纳米光栅微陀螺前置放大电路的设计与分析

针对纳米光栅微陀螺输出微安甚至皮安级的微弱电流信号,设计微弱电流信号的前置放大电路,研究微弱电流信号检测与电路稳定性的理论,提出一种低成本、低噪声、高信噪比的微弱电流检测方法,即高阻型的I-V转化法,并给出高阻型I-V转化电路的响应带宽计算公式以及电路稳定性的分析方法。通过搭建测试台,对电路性能及功能进行实际测试。实验结果表明:该电路可对皮安级的微弱电流信号进行检测放大,电路灵敏度为10 mV/pA,最大检测误差为1.5%(当输入微弱电流值10 pA时),满足纳米光栅微陀螺的微弱电流检测的需求。     

负载对电流源校准的影响

本文探讨了电流源进行校准时,不同阻值的分流器对测量结果的影响。实验结果表明：电流源输出10A时,外加分流器阻值的大小对测量结果的影响可以忽略;电流源输出电流在0．1A和1A量程,频率小于1kHz时,负载效应同样可以忽略,但是频率高于1kHz的时候,负载效应就会显现出来,如果需要在更高的频率下对电流源进行精密测量就需要考虑负载效应。     

微弱直流电流表示值误差测量结果的不确定度评定

正一、概述1.测量依据JJG598-1989《直流数字电流表检定规程》。2.测量环境条件环境温度为(20±1)℃,相对湿度为(60±15)%。3.测量标准直流标准电流源:6430型(亚fA程控源表)。测量范围:直流电流为1pA~100mA。1nA量程最大允许误差:±(0.050%×输出值+200fA)。10nA量程最大允许误差:±(0.050%×输出值+2pA)。     

基于SQUID的直流电阻电桥指零仪设计

设计了一款基于超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)的直流电阻电桥指零仪电路,该电路可用作高精度电阻电桥中低值电阻(0.1~100Ω)测量的指零仪电路。通过自制SQUID外围电路并优化电路其输入耦合线圈的互感值,实现微弱电桥不平衡电流的精密测量。与传统电阻电桥基于测量不平衡电压的纳伏计指零仪相比,其检测灵敏度在中低值电阻测量范围有数量级的提升。设计的作为指零仪的SQUID磁通锁定环1/f转折频率在2Hz左右,磁通白噪声水平在3.5μΦ₀/左右,并且输入线圈与SQUID互感系数高达10nH,其等效的电流白噪声密度0.7pA/。将其用作电阻电桥指零仪测量100Ω标准电阻(工作电流为10mA)的分辨率可达到10^-11量级。     

热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置电流源设计与仿真分析

针对热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置中电流源设计的关键技术,本文提出一种用于真空计电参数校准的内置单运放电流源及其非理想化低频等效模型,并通过PSPICE仿真对电路性能进行分析。装置适用于100 MΩ～100 GΩ负载条件,负载为1 GΩ时输出电流相对变化率为0.3×10~(-6)。解决了当前热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置电流源不适用于低位离子流采样的超高电离真空计的问题,达到校准不同型号热阴极电离真空计离子流放大器的效果,为电参数校准装置的研制提供理论依据及参考。     

高稳定度可调恒流源的设计与实现

针对影响恒流源稳定性的因素,制定相应的改进解决方案以确保输出电流的稳定,通过设计基于场效应管和运算放大器组成的串联反馈电路来保证电流的稳定性。实验测试的结果表明,串联反馈电路中加入运放的隔离电路使得前后级的电路更加稳定,同时基准电压越稳定,恒流源的输出电流越稳定,在市电供电情况下,经过预热可以产生更加稳定的基准电压。通过实验测试,恒流源样机达到10-6量级稳定度以及输出电流范围在0～1 A可调的设计要求。     

