Qualitätsbestimmende Eigenschaften bei der Verarbeitung von Rapssaat

Characteristics of Quality for the Processing of Rapeseed Among quality characteristics of oilseeds high extraction rates by the lowest possible technical expenses rank first for oilmilling. Apart from weight of cargo, oil content, humidity and contamination are therefore the most decisive determinants of price quotations. But for efficient oil extraction further criterions are essential such as structure and hardness of the seed, content of free fatty acids, phospholipids (gums), unsaponifiables, colour bodies or pollutants. In addition, the nutritional qualities of the meal, especially its content of glucosinolates and protein, deserve increasing interest. Each of these characteristics typically differs in its modificability by means of breeding and processing. From two experiments with industry scale processing of rapeseed from new varieties low in erucic acid and glucosinolate, results were obtained in 1975 and 1976 confirming the technological equivalency of the traditional and the new rapeseed varieties. Simultaneous genetic improvement of oil and protein content is limited by a negative physiological correlation between these two important quality characteristics. But probably the maximum capacity with regard to these traits is not yet realized in the present varieties. According to the results of an experiment with more than 4000 plants and their progenies progress in protein selection varies within different subgroups of a total of breeding stocks preselected for oil content and thousand-seed-weight, respectively.     

Anforderungen der Tierernährung an die Rapszüchtung

Recommendations for Rape Breeding in regard to Animal Nutrition Full-fat rapeseed is one of the feedstuffs with the highest energy content. In rapeseed meal (RSM), protein and amino acids, however, also cell wall constituents and harmful substances mainly glucosinolates, are enriched. The content of lignin is 8 %. This “undigestible” part causes the low digestibility and energy content. In pigs dose-effect-relationships were investigated between dietary glucosinolates and growth, feed intake, weight as well as iodine content of thyroid, thyroid hormone concentration of blood serum and further criteria. The “no-observed-effect level” for pigs is in the range from 2 to 3 mmol glucosinolates/kg feed. In rapeseed the glucosinolate content should be lowered generally to < 30 mmol/kg defatted seed. The breeding of low hull varieties increases the energy content of RSM. With regard to produced pork the quality of rape fat will be better if it would contain more oleic acid instead of linoleic and linolenic acid.     

Entwicklung und Zukunft der Rapserzeugung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Development and Future of Rapeseed Production in the Federal Republic of Germany Rapeseed has been grown in Germany since the Middle Ages for technical uses, e. g. in oil lamps, for lubricants and detergents, and for food purposes. After World War II its cultivation attained great economic importance for crop productions systems in the Federal Republic of Germany. Its acreage increased form 32.000 ha in the 50ies to nearly 400.000 ha at present. This development was conditioned by substantial improvements in quality and yields. The first step of improvement was the elimination of the erucic acid which secured the high food quality of the rapeseed oil. Since 1974/76 German farmers only use rapeseed varieties free of erucic acid. To also increase the utilisation of the valuable protein in feed rations for monogastric animals, plant breeders then successfully selected for low glucosinolate contents. Since 1986/87 nearly 100% of the German rapeseed area is sown with varieties low in erucic acid and glucosinolates as well, i.e. socalled 00-rapeseed types. Rapeseed meal from 00-varieties offers the chance to increase its consumption in the German market up to at least two million tonnes in fodder compounds applied also in pig feeding. Therefore, German oilseed crushers decidedly demand rapeseed of 00-quality from domestic producers as well as for imports.     

Untersuchungen über den Einsatz glucosinolatarmer Rapssaaten bzw. Extraktionsschrote als Futtermittel für monogastrische Tiere

Experiments on the Use of Seed and Meal of Rapeseed Low in Glucosinolate Content in Feeding Rations for Monogastric Animals Glucosinolates and their components in seed and meal of rapeseed may confine feed-uptake by animals. With broilers as experimental animals, the feed-uptake and consequently the growth rate were dependent on the amount of glucosinolates in the feed rations. Using short-term heat treated rapeseed meal with a low glucosinolate content ?Erglu”? the feed-uptake was normal; with heat treated products rich in glucosinolates the feed-uptake could be increased only partly. Heating inactivates those enzymes in rapeseed which split glucosinolates to nitrils; most of the glucosinolates, however, remain intact. There exists a good correlation between content of nitrils in rapeseed products and repression of feed-uptake with broilers.     

