再生粗骨料的形态及性质对混凝土力学性能影响研究

试验以不同强度等级、不同再生粗骨料取代率为变量,研究了独立砂浆块及附着水泥砂浆再生粗骨料对再生混凝土强度及弹性模量的影响,并与普通混凝土试件进行对比.试验结果表明,C20、C30再生混凝土在取代率≤50％时随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加强度降低并不明显,再生粗骨料取代率在50％时强度达到最大;当再生粗骨料取代率为100％时,再生粗骨料自身的缺陷带来的负面效应大于实际水灰比降低带来的正面效应,使得强度反而下降;独立砂浆块再生粗骨料对再生混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及弹性模量的降低影响要比附着砂浆粗骨料大.     

利用砖混建筑废弃物制备再生混凝土的性能研究

由砖混建筑废弃物制备的再生粗骨料通常含有部分碎砖粗骨料。为研究碎砖含量对混凝土性能的影响,将再生混凝土粗骨料和碎砖粗骨料按不同比例(体积分数)混合制备混合型再生粗骨料,并以30%的取代率取代天然骨料浇筑混凝土试块进行试验研究。研究结果表明:混凝土破坏时,天然粗骨料沿粗骨料与砂浆之间的界面过渡区断裂失效,而碎砖粗骨料则是贯穿粗骨料内部断裂失效;当碎砖含量不超过18%时,对混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能没有明显影响,碎砖含量超过18%时,抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性明显下降;碎砖含量越大,混凝土抗盐冻能力越差;当砖含量不变时,水灰比越高,再生碎砖粗骨料对混凝土抗压强度的不利影响越小。     

建筑垃圾配制再生混凝土的试验研究

建筑垃圾用作再生骨料是一种可循环利用的资源,再生骨料混凝土的研究与应用已引起了广泛关注。本文选择合适的原材料,通过对再生骨料混凝土的配合比设计、再生混凝土的力学性能等一系列试验,主要研究了建筑垃圾粗骨料掺量、水灰比、外加剂掺量等3个因素对再生混凝土抗压强度的影响及其原因,旨在探讨利用建筑垃圾替代粗骨料配制中等强度混凝土的可行性。     

再生骨料砂浆附着率及取代率对混凝土强度和干缩的影响

试验以不同取代率、不同水泥砂浆附着率为变量对C30再生混凝土的强度及干燥收缩耐久性能进行了试验研究.通过与普通混凝土试验相对比,探究砂浆附着率对再生混凝土强度及干燥收缩性能的影响.结果表明,再生粗骨料取代率相同时随着砂浆附着率的增加,C30混凝土的抗压强度也呈下降趋势;再生粗骨料砂浆附着率相同时随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加,C30混凝土的抗压强度也会略有降低.当采用同一种砂浆附着率再生粗骨料时,随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加混凝土的干燥收缩也会增大;再生粗骨料取代率相同时砂浆附着率越大,混凝土干燥收缩长度变化率也会变大.     

基于多重因素的再生粗骨料混凝土用水量预测公式

为了保证再生混凝土适宜的施工性能,探寻再生粗骨料的掺加对再生混凝土用水量的影响规律,采用3种不同品质的再生粗骨料分别以不同的取代率制备再生混凝土,系统研究再生粗骨料的品质和取代率对再生粗骨料混凝土绝对用水量的影响,以普通混凝土的绝对用水量为基准,首次提出基于骨料品质和取代率的再生粗骨料混凝土绝对用水量预测公式,并基于本试验数据进行预测公式计算误差比较.结果表明:再生粗骨料混凝土绝对用水量与取代率之间表现出较好的线性关系,随着再生粗骨料品质的提升其绝对用水量显著减少.依据本试验数据再生粗骨料混凝土绝对用水量预测公式最大计算误差仅为-1.97%,具有较高的精确度和较好的适用性.     

再生骨料混凝土干燥收缩裂缝试验研究

与普通混凝土相比,再生骨料混凝土因干燥收缩率较大,特别是在有约束的情况下,产生干燥收缩裂缝的可能性较大.试验着眼于再生骨料混凝土耐久性中的干燥收缩性能,以不同强度等级、不同环境因素为变量,对不同组配再生骨料混凝土在抵抗干燥收缩裂缝方面与普通混凝土进行对比性试验研究.试验结果表明,随着龄期的增长,各系列混凝土的干燥收缩裂缝总面积有所加大,在相对湿度较接近时,随着环境温度的提高,各系列混凝土的干燥收缩裂缝总面积在增加;再生骨料混凝土的干燥收缩裂缝总面积比对比用普通混凝土大,裂缝数量,裂缝宽度都明显增加,特别是细骨料100％使用再生骨料的C50再生骨料混凝土的干燥收缩裂缝总面积比粗骨料100％使用再生骨料系列混凝土大.     