直流稳流源的附加保护器

用XF_1型精密电表校验台对电流表和功率表的检定中,直流电流的供给常用YJ 10A型晶体管稳流器,该稳流器要求在有电流输出的条件下,电流输出端钮不能开路。否则把负载接人电路时,会产生过电压和过电流的现象。为此我们自制了一种直流稳压源附加保护器。     

一种用于辐射测量的电荷放大器设计

为解决辐射测量传感器输出电流难以准确采集的问题,该文设计并实现一种pA级电流放大器。首先对放大器的低频截止点、高频截止点、噪声特性和漂移等关键指标进行分析,基于电容积分原理设计一种用于pA级电流采集的电荷放大器,并从施加等电位屏蔽、提高绝缘性能、应用相位补偿和抑制噪声四个方面对放大器的性能进行优化,以确保其输出稳定可靠。最后,在多功能校准源Fluke 5720A、标准分压器和标准电阻箱辅助下,将该放大器的输出结果与Keithley 6514的测量结果进行比较,确定该放大器的测量准确度优于1%。并对该放大器的改进方向进行阐述。该放大器已被用于局部放电量在10 pC及其以下的校正脉冲发生器校准中,并取得良好的效果。     

基于二进制电抗分流器实现热电变换器共地测量

相比于传统的串联连接方式,提出了一种基于二进制电抗分流器实现热电转换器共地比较测量的方法,通过串联连接的方式实现交流电流量程扩展。二进制电抗分流器产生两路共地可自校的电流输出,为热电转换器之间进行相互比较提供已知关系的1:1电流比例;该方法可以减少电流泄漏和三通连接器串联连接的影响。基于这种共地测量方法,热电变换器结合100 mA和1 A分流器进行了实验分析,测量频率范围1~200 kHz,同时在串联模式下进行换臂测量。实验结果表明基于二进制电抗分流器和换臂法可以很好地消除泄露电流所引起的测量误差,且两种不同方法在200 kHz频率下一致性优于3 μA/A。3种不同热电变换器和分流器组合在10 mA~1 A测量电流下交流转换误差一致性优于6 μA/A。     

静态电荷量测试仪校准源研制

静态电荷量标准采用精密程控电压源和精密电容器输出高准确度静态电荷量,利用电压负反馈进行自动调整,克服负载电容和输出电压对输出电荷量的影响,实现静态电荷量的稳恒输出,可方便地检定静电计和电荷放大器。该静态标准电荷源的稳恒特性比传统的电荷源提高了5个数量级。该标准源静态电荷量Qx范围为200pC～2μC;允许误差为0.1%Qx+0.1pC;等效源内电容为10^-15F。     

Flux-locked current source reference

The quantization of flux in a closed superconducting circuit is used to provide a stable reference current. A 10-mA current source is coupled through a toroidal transformer to a DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) input, and the resulting signal is fed back as an error current. The result is a net flux linkage that exhibits short-term stability of 1 part in 10⁹/h. The net current is quantized with a step size of 59.4 nA, and it will exhibit the same stability as the flux provided the mutual inductance of the transformer remains constant. This current is passed through a precise 100-Ω resistor and compared against Zener diode references. The observed temperature coefficient for the flux transformer is 28.5±3 ppm/K at 4.2 K. Possible sources for the temperature dependence are discussed     

批量光电二极管弱光光敏特性测试仪

针对光照度小于101x的弱光使用环境,提出并设计了一种批量光电二极管弱光光敏特性测试仪。仪器包括可调弱光光源、照度均匀化装置、批量光电二极管固定板、多通道转换开关、微电流放大电路、环境照度监测通道、数据采集及微机接口电路和相关配套软件。仪器的核心为自行研制的光照度在0．01-101x范围内无级可调的弱光光源。实际应用中,在21x照度下,光电二极管弱光光电流一般为12．2-15．6nA,只有少数光电流低于10nA;因此,该仪器可用来进行光电二极管的定量筛选。     

