Nb-V微合金化低钼型Q345耐火钢的开发

 为了推动耐火钢的市场应用,采用低碳、低钼(约0.2%)及铌、钒、钛的复合微合金化成分设计,成功开发出低成本Q345耐火钢。采用Formastor-Digital全自动相变测试仪测定了试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了变形后不同冷却工艺对试验钢组织及硬度的影响,并采用SEM、EBSD、TEM和物理化学相分析等手段对热轧及600 ℃高温拉伸试样基体组织及纳米第二相进行了详细表征,定量分析了试验钢室温及高温下的强度机制。结果表明,轧后760~780 ℃开始层流冷却、终冷温度为400~600 ℃,试验钢获得铁素体+贝氏体组织。经600 ℃高温拉伸后,试验钢中MC相的质量分数及处于18 nm以下的粒子质量百分比相对于热轧态试样分别提高了16.4%、9.8%,这些新析出的纳米级粒子在高温下起到了良好的沉淀强化作用,一定程度弥补了高温下因剪切模量下降和细晶强化失效导致的高温屈服强度的损失;固溶、沉淀强化为Q345耐火钢主要的高温强化方式。     

重载齿轮钢的高温性能

 通过Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机高温拉伸试验,对比研究了17Cr2Ni2MoVNb和17Cr2Ni2Mo钢的高温性能。结果表明：因微合金元素V（0.1%,质量分数,下同）、Nb（0.036%）产生细晶强化及固溶强化,17Cr2Ni2MoVNb 钢的抗拉强度比17Cr2Ni2Mo钢稍高。在低N（0.0057%）含量的17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢中,V和Nb对热塑性的危害很小。而高N（0.0130%）含量的17Cr2Ni2Mo钢在600～900 ℃及1050～1200 ℃温度区间塑性低于17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢。N含量及相变温度不同导致第二期AlN析出量不同及铁素体先后析出,是造成两试验钢塑性差别的主要原因。     

Cr对460 MPa级抗震耐火建筑用钢性能影响

设计了两种不同Cr含量460 MPa级抗震耐火建筑用钢,并进行了室温和高温机械性能检测,0.4%Cr和0.8%Cr试验钢的性能均满足抗震钢屈强比≤0.83,并且耐火钢600℃保温3 h后屈服强度≥307 MPa的标准。JMatPro热力学软件对460 MPa级抗震耐火建筑用钢的析出相进行计算,采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜方法对钢中的析出相进行了分析。结果表明,试验钢随Cr含量的升高,室温抗拉强度升高,屈强比降低,具有更好的抗震性能。Cr的增加,减少了高温稳定性较差的析出相的析出,降低了析出相中Mo的含量,促使Mo更多地溶入基体中,从而提高了抗震钢的高温固溶强化作用和耐火性能。     

Mo对耐火钢组织性能的影响

对三种含Mo耐火钢组织和性能进行了实验分析,发现合金元素Mo在耐火钢中的主要作用是通过提高贝氏体淬透性来满足钢的高温性能.从组织学角度看,降低合金中的Mo含量而增加其它提高贝氏体淬透性的元素也能够满足耐火钢成分设计要求.探讨了设计低Mo或无Mo耐火钢的可能性.     

V含量对V-Mo-N微合金钢贝氏体区析出行为的影响

通过热模拟和透射电镜(TEM)等研究方法对三种不同V含量的V-Mo-N微合金钢在贝氏体铁素体基体中析出粒子分布、形貌和尺寸进行了观察和分析。结果表明:在V-Mo-N微合金钢中,当Mo的添加量较低时,析出粒子为V(C,N),Mo元素全部固溶于基体中起到固溶强化作用,并不会形成Mo的碳氮化物析出。随着V含量的提高,组织中的贝氏体板条逐渐变细并向粒状贝氏体转变。V含量在0.05%~0.16%时,试验钢析出量随V含量增加而增加,同时,钢的硬度也增加。     