再生粗骨料混凝土抗冻性能研究进展

将再生粗骨料应用于混凝土制备可有效减少原材料生产对生态环境的破坏,还可实现建筑废弃物的再生利用。但由于存在老旧砂浆包裹、原始缺陷较多等问题,再生粗骨料混凝土吸水率较高且薄弱界面较多,抗冻性能较差,对寒冷环境下的混凝土结构产生了极为不利的影响。本文综合分析国内外对再生粗骨料混凝土抗冻性能的研究现状,发现复杂脆弱的界面过渡区是再生粗骨料混凝土承受冻害时的薄弱环节,微裂缝和孔隙的发育使其在冻融循环过程中的性能不断降低。再生混凝土的抗冻性能随着再生粗骨料掺量的增加而加速劣化,再生粗骨料质量掺量应控制在50%以内。质量损失、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度是评价再生混凝土冻融损伤水平的常用指标,质量损失在试验初期会出现负增长情况,相对动弹性模量在有限冻融循环次数下的反应较不敏感,相比之下抗压强度能更好地体现再生粗骨料混凝土的冻融损伤水平。未来,还应对再生混凝土冻融损伤机理进行更加系统深入的研究,探究效果良好的非破坏性试验指标,以及在标准冻融试验的基础上结合特定工程环境对再生混凝土抗冻性能进行具体评价,推动再生粗骨料混凝土更加广泛的应用。     

再生粗集料的循环利用对混凝土性能影响研究

试验以混凝土强度等级、再生粗集料反复循环利用次数以及再生粗集料取代率为变量,探索了低品质再生粗集料经反复再生利用后对混凝土性能的影响,并与普通混凝土进行了对比.试验结果表明,随着粗集料循环再生利用次数的增加,同一配比、同一强度等级新拌再生混凝土的坍落度值有所降低,坍落度经时间损失值也越大;随着再生粗集料循环利用次数的增加,同一种强度等级、同一种再生粗集料取代率再生混凝土的抗压强度逐渐降低;再生混凝土的强度越低,弹性模量越小;与普通混凝土相比,相同强度等级再生混凝土弹性模量普遍低于普通混凝土,且再生粗集料循环利用次数越多,混凝土弹性模量降低也越明显.     

砂浆再生粗骨料对混凝土强度及干燥收缩性能影响研究

试验以不同强度砂浆粗骨料、不同砂浆粗骨料置换率为变量对C30再生混凝土强度及干燥收缩耐久性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,随着砂浆再生粗骨料置换率的增加,混凝土拌合物流动性能降低;当砂浆再生粗骨料置换率相同时随着砂浆再生粗骨料强度的降低混凝土的强度也有所降低;当采用同一种强度等级砂浆再生粗骨料时,随着砂浆粗骨料置换率的增加混凝土的强度也会降低,特别是采用低强度砂浆再生粗骨料且置换率为100％时混凝土的强度降低更为明显;当采用同一种强度等级砂浆再生粗骨料时,随着砂浆粗骨料置换率的增加混凝土的干燥收缩长度变化率也会变大;在相同砂浆再生粗骨料置换率的条件下砂浆粗骨料强度越低,吸水率越大,混凝土的干燥收缩长度变化率也会变大.     

养护环境及置换率对再生混凝土干燥收缩裂缝的影响

试验以不同环境、不同再生粗骨料置换率为变量对C30再生混凝土抵抗干燥收缩裂缝性能进行了基础性试验研究,并与普通混凝土试件进行对比.试验结果表明,在相对湿度(RH60％)相同条件下,再生混凝土与普通混凝土随着干燥环境温度的提高,自由干燥收缩长度变化率逐渐加大;在相同干燥温度条件下,随着再生粗骨料置换率的增加,混凝土自由干燥收缩率也会加大;在环境相对湿度(RH60％)相同条件下,混凝土的干燥温度越高,早期干燥收缩裂缝产生的龄期就越早;在混凝土干燥温度相同条件下,再生粗骨料置换率越大,早期干燥收缩裂缝产生的龄期就越早,再生粗骨料的置换率对再生混凝土极限抗拉强度的影响有限.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。