ratios and furnace oxygen levels were created for two different coals. The characteristics of the flame and the correlation between the measured flame parameters and corresponding combustion conditions are described and discussed. The results show that the flame temperature decreases with the recycle ratio for both test coals, suggesting that the flame temperature is effectively controlled by the flue gas recycle ratio. The presence of high levels of CO₂ at high flue gas recycle ratios may result in delayed combustion and thus has a detrimental effect on the flame stability.     

粉煤流化床燃烧_PC_FBC_炉膛烟温试验研究

针对新型高效、清洁煤燃烧方式,即粉煤流化床（ＰＣ－ＦＢ）,在一座０．３ＭＷ的试验台上,系统而详细地研究了ＰＣ－ＦＢ炉膛空间烟气温度的分布特性。主要研究内容包括：ＰＣ－ＦＢ炉膛空间内烟流的稳定性与均匀性;床层温度、流化速度、床料的平均粒径、二次风率、二次风的投入位置对炉膛内烟温分布的影响,并总结出合理的炉膛烟温分布。     

A combustion concept for oxyfuel processes with low recirculation rate – Experimental validation

Oxyfuel combustion is a technology for Carbon Capture & Storage from coal fired power plants. One drawback is the large necessary amount of recirculation of cold flue gases into the combustion chamber to avoid inadmissible high flame temperatures. The new concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners (CSNB) makes a reduction of the recirculation rate possible without inadmissible high flame temperatures. This reduction promises more compact boiler designs. We present in this paper experiments with the new combustion concept in a 3 × 70 kW natural gas combustion test rig with dry flue gas recirculation of 50% of the cold flue gases. The new concept was compared to a reference air combustion case and a reference oxyfuel combustion case with recirculation of 70% of the cold flue gases. FTIR emission spectroscopy measurements allowed the estimation of spectral radiative heat fluxes in the 2–5.5 μm range. The mixing of the gases in the furnace was good as the burnout and the emissions were comparable to the reference cases. The flame temperatures of the CSNB case could be controlled by the burner operation stoichiometry and were also similar to the reference cases. The heat flux in the furnace through radiation to the wall was higher compared to the oxyfuel reference case. This is an effect of the lowered recirculation rate as the mass flow out of the furnace and therefore the sensible heat leaving the furnace decreases. The higher oxygen consumption with lower recirculation rate could be compensated by a lower furnace stoichiometry. This was possible due to better burnout with increased oxygen concentrations in the burner. The results prove that a reduction of the flue gas recirculation rate in oxyfuel natural gas combustion from 70% down to 50% is possible while avoiding inadmissible high flame temperatures with the concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners.     

煤与污泥的循环流化床富氧燃烧

结合污泥的特性与富氧燃烧技术的优点,在一个内径为100mm的循环流化床焚烧炉内进行煤与污泥的富氧燃烧试验.试验分析了不同煤泥质量比,在氧体积分数为21%～35%环境下的燃烧特性以及送风含氧量、床层温度对烟气成分的影响.结果表明:不同质量比的燃料在不同氧气氛围的燃烧特性不同;当给料量恒定时,随着送风含氧量的增大,总风量减少,炉膛的温度逐渐升高,烟气中SO2与NOx浓度都呈增大的趋势,这有利于SO2与NOx的脱除;NOx体积分数随床层温度的升高逐渐增加.     

Experimental study on ignition and combustion of coal-rice husk blends pellets in air and oxy-fuel conditions

The ignition and combustion characteristics of anthracite-rice husk (AC-RH) and bituminous coal-rice husk (BC-RH) pellets were investigated in a vertical heating tube furnace under different experimental condition, for gas temperature (873 K–1073 K) and under air and different oxygen concentration (21–70%) in CO₂/O₂ atmosphere. The investigation of the ignition and combustion characteristics focused on ignition mechanism, ignition delay, ignition temperature and combustion process. AC-RH pellets had two ignition mechanism in CO2/O2 atmosphere: homogeneous ignition of volatile and heterogeneous ignition of char. Heterogeneous ignition region decreased while homogeneous ignition increased as rice husk blending ratio increased in oxygen concentration-gas temperature plane. Only homogeneous ignition was observed when rice husk blending ratio was 30%. As for BC-RH pellets, only homogeneous ignition occurred in all experimental conditions. The effect of the rice husk blending on the anthracite was more pronounced than the bituminous coal for ignition mechanism. As oxygen concentration increased, a significant reduction in ignition delay and ignition temperature was observed at low rice husk blending ratio and low gas temperature. but at 1073 K, high oxidizer temperature weakened the effect of biomass blending and oxygen concentration on ignition delay and ignition temperature. Meanwhile, at 20% and 30% rice husk blending ratio, it also weakened the effect of oxygen concentration and oxidizer temperature on ignition delay and ignition temperature. In contrast, blending ratio had a more significant effect on ignition behavior. The replacement of N₂ by CO₂ at the same oxygen concentration contributed to an increase in ignition delay time and internal ignition temperature, which suppressed the ignition behavior. Different ignition mechanisms corresponded to different combustion processes.     

Analysis of oxy-fuel combustion power cycle utilizing a pressurized coal combustor

Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions have driven extensive research into new power generation cycles that enable carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. In this regard, oxy-fuel combustion is a promising new technology in which fuels are burned in an environment of oxygen and recycled combustion gases. In this paper, an oxy-fuel combustion power cycle that utilizes a pressurized coal combustor is analyzed. We show that this approach recovers more thermal energy from the flue gases because the elevated flue gas pressure raises the dew point and the available latent enthalpy in the flue gases. The high-pressure water-condensing flue gas thermal energy recovery system reduces steam bleeding which is typically used in conventional steam cycles and enables the cycle to achieve higher efficiency. The pressurized combustion process provides the purification and compression unit with a concentrated carbon dioxide stream. For the purpose of our analysis, a flue gas purification and compression process including de-SO_x, de-NO_x, and low temperature flash unit is examined. We compare a case in which the combustor operates at 1.1 bars with a base case in which the combustor operates at 10 bars. Results show nearly 3% point increase in the net efficiency for the latter case.