热处理工艺对20Cr1Mo1VTiB螺栓钢组织及性能的影响

为了优化20Cr1Mo1VTiB螺栓钢的热处理工艺,采用SEM、TEM和力学性能测试等手段,研究了热处理工艺对该钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,20Cr1Mo1VTiB钢热处理态组织为贝氏体,主要强化相为VC与针状M3C相。随着淬火温度的提高,VC逐渐溶解,固溶强化作用增加,室温和高温强度上升、韧性下降。在较低温度下回火,贝氏体板条位错密度高、组织应力大,强度高、韧性差;提高回火温度,VC逐渐长大,基体逐渐发生回复,室温和高温强度降低,韧性显著升高。1 030℃淬火+720℃回火后,20Cr1Mo1VTiB钢体现出良好的强韧性匹配。     

800MPa级含钨低碳贝氏体钢的实验研究

采用金相及硬度测量并结合透射电子显微镜观察,研究了800MPa级含钨低碳贝氏体钢轧态及回火态组织和性能的变化.结果表明,实验钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度均随钨的质量分数的提高而提高;回火后试样的冲击值和延伸率都较轧态有所提高;添加钨后,钢板组织为板条贝氏体和少量粒状贝氏体的复合组织;当钨含量高于0.4%,回火温度在550～600℃范围内时,在板条间和位错上析出大量细小的含Nb、W、Ti碳化物,提高了钢板强度;当钨含量低于0.3%时,钨的固溶强化机制作用明显.     

建筑用耐火钢的高温强化机理

 研究了建筑用耐火钢的高温力学性能和微观组织结构。研究发现,同普通钢相比,耐火钢获得了良好的高温性能。着色腐蚀、透射电镜(TEM)及化学相分析结果表明,铁素体+MA组织+少量珠光体的混合组织,Mo在钢中的固溶强化作用,高温下MA组织分解形成稳定的合金渗碳体以及600 ℃左右下MC和和Mo2C析出相大幅度增加,是耐火钢获得良好高温性能的重要原因。     

钨钼渗铜材料的力学性能和组织研究

本文对不同成分配比和不同骨架密度钨钼渗铜材料的力学性能和断口形貌进行了分析和研究.结果表明:(1)对于相同或相近骨架密度材料,本实验成分范围内的钨钼渗铜材料在高温下固溶强化效果显著,骨架密度为84%,当Mo含量为10%(质量分数)时,800℃和1 200℃的强度分别达到330 MPa和215 MPa,与钨铜材料相比,强...     

固溶温度对马氏体时效钢00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti组织和力学性能的影响

研究了马氏体时效钢00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti(%:0.002C、14.06Ni、3.19Cr、3.06Mo、1.32Ti)750～1 050℃固溶处理的组织和力学性能。结果表明,≤900℃固溶处理,该钢奥氏体晶粒和强度无明显变化,固溶温度超过900℃时钢的奥氏体晶粒显著增大,钢的强度呈下降趋势。当固溶温度由750℃增加至900℃时,随固溶处理温度提高,钢中Fe2Mo相量降低,810℃时完全溶解,钢的冲击功由32 J提高至61 J,当固溶温度由900℃增至1 050℃,随奥氏体晶粒增大,钢的冲击功由61 J 降至26 J。     

两相区位错增殖对低碳贝氏体/铁素体复相钢组织和性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、室温拉伸等手段, 通过两相区保温-淬火(IQ)、两相区形变后保温-淬火(DIQ)、两相区保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(IQ&PB)及两相区形变后保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(DIQ&PB)热处理工艺, 研究高温形变对室温组织、性能、残余奥氏体稳定性的综合影响作用.结果表明, 经15%的压缩形变后铁素体中位错密度由0.290×1014增加至1.286×1014 m-2, 马氏体(原奥氏体)中C、Cu元素富集浓度提高, 高温形变产生位错增殖对元素配分有明显促进作用.DIQ&PB工艺下, 形变后贝氏体板条尺寸变短且宽度增加0.1 μm左右, 贝氏体转变量较未变形时增加14%, 多边形铁素体尺寸明显减小.力学性能方面, 两相区形变热处理后抗拉强度增加132.85 MPa, 断后伸长率增加7%, 强塑积可达25435 MPa·%.形变后残余奥氏体体积分数由7.8%提高到8.99%, 残余奥氏体中碳质量分数由1.05%提高到1.31%.      

