锌铝水滑石微米球的合成及吸附性能研究

采用多步法合成锌铝复合氧化物（LDO）与锌铝水滑石（LDHs）,通过XRD、SEM、TEM、N2吸附等对合成的试样进行了表征;研究了甲基橙（MO）在LDO及LDHs上的吸附性能,考察了pH值和温度对吸附性能的影响,并结合红外光谱和XRD对吸附机理进行探讨.结果表明：所制备的LDO和LDHs呈空心球状,直径为3～5 μm,分散性较好,LDO比表面积高达210.2 m2/g;LDO对甲基橙具有优异的吸附性能,在25℃,初始pH=3的条件下,0.2 g/L LDO对100 mg/L甲基橙的吸附容量和去除率分别达497 mg/g和99.4％,其吸附等温线和吸附动力学分别符合Langmuir方程和准二级速率方程.     

聚氯化铝残渣制备CaFeAl-LDO及其对甲基橙的吸附

采用聚氯化铝生产中的压滤残渣（PACR）制备CaFeAl-LDO吸附剂,对吸附剂的结构、形貌等进行表征,并考察该吸附剂对甲基橙的吸附效果。结果表明,制备的吸附剂焙烧前具有类水滑石的结构,焙烧后其表面变得疏松多孔,有明显的断层及裂痕。BET分析数据显示,CaFeAl-LDO较PACR比表面积增大近1.5倍,FTIR分析也表明CaFeAl-LDO有效融合了Ca-Al和Ca-Fe型吸附剂的特征峰。吸附实验效果表明,CaFeAl-LDO吸附剂最佳焙烧温度为750 ℃,对甲基橙的吸附符合二级吸附动力学模型,吸附后的LDO经高温焙烧后可以循环使用至少5次。     

ACFs吸附溶液中甲基橙的性能研究

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面分析仪和FTIR对活性炭纤维(ACFs)进行表征,并研究了ACFs对溶液中甲基橙的吸附性能。考察了吸附动力学、pH值、吸附温度及甲基橙溶液初始浓度对吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明,平衡吸附时间选取150 min,在溶液为中性条件下,溶液中甲基橙的去除率最高,溶液pH值为6时去除率达到最大值为93.45%;溶液温度为25℃时,ACFs的吸附效果最好;甲基橙的去除率随着甲基橙初始浓度增加而增大。等温吸附数据符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,吸附反应过程符合Langergren准一级动力学方程。     

Mg/Al双金属氧化物吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学和热力学机理

通过静态吸附实验,研究了Cr(Ⅵ).Mg/Al水滑石焙烧产物层状双金属氧化物(layered double oxides,LDO)的吸附性能.考察了温度对其吸 附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学和热力学规律.研究表明:吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,LDO的吸附活化能为21.42kJ/mol,表现为扩散控 制过程.在293~333 K温度范围内,吸附自由能(△Go)变小是Cr(Ⅵ)ELDO上的吸附推动力;吸附热(吸附焓变H)为5.12 kJ/mol,是自发的物理吸附过程;LDO吸附Cr(Ⅵ)为熵增过程.其熵变为49.12 J/(mol·K).结合XRD表征结果探讨了吸附机理:LDO吸附Cr(Ⅵ)无配位摹交换、化学键等强的作用力,Mg/Al金属氧化物在吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后恢复为LDH层状结构,因此,LDO对Cr(Ⅵ)的强吸附能力是冈为其具有较强的结构"记忆效应".     

改性活性炭对甲基橙的吸附

用盐酸和氨水对活性炭进行改性获得改性活性炭,将其用于处理甲基橙废水,考察了改性条件、振荡速度和温度等因素对甲基橙吸附性能的影响,采用吸附等温模型和吸附动力学模型进行拟合,并分析吸附过程的热力学特征. 结果表明,盐酸改性活性炭对甲基橙的吸附效果优于氨水改性活性炭,在甲基橙初始浓度60 mg/L、溶液体积50 mL、温度20℃、振荡速度100 r/min、盐酸改性活性炭投加量0.2 g时,24 h基本达到吸附平衡,甲基橙去除率为93.7%. 不同温度下,盐酸改性活性炭对甲基橙的吸附符合Langmuir(RC2>0.95)和Freundlich(RC2>0.97)吸附等温模型,饱和吸附量达112.7 mg/g. 热力学参数DG0<0,DH0>0,DS0>0,表明盐酸改性活性炭对甲基橙的吸附是自发吸热反应,其吸附动力学可用准二级动力学方程描述,随振荡速度增加,吸附速率常数增加.     

