西霞院水电站接地网设计

西霞院水电站采取自然接地体和敷设人工接地网相结合的方式进行接地系统设计,在220 kV开关站、出线场等处设置均压网以减少接触电势和跨步电势,在GIS室汇控柜下、机旁盘下、中控室和继保室下等部位采用铜导体与主接地网紧密连接的等电位接地铜网,以减少二次回路干扰.通过各分网的可靠连接,形成了一个安全有效的接地网.实测表明,接地电阻、接触电势和跨步电势均满足要求,实现了预期目标.     

金哨水电站二次等电位接地网方案探讨

根据《国家电网公司关于印发水电厂重大反事故措施的通知》中关于二次等电位接地网的规定,消除接地问题对二次设备的危害,文中对目前已运行的金哨水电站开关站、中控室、继电保护室等二次等电位接地网的敷设提出实施方案,以保证电站的安全运行。     

枕头坝一级水电站接地系统设计

枕头坝一级水电站位于峡谷地区,接地网布置于各个区域的岩石平均电阻率均较高,整体接地网的面积较小,接地阻抗较大,发生接地故障时地电位升较大;在接地设计时需严格校验人身和设备安全,做好均压隔离措施,以免发生故障时接触跨步电势造成人身伤亡事故和网内电位差破坏二次设备绝缘而造成重大的经济损失。     

索风营水电站接地网改造的效果

索风营水电站接地网原设计中虽然已充分利用了电站自然接地体,并用接地干线构成了一个比较完善的均衡电位接地系统,但在2005年3月对厂区接地网工频接地电阻进行测试时实测的接地电阻为0.778Ω,大于0.5Ω的设计要求。为此利用库区水电阻率较低、水位较深的特点,布置了水下立体接地网,并加强了全厂接地网的连接,取得了明显的效果。     

马马崖一级水电站接地设计与分析

马马崖一级水电站接地网布置所在各个区域的岩石平均电阻率为1000～1400Ω·m,整体接地网的面积较小,接地阻抗较大,且发生接地故障时由于入地短路电流流入地网而导致地电位升较大,将超过国内行业标准的规定值2 kV,因此在接地设计时需要着重严格校验人身和设备安全,做好均压隔离措施,以免发生故障时接触、跨步电势造成人身伤亡事故和网内电位差破坏二次设备绝缘而造成重大的经济损失。     

广州抽水蓄能电站一期工程的电气设备接地

广州抽水蓄能电站处于高土壤电阻率地区，一期工程主要机电设备从法国引进，并配套提供电气设备的接地铜材，由中法联合进行接地系统设计，充分利用压力钢管，尾水管，主厂房及主变洞拱顶锚杆等自然接地体，在５００ｋＶ出线场人工接地沟中置换低土壤电阻率的粘土，人工接地的材料主要使用铜材，本文介绍了接地网的布置，接地计算及优化设计，接地测量及效果。     

马迹塘水电厂电气二次屏柜等电位接地改造

马迹塘电厂接地网系统为建厂初期建设,所有设备的保护接地、工作接地以及电源零线等均接入该接地网系统,未建立单独的等电位接地网。电气二次屏柜等电位接地,包括开关站、主厂房、中控室及二次屏柜等电位接地反措。结合电厂现场实际情况进行了整改,现已稳定运行1a,取得良好效果。     

新安江水电站大坝基础处理设计、施工及运行介绍

(一)岩性新安江水电站位于长约800m的铜官峡谷上段.其厂坝区分布的岩层有两种,即千里岗砂岩和乌桐石英砂岩.千里岗砂岩分布,由右岸河床至左岸坝头,约占坝基面积的3/4,位于左岸高程70m以下的岩石呈青灰色,新鲜坚硬完整,高程70m以上为含泥质较多的中粒砂岩,层间常夹细砂岩或砂质页岩,小断层发育,岩石风化破碎较剧烈,缝隙多有夹泥充填.乌桐石英砂岩分布于右岸岸坡约占坝基面积约1/4.石英砂岩质坚而脆,层间普遍夹有软弱的薄层     

乌弄龙水电站全厂接地系统设计与施工保证措施

随着电力系统电压等级的升高以及电网规模和机组单机容量的增大,流经水电站的接地装置最大入地电流值越来越大.当水电站接地装置电位按不超过2000 V要求时,其接地电阻要求值会越来越小.大型水电站因一般位于地形复杂、地势险峻的山区,可用来敷设接地网的面积较少,且多为岩石地貌,电阻率普遍偏高;加上工程建设过程中对接地施工质量重...     

龙滩水电工程接地技术研究与应用

龙滩水电站在500 kV发生单相接地故障时入地短路电流达26.4 kA,电站所在地区地质电阻率极高,按常规方式进行接地无法满足规程要求。在确保安全的前提条件下,工频接地电位升高按5 000 V控制,利用库区红水河河水与河床浅层电阻率较低(33.3～37.6Ω.m)的有利因素,通过采取在库区上游红水河中敷设大范围库区接地网并与原有接地系统连接等方式,极大地降低了整体接地系统的接地电阻。按此方案实施的龙滩水电工程接地系统电阻实测为0.168Ω,小于0.189Ω,取得了预定的效果。对龙滩水电工程的接地系统现状及要求进行研究、实施及测量等,进行深入的分析和总结。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。