Effect of Ti Addition on Yield Strength of Low-Mo Fire-Resistant Steel at Elevated Temperatures

Herein, a series of low-Mo (0.2 wt%) fire-resistant steels with varying amounts of Ti (0.008–0.13 wt%) are investigated to study the effects of Ti on yield strength at elevated temperatures. At room temperature (RT), precipitation strengthening by nanoscale TiC precipitates is found to be the major factor for the enhanced strength. The amount of TiC precipitates and both the yield and tensile strengths increase monotonically with the Ti content. However, the yield strength ratio (YS at 600 °C divided by YS at RT) of the steel with the highest Ti content (0.13 wt%) is significantly reduced to 0.6. In contrast, the YS ratio of the steels with Ti content in the range of 0.008–0.087 wt% remains above 0.7 and increases with Ti content. The difference between the steels lies in the B content and the resultant bainite volume fraction. The steel with 0.13 wt% Ti does not contain B and has only 4% bainite, whereas the other steels contain 20 ppm B and approximately 60% bainite. Hence, a microstructure with a sufficient fraction of bainite is required to ensure strength at elevated temperatures. The properties can be further improved by Ti precipitation strengthening.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure‐property relationship in thermomechanically processed C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steels

The effect of additions of Nb, Al and Mo to Fe‐C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steel on the final microstructure and mechanical properties after simulated thermomechanical processing (TMP) has been studied. The laboratory simulations of discontinuous cooling during TMP were performed using a hot rolling mill. All samples were characterised using optical microscopy and image analysis. The volume fraction of retained austenite was ascertained using a heat tinting technique and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Room temperature mechanical properties were determined by a tensile test. From this a comprehensive understanding of the structural aspect of the bainite transformation in these types of TRIP steels has been developed. The results have shown that the final microstructures of thermomechanically processed TRIP steels comprise ~ 50 % of polygonal ferrite, 7 ‐12 % of retained austenite, non‐carbide bainitic structure and martensite. All steels exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The microstructure‐property examination revealed the relationship between the composition of TRIP steels and their mechanical properties. It has been shown that the addition of Mo to the C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb TRIP steel increases the ultimate tensile strength up to 1020 MPa. The stability of the retained austenite of the Nb‐Mo steel was degraded, which led to a decrease in the elongation (24 %). The results have demonstrated that the addition of Al to C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb steel leads to a good combination of strength (~ 940 MPa) and elongation (~ 30 %) due to the formation of refined acicular ferrite and granular bainite structure with ~7 ‐ 8 % of stable retained austenite. Furthermore, it has been found that the addition of Al increases the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite laths. The investigations have shown an interesting result that, in the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel, Al has a more pronounced effect on the microstructure in comparison with Mo. It has been found that the bainitic structure of the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel appears to be more granular than in the Nb‐Mo steel. Moreover, the volume fraction of the retained austenite increased (12 %) with decreasing bainitic ferrite content. The results have demonstrated that this steel has the best mechanical properties (1100 MPa and 28 % elongation). It has been concluded that the combined effect of Nb, Mo, and Al addition on the dispersion of the bainite, martensite and retained austenite in the ferrite matrix and the morphology of these phases is different than effect of Nb, Mo and Al, separately.     

Effect of Cr–Mo Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Carbon Steel

Herein, the effects of Chromium–Molybdenum (Cr–Mo) addition on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel after spheroidization annealing are systematically studied through scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and tensile testing. Cr–Mo addition hinders the proeutectoid ferrite + pearlite transformation, thereby promoting the bainite transformation. Moreover, it refines the pearlite lamellar spacing as well as decreases the average carbide diameter, increases the number of carbides per unit area, and hinders ferrite recrystallization. Compared with those in the B1 steel annealed for 8 h, the size of carbides and their number per unit area in the CM1 steel are 30% lower and 2.2-fold higher, respectively. Due to finer ferrite grains, smaller carbides, and a higher amount of carbides, the strength of steel improves, and the plasticity slightly reduces after Cr–Mo addition. After 2 h of annealing, the yield strengths of Cr–Mo steels are 77.5–109.5 MPa higher than those of base steels; the elongations are above 20%. The contributions of the strengthening mechanism of steel to the yield strength are as follows (from high to low): grain boundary, precipitation, solid solution, and dislocation strengthening.     