Schälung von Rapssaat durch definierte Verformung Teil I: Untersuchungen zur Saatanatomie

Dehulling of Rapeseed by Definite Deformation, Part I: Investigations on the Anatomy of the Seed In order to achieve an intensive utilization of high quality rapeseed in the future, an improvement in the quality of rapeseed meal is attempted via dehulling prior to oil extraction for the sake of reduction of its crude fiber content. A method is proposed, by which a well-defined deformation of rapeseed is accomplished within two stationary surfaces. The present communication records the anatomical characteristics of rapeseed. It is shown, that a reproducible disintegration of the seed can be expected if the seed is broken carefully. Various types of disintegration are explained. Using a schematic model, the dehulling of rapeseed in rolls is discussed. In a critical analysis of the problem, the aims and the conditions are summarized.     

Gesamtkonzept zur Glucosinolatbestimmung — Möglichkeiten zur Erstellung von Bilanzen in Rapssamen und -schroten

A New Concept for the Determination of Total Glucosinolate Content — Possibilities to Draw up Balances in Rapeseed and Rapeseed Meal The indirect analysis of the original total glucosinolate content of rapeseed and rapeseed meal via the determination of released sulfate anion is an interesting alternative to the other methods. While the total sulfate content always represents the total glucosinolate content at the time of harvest, the amount of decomposed glucosinolates in the seeds or meals is represented by the amount of free sulfate. In this way a balance can be made between rapeseed harvest or rapeseed entering the oil mill and rapeseed meal leaving the oil mill. Oil milling processes always lead to a partial degradation of glucosinolates and the resulting meal will contain a variable portion of the original intact glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are hydrolysed during drying, analysing or processing either enzymatically by the action of myrosinase or thermally by the action of heat. In both cases one molecule sulfate is produced from one molecule glucosinolate. With the aid of the sulfate method it is therefore possible to draw up balances especially in rapeseed meal.     

Influence of Seed Color and Hull Proportion on Quality Properties of Seeds in Brassica napus L.

Percentage of crude fiber, hull proportion, 1000-seed weight, as well as oil and protein content of seeds were studied for the first time in genotypes of Brassica napus L. differing in seed color. Yellow and brown seeds exhibited a 3 % reduction in fiber and hull contents as compared to the commonly occurring black seeded forms. In addition, an average of 2.6 % higher oil and protein content was determined in brown vs. black seeds indicating that breeding for light seeded cultivars of rapeseed has great impacts on the chemical properties of the seed. As a rapid procedure of selection for low crude fiber content in rapeseed, the simple determination of hull proportions proved to be more adequate than the direct chemical analysis of the fiber which is commonly practised.     

Agricultural and genetic potentials of cruciferous oilseed crops

Oilseed crops of the Cruciferae are widely adapted and are of particular importance to countries in the northern latitudes. Cruciferous seed oils from the crops, rapeseed, mustard, Camelina, oilseed radish and Crambe, enter edible or industrial markets, or both. The oil-seed meal can be used either as a high protein feed supplement or as an organic fertilizer. The spring and winter forms of the two species of rapeseed,Brassica napus andB. campestris, are commercially the most important. Advances in crop management and plant breeding have resulted in a 40% to 50% increase in seed yield over the past 25 years. In the next 10 to 15 years, application of newer plant-breeding techniques will result in varieties even higher in yield and seed with improved oil and meal quality. Some of the quality improvements will be new patterns in fatty acid composition, higher oil and protein content, lower fiber content, and removal of the undesirable glucosinolate compounds from the meal. The mustard cropsBrassica juncea andB. hirta are important condiment crops which have considerable potential as edible oil sources. Oilseed radish,Raphanus sativus, yields significantly less seed and oil than other cruciferous oil crops but its oil, which contains a low level of erucic acid (3.7%) and a relatively high content of 16-carbon fatty acids (9.3%), may be useful in blending with normal or zero erucic acid rapeseed oils.Camelina sativa or false flax has many desirable agronomic characteristics but the oil of camelina seed contains too high a level of linolenic acid (36%) to penetrate the edible oil market and too low to compete industrially with linseed oil.Crambe abyssinica andC. hispanica are potentially important producers of high erucic acid industrial oils. Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry. One of 9 papers presented at the Symposium, “Cruciferous Oilseeds,” ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970. Contribution No. 425, Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.     