N-十六烷基马来酰胺酸根合镧改性PVC制备及其吸附性

以十六胺、顺丁烯二酸酐、硝酸镧和PVC为原材料,通过恒温水浴法和恒温加热法制备N-十六烷基马来酰胺酸根合镧/PVC(HL/PVC)复合材料。考察了p H值、初始染料浓度和吸附温度等对甲基橙溶液去除率的影响。结果表明,当0. 1 g HL/PVC、10 mg/L甲基橙、溶液p H=3. 50和吸附温度30℃时,HL/PVC复合材料对甲基橙去除率为92. 99%; HL/PVC对甲基橙的吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程,且符合Langmuir和Dubinin-Redushckevich(D-R)吸附模型; HL/PVC对甲基橙的吸附行为符合假二级动力学模型。     

N-十六烷基马来酰胺酸根合镧改性PVC制备及其吸附性

以十六胺、顺丁烯二酸酐、硝酸镧和PVC为原材料,通过恒温水浴法和恒温加热法制备N-十六烷基马来酰胺酸根合镧/PVC(HL/PVC)复合材料。考察了p H值、初始染料浓度和吸附温度等对甲基橙溶液去除率的影响。结果表明,当0. 1 g HL/PVC、10 mg/L甲基橙、溶液p H=3. 50和吸附温度30℃时,HL/PVC复合材料对甲基橙去除率为92. 99%; HL/PVC对甲基橙的吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程,且符合Langmuir和Dubinin-Redushckevich(D-R)吸附模型; HL/PVC对甲基橙的吸附行为符合假二级动力学模型。     

ZnCl_2改性煤矸石对甲基橙的吸附性能研究

以煤矸石为原料,利用ZnCl_2对其进行改性处理,以甲基橙溶液模拟染料废水,在恒温振荡条件下进行吸附实验。研究了ZnCl_2和煤矸石的质量比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间对改性煤矸石吸附甲基橙效果的影响。结果表明:最佳的改性条件为ZnCl_2和煤矸石的质量比为0.7∶1,煅烧温度为550℃,煅烧时间为3 h。利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对改性煤矸石进行了表征,并研究了改性煤矸石对甲基橙的吸附性能。吸附热力学研究表明,去除甲基橙的过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式;吸附动力学研究表明,改性煤矸石对甲基橙的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型。     

CTMA插层膨润土对甲基橙的吸附行为及机理研究

制备了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵插层膨润土(CTMA-BT),通过SEM,XRD,IR等表征得出十六烷基三甲基溴化铵插层剂已进入到膨润土层间。CTMA-BT相比膨润土对水中甲基橙的吸附率有大幅度的增加,其对甲基橙的去除可达99%以上。同时探讨了CTMA-BT对甲基橙初始浓度,吸附时间,等条件对CTMA-BT吸附水中甲基橙的影响。得出在常温时其等温吸附规律符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,动力学过程较符合准二级动力学模型,属于单分子层表面吸附。     

NO_3-N在仿生态焙烧水滑石上的吸附性能

采用仿生合成法,以枣为模板合成仿生态水滑石,于500℃条件下焙烧制成仿生态焙烧态水滑石(LDO),研究仿生态LDO吸附NO_3-N的影响因素。结果表明:在p H为9、吸附剂量为0.1 g、浓度为50 mg/L的NO_3-N溶液中,仿生态LDO吸附NO_3-N效果最佳,吸附量可达30.25 mg/g。仿生态LDO吸附NO_3-N的规律符合Freundlich吸附等温方程;吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程;吸附热力学参数说明仿生态LDO吸附NO_3-N是一个自发的吸热过程。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。