Interrelations of cooling rate,microstructure, and mechanical properties in four HSLA steels

The present study was carried out on four steels containing 0.1 pct C-1.5 pct Mn-0.003 pct B* in common, with additions of 1 pct Cr, 0.5 pct Mo, 0.25 pct Mo + 1 pct Cr, 0.2 pct Ti + 1 pct Cr. They were designated, accordingly, as Cr, Mo, Mo-Cr, and Cr-Ti steels. All the steels exhibited a complete lath martensite microstructure with thin interlaths of retained austenite (≈0.05 pct) in the quenched condition. The normalized microstructures, granular bainite, contained massive areas of ferrite and granules of bainite laths. Both microconstituents contained a fine dispersion of cementite particles (size ≈50 Å) together with high dislocation densities. A mechanism explaining their for-mation has been given. The Cr steel, due to its low hardenability, showed in addition polygonal ferrite in the neighborhood of the so-called M-A constituent (twinned martensite and/or austenite). The annealed microstructure (using a cooling rate of 0.033 °C s^?1) of the Cr steel consisted of coarse ferrite-pearlite. Addition of 0.2 pct Ti to the Cr steel markedly refined the structure, whereas an addition of 0.25 pct Mo altered the microstructure to ferrite-lower bainite. In the 0.5 pct Mo steel, polygonal ferrite was found to be completely missing. The mechanical properties of the four steels after quenching, normalizing, and annealing were investigatedvia hardness and tensile test mea-surements. An empirical equation, relating the ultimate tensile strength to the steel composition, for steels that had granular bainite microstructures in the normalized condition, was proposed. The fracture surfaces exhibited cleavage and variable-size dimples depending on the microstructure and steel composition.     

锰源粉末对Fe-Mn-C烧结钢组织和力学性能的影响

以电解锰粉和Fe-76% Mn粉末（质量分数）为原料,在600℃和70% N₂+30% H₂混合气体（体积分数）管式炉中氮化得到三种抗氧化含氮锰源粉末（Mn-3% N、Mn-5% N和FeMn-3% N,质量分数）,研究锰含量以及锰源粉末种类对压制烧结Fe-Mn-C烧结钢组织和力学性能的影响。研究表明:使用氮化锰源粉末制备的Fe-Mn-C烧结钢的力学性能明显优于采用电解锰粉为原料制备的同类材料,随着锰源粉末中N含量的升高,烧结钢烧结膨胀率减小,对合金的强化作用增加。以Mn-5% N作为锰源制备的Fe-2Mn-0.5C烧结钢,其拉伸强度为576 MPa,断后延伸率为3.8%,与电解锰粉为锰源相比,烧结钢的拉伸强度和断后延伸率分别提升了29%和123%。使用氮化锰粉作为锰源的烧结钢内孔隙数量减小,珠光体增多,片层间距降低。     

钒微合金化低碳贝氏体钢的连续冷却相变特性

 采用热膨胀法测定6种不同成分低碳贝氏体钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。CCT曲线表明,加入微量硼能使含钒低碳贝氏体钢在大于03℃/s的冷速下获得贝氏体组织,而V-N微合金化的低碳贝氏体获得全贝氏体的临界冷速要高于V-B钢,且贝氏体转变的开始温度也要较V-B钢高20℃左右。在含钒、氮低碳贝氏体钢中加入钼、铬将会促进钢的贝氏体相变,但钼的作用要优于铬;钼、铬的加入可使含钒、氮低碳贝氏体钢的贝氏体转变温度降低至少30℃,且贝氏体组织得到了细化,钢的维氏硬度也提高了HV10~30。     

热处理对X90管线钢组织性能的影响

将焊接的与未焊接的X90管线钢固溶后保温不同时间,对其显微组织和拉伸性能进行了分析.结果表明,X90管线钢在不同保温时间下的组织均由多边形铁素体和粒状贝氏体组成.随着保温时间的延长,粒状贝氏体由弥散状变为团状,M-A岛的含量增多,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸增大.焊接的与未焊接的实验钢保温时间为30 min,抗拉强度分别达最高660 MPa和725 MPa;保温60 min时抗拉强度分别最低为603 MPa和647 MPa.析出强化和细晶强化对钢的力学性能都有贡献,在保温30 min时,析出强化占主导地位.热处理对X90管线钢的性能影响对于经过焊接的与未焊接的实验钢,表现出了同样的趋势.