Züchtung und Erzeugung von Qualitätsraps in Europa

Breeding and Production of Low Erucic Rapeseed in Europe In rapeseed the world's highest yields are obtained in Europe and particularly in Germany. Because of this high production level the selection of varieties with low contents in erucic acid, which started in Canada, met various difficulties in this part of the world. Especially the breeding cycle is much lengthened on account of the wintertype of most European varieties as compared to the spring type varieties, dominating in Canada. Different ways of selection for low erucic varieties were followed in Europe by the various plant breeding institutions. The present state in the genetic improvement and agricultural production of “quality rapeseed” in the Federal Republic of Germany, however, justifies the measures here taken, although the total change-over of rapeseed production to zero erucic varieties was not without problems in 1974/75 due to unfavourable season. Nevertheless, the German rapeseed processing industry may in future expect even better qualities of the domestic supply through further improved rapeseed varieties.     

Der Ertrag und die Qualität der Früchte von neun Sonnenblumensorten aus verschiedenen Ländern unter weltweit gestreuten Anbaubedingungen im Mittel von zwei Jahren

Yield and Quality of Seeds from New Sunflower Varieties from Various Countries Under Widely Varying Conditions of Cultivation in an Average of Two Years Studies with 9 varieties from different countries carried out all over the world for a period of two years have provided information concerning the yield of sunflower and the alteration of the quality of oil and that of the residue as feedstuff. The yields varied within the varieties in an average of 6 locations and two years from 24 dt/ha to 32 dt/ha and within the locations in an average of the years and varieties from 15 dt/ha in Bornova/Turkey to 33 dt/ha in Groß-Gerau/Germany. With respect to crude fat content, the varietal differences were 33.3% for the German variety “Sobrid” and 47.9% for the American hybrid “Cms HA 89”; the differences due to location varied from 38.6% for Turkey under dry cultivation conditions to 45.8% in Groß-Gerau. The crude protein content of the seed varied within the varieties between 18.5 and 20.1% and within the locations between 17.1% for Lincoln/New Zealand and 20.8% in Karadj/Iran. The crude fiber content of the defatted seeds, which to a great extent depends on the proportion of hulls in the seeds, varied between 26.8% (Cms HA/USA and Vniimk 8931/UdSSR) and 38.4% (Sorex/Germany).     

The feed value of rapeseed meal

Rapeseed meal is a high protein-containing material that can be used as a feed for livestock and poultry. Typical meal contains a little less than 40% of protein; however it also contains about 12% crude fiber and glucosinolates, specific components ofCruciferae plants. Thus it is not very popular as a protein component of high quality feed mixtures for animals, and is used mostly in ruminant feeding. The protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins containing both lysine and sulphur amino acids. The amino acids of isolated rapeseed protein have been shown to be similar in composition to those of soybean protein, and present in higher concentrations. Rapeseed meal, in comparison with other vegetable oil seed meals, has a relatively high content of crude fiber, lowering its value as a feed component for nonruminants and especially for poultry. The amounts of minerals Ca and P of the vitamin niacin and of choline are rather high, exceeding the amounts of these components in other valuable oil meals, i.e., soybean or sunflower. Glucosinolate derivatives occurring in rapeseed meal are goitrogenic, causing considerable changes in thyroid from initial feeding. This has a negative effect on the biological value of rapeseed as a feed component and as evidenced, among other symptoms, by slower growth of young animals and their utilization of protein. These effects are especially evident in thein the feeding of growing chickens particularly when a protein deficiency exists in the diet. The presence of glucosinolates in feed has not as yet been demonstrated definitely to have a negative effect on the nutritive value of meat and eggs. Penetration and accumulation have not been found in those products. Glucosinolates and their derivatives such as L-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione and isothiocyanates are not transmitted to the milk, although the thiocyanates content of milk evidently increases when cows are fed rapeseed meal. Goitrogenic symptoms have not been detected by consumption of this milk type. In the near future, the elimination of factors limiting the feeding value of rapeseed meal, such as glucosinolates and crude fiber, through breeding of new strains of rapeseeds, will permit their use in high quality protein mixtures not only for ruminant feeding but also in poultry and swine rations. One of nine papers presented at the Symposium, “Cruciferous Oilseeds,” ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