一种高稳定度纯净正弦波功率信号源的研制

针对传统信号源输出电压较低,负载能力弱且无法闭环稳压、稳频的缺点,研制了一种输出电压有效值为40V,负载电流为1A的高稳定度纯净正弦波功率信号源,以适应陀螺测试等系统的需求．本文对该功率信号源系统结构和电路原理进行了详细的分析．样机实验结果表明：该信号源具有功率大、稳定度高,准确度高和低谐波含量的优点,具有良好的应用前景．     

CMOS chopper amplifier for chemical sensor

A highly sensitive CMOS chopper amplifier for an oxygen probe is described. It is integrated in a 2-μm double-poly p-well CMOS process. The chip uses only a single 5-V voltage source, and no external components are needed. It is realized by using the current mode chopper technique to overcome the low frequency noise and drift problems. The clock feedthrough generated by the chopper circuit is reduced by using the switched-capacitor-filter technique. The switched-capacitor technique is also used to implement the function of demodulation. The simulated current is converted into an output voltage with a slope of approximately 100 mV/nA. The current signal from 0.2 to 8 nA can be measured with a nonlinearity of 3.5%. Experimental results are given showing the performance of this amplifier     

提高电压标准源负载能力的外接放大电路设计

介绍了用于提高电压标准源负载能力的外接功率放大电路的设计原理及组成,该电路通过对称式的设计方法和认真筛选器件,使其具有附加误差小、跟踪准确度高等优点,解决了一般电压标准源源电流输出能力不足的问题.     

A Precision Stabilized Sine-Wave Source for AC Power Measurements

The design of a stable sine-wave source for error determination of ac-measuring instruments is discussed. The electronic amplitude control circuit has been constructed using standard integrated circuits. The fluctuations of its rms output voltage, observed over the period of 1 h, are 1 · 10-6 peak-to-peak. Since the total harmonic distortion is less than 1 · 10-3, its contribution to the error of the rms value may be neglected.     

A time-based VLSI potentiostat for ion current measurements

A time-based CMOS integrated potentiostatic control circuit has been designed and fabricated. The design maintains a constant bias potential between the reference and working electrodes for an amperometric chemical sensor. A technique of converting input currents into time for amperometric measurements is proposed. This technique eliminates current amplifying circuitry, reduces matching problems, and increases dynamic range while saving on area and power consumption. Redox currents ranging from 1 pA to 200 nA can be measured with a maximum nonlinearity of /spl plusmn/0.1% over this range. The design can be used to generate cyclic voltammograms for an electrochemical reaction by sweeping the voltages across a range specified by the user. Analog inputs are processed and digital outputs are generated without requiring a power-hungry A/D converter. A prototype chip has been fabricated in the 0.5-/spl mu/m AMI CMOS process. Experimental results are reported showing the performance of the circuit as a chemical sensor.     

Accurate subpicoampere current source based on a differentiating capacitor with software-controlled nonlinearity compensation

A high accuracy current source has been developed for the generation of very small currents (below 200 pA) based on applying a linear voltage ramp to a capacitor. Using software-controlled compensation for the nonlinearity of the voltage ramp, a stable current can be reached within a few seconds. A voltage ramp within typically 10/spl middot/10/sup -6/ of any desired value between less than 1 mV/s and several hundreds of mV/s can be realized. Using a high quality air-dielectric capacitor, currents below 200 pA can be generated with an uncertainty of 20 /spl mu/A/A (k = 2), with a lower limit of 2.0 aA (k = 2).     

A linear operational transconductance amplifier for instrumentationapplications

A linear operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is described that consists of a linear transconductor and a translinear current gain cell followed by three current mirrors. The proposed circuit has superior linearity and temperature characteristic when compared with the commercially available OTA. A prototype circuit with a transconductance of 50 μS has been built with discrete bipolar transistors producing a linearity error of less than ±20% over an input voltage range from -0.8 to 0.8 V. The prototype OTA circuit also exhibits a transconductance that is linearly dependent on a bias current varying over four decades with a sensitivity of 1 S/A