Desired quality attributes in winter and summer rapeseed

Quality assurance programs have played a significant role in rehabilitating and maintaining the importance of rapeseed and its products. In Europe, the processing of indigenous and Canadian rapeseed ensures unifrom plant utilization throughout the year which in itself contributes to improving quality. Indigenous rapeseed is predominantly of the high-yielding winter type. The European oil mills have learned to adapt to differences in low erucic acid seed characteristics during processing. The influence of different conditioning and pre-expelling parameters on the characteristics of expeller and extraction oil is especially receiving attention. Sulfur compounds, phosphatide content, color and analytical oxidation values are important criteria for the required refining techniques, which can range from classical methods to physical refining, and the quality of the fully refined product. While low erucic acid rapeseed oil can generally be regarded as an alternative to soyabean oil, crystallization behavior of hardened products can differ significantly, which appears to be a function of fatty acid composition. Progress is also being made in upgrading meal quality, especially for application in poultry feed, by developing cultivars with glucosinolate levels below 1%. Such new varieties might also contribute to reducing the problem of fishy egg taint observed with some breeds of layers. Decreased rumen degradability of rapeseed meal by treatment with formaldehyde may further improve flexibility of use. Various established and potential quality attributes for rapeseed, meal and oil are reviewed. The symposium contribution “Recent Advances in the Analysis of Glucosinolates,” by O. Olsen and H. S∳renson, was published in the September 1981 issue of JAOCS.     

The Reduction of Glucosinolate and Sinapine Contents under Industrial Processing of Rapeseed

The glucosinolate and sinapine contents in industrially processed samples including seed, conditioned flakes, expeller press cake, solvent extracted meal and toasted meal of high glucosionlate (HG) and double low (DL) rapeseed were determined. Technological unit processes including flaking, conditioning, expeller pressing and solvent extraction had a little effect on the content of glucosinolate (with exception of DL when one-fifth of glucosionolate was lost) and sinapine contents while toasting stage reduced contents of both compounds by 62 to 74% of original level in the seeds. Overall industrial process reduced glucosinolate content by 64 to 79% of seed value in HG and DL rapeseed, respectively, whereas sinapine was decreased by 26% in both types of rapeseed.     

Fortschritte in der Welterzeugung von Rapssaaten

Progress in the World Production of Rapeseed In 1982, the acreage of rapeseed cultivation in the EEC for the first time exceeded the threshold of the one million hectares. Similar expansion of rapeseed production occurred worldwide; but in many countries the increasing interest was directed to other Brassica species, too. In three of these (B. napus, B. campestris, B. juncea) socalled 00-forms, low in erucic acid and glucosinolate content, are now available for breeding; in the further cultivable Brassica species the same quality characters undoubtedly could be obtained from corresponding screening. Progress can also be noted with respect to an improvement of the contents of polyenoic fatty acids in the rapeseed oil. Historically every introduction of a new quality trait led to reduced yields; but always after a few years selection had been effective to give higher yields than before. In future another yield increase can be expected from the development of hybrid varieties. These require a broad genetic variability; such was recently made available by resyntheses of B. napus (n =19) from its ancestral species B. oleracea (n =9) and B. campestris (n =10). Finally, high grades of disease resistance are required because of the present density of rapeseed cultivation. In this connexion, effective resistance against Phoma lingam and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been evolved in high yielding varieties in only a few years by simple selection.     

Factors affecting the composition of canadian oil seeds

Importance of climate, plant breeding, and economics to production of oil seeds in Canada is considered. The influence of temperature and rainfall on the oil content and fatty acid composition of linseed and rapeseed is discussed. Major changes in the fatty acid composition of rapeseed oil can be effected by modern techniques in plant breeding and selection, i.e. erucic acid content can be reduced from approximately 40% to 0. The impact on the oil meal market of continued selection for high oil in crops and varieties is discussed.     

Bestimmung des Gesamtglucosinolatgehaltes von Rapssamen durch Messung der enzymatisch freigesetzten Glucose

Determination of Total Glucosinolate content in Rapeseed by Measurement of Enzymatically Released Glucose In connection with the change-over to the new rapeseed varieties called “double zero”, a number of different methods for the determination of the glucosinolate content have been discussed. The EEC reference procedure based on temperature-programmed gas-liquid-chromatography of the desulfoglucosinolates is a very time-consuming and expensive method. Until the 30th of June 1988 it is allowed to use national methods. In the Federal Republic of Germany the following three national methods are currently is use: HPLC, X-ray fluorescence and glucose methods. Measurement of glucose release after myrosinase hydrolysis is therefor a useful method for determining the total glucosinolate content of rapeseed samples. The enzymatic method is easy, does not require expensive apparatus and can be automated for series of analyses.     

A Rapid Method for the Evaluation of the Glucosinolate Quality of Extracted Rapeseed Meal by Total Sulphur Determination Via X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A new method for quality analysis of rapeseed meal is introduced which enables the reidentification of the glucosinolate content of seeds which have originally been used for the production of a certain rapeseed meal. This method opens also the discussion about a new and simple way for the definition of the quality of rapeseed meals based on the principle: a ?double low meal”? is a meal that has been definitively processed by crushing double low rapeseed in the meaning of the legal definitions. The proposed method is based on the total sulphur determination in the rapeseed meal by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The whole procedure consists only of four simple steps, heating of the meal in a microwave oven, grinding, compacting and measuring of the S-Kα radiation in a X-ray spectrometer taking not more than 3–5 minutes time for one sample. Therefore, the method is well suitable for the processing control in crushing plants and feedstuff production. Details of the sample preparation and the evaluation of algorithms for calculations are described and the results of model experiments are presented.     

Erste Feldanbauerfahrungen bei Winterraps mit Doppelqualität

First Cultivation Experiences with Winter Rape Seed with Double Quality After change to varieties, free from erucic acid, in 1974, in the cultivation of winter rape seed we stand just before the introduction of a new generation of varieties with double quality which is as well free from erucic acid as free from glucosinolate. All the parties concerned — cultivators, producers and utilizing industry — agree that higher quality must not lead to loss in quantity. Since introduction of the first 00-variety LIBRADOR and the subsequent introductions 1982 and 1983 there are now experiences available from cultivation of 00-varieties. Although the results are still not valid for the whole Federal Republic of Germany, the yield of 1983 and 1984 permit the conclusion that under condition of keeping the usual technic of cultivation aequivalent yields as with 0-varieties can be achieved.     

Der Einfluß fettreicher Rapsprodukte auf die Fettqualität von Lämmerschlachtkörpern

The influence of fatty rapeseed products on fat quality of lamb carcase. In a feeding experiment with lambs the following question was to be answered: Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in diets of different rape products (rapeseed, rapeseed cake and rapeseed oil) on the fatty acid composition of stored fat in lamb carcase. A total of forty weaned tup lambs (genotype: Merino Sheep, Blackhead Mutton Sheep × Merino Sheep) were fattened up to an average finishing weight of 49 kg under conditions of a high feeding intensity. Four groups were built (n = 10) each receiving four different mixed concentrates. The control group was fed conventional mixed concentrates on the basis of coarse meal of cereal-dried sugar beet pulp-soybean. The mixture for the test group 1 contained 10% rapeseed. In test group 2 soybean meal was replaced by 34% rapeseed cake. Test group 3 was given mixed concentrates with 4% rapeseed oil. All mixtures were composed in an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous way. The three mixtures for the test groups contained a higher content of crude fat and crude fiber than the control mixture. The fat content of the test mixtures had the same level. The fatty acid composition in the fat tissue of the test groups (abdominal fat, back fat, intramuscular fat) were significantly different from the control group. The test groups showed, especially, a higher degree of trans fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1) and a smaller portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the control group. With respect to the composition of fat there was no difference between the three test groups. This accordance indicates that the process of digestion in the rumens took place in a parallel way. There was no difference between feeding cell bound oil or free oil.     

40 Jahre Rapszüchtung

40 Years Rape-Breeding The present growing of cruciferous oil plants in Sweden began in 1939. There are five different species grown, that is winter and summer rape, winter and summer turnip rape and white mustard. All rape- and turnip rape-types are necessary because of the great differences in climate and soil conditions in our country. The breeding of oil plants in Sweden started 1939 at the same time as the growing of the plants. During the first twenty years the main goal was to adapt the plants to Swedish growing conditions and the most important aims were to improve the seed yield and the oil content, the winterhardiness of the winter types, the resistance to diseases and insect pests and the qualities influencing the growing capacity. The increase in seed yield during the first 30 years was 50 to 100%, that is about 50 kg pro hectare and year in all rape- and turnip rape-types. Improvement of the quality of oil and meal has been the most important aim of the breeding since 1970. In oil the first object has been to decrease the content of erucic acid - if possible to 0% - in the meal to remove the glucosinolates. There are already erucic acidfree varieties, ready for marketing in all four types. We have so called double low varieties, e. g. varieties without both erucic acid and glucosinolates ready for marketing in summer rape, in short time also in summer turnip rape, in the breeding material in the winter types too. There are further characters we are going to change, e. g. increasing the content of linolic acid, decreasing the content of linolenic acid and the changing of the seed colour from black to yellow.