基于退火路径的中锰钢组织转变与力学性能

为了更好地指导中锰钢工业试制,利用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜和拉伸试验机等研究了不同退火路径下低碳中锰钢的组织转变及合金元素配分行为,并评价了其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,热轧中锰钢的显微组织主要由铁素体、板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体构成.经冷轧变形后,原组织中的铁素体和马氏体晶粒破碎,残余奥氏体和M/A...     

低碳合金三相钢中残余奥氏体量和其机械稳定性对拉伸性能的影响

含有7－18％残余奥氏体的低碳合金铁素体－马氏体－残余奥氏体三相钢通过成份设计和临界退火获得。残余奥氏体量和其机械稳定性对拉伸性能的影响及残余奥氏体在拉伸过程中应变诱发马氏体转变通过X－射线衍射、拉伸试验和透射电镜来研究。试验结果显示,残余奥氏体量对临界退火方式敏感。残余奥氏体是弧立型且是机械不稳定原,残余奥氏体内会发生应变诱发马氏体相变,转变次序是残余奥氏体重（fcc）→层错（hcp）→马氏体（bcc）。残余奥氏体对三相钢拉伸性质的影响是非常明显的：极限拉伸强度、初始和终止工作硬化速率和均匀延伸率增加;屈服强度相对于极限拉伸强度、屈强比,总延伸率和断面收缩率减小;断面收缩抗力增加。     

退火马氏体基体TRIP钢拉伸过程中的残余奥氏体转变

研究了冷轧退火马氏体基体TRIP钢在不同预拉伸过程中残余奥氏体向马氏体的转变。为了使残余奥氏体转变充分,试验拉伸速度设定为1mm/min。对不同变形条件下的试样进行分析,通过XRD分析残余奥氏体转变的体积分数及残余奥氏体中的碳浓度,通过SEM观察拉伸断裂后的断口形貌。分析发现:残余奥氏体转变过程与应力-应变有十分密切的关系,在变形的初始阶段和试样断裂之前,残余奥氏体的转变率较均匀变形阶段要小很多;在均匀变形阶段,即在出现颈缩之前,残余奥氏体发生稳定的马氏体相变,其转变率达到最大值,此时可以有效地提高均匀伸长率;在出现颈缩之后,残余奥氏体继续发生马氏体转变,但其转变率要较均匀转变时稍低。在整个变形过程中,残余奥氏体中的碳浓度呈线性增加。在变形的始末,虽然是应力-应变的最大梯度,但奥氏体的转变率并不是最高,反而为最低。     

7.9Mn-1.4Si-0.07C钢高强韧机理研究

通过热轧、温轧、奥氏体化、两相区退火处理得到7.9Mn-1.4Si-0.07C钢板,该材料的拉伸强度及塑性随奥氏体化温度不同而具有显著差异.奥氏体化温度降低,室温下奥氏体含量升高,综合力学性能提高.当奥氏体化温度由900℃降低为800℃时,所得到钢板的奥氏体体积分数由15%增加到28%,拉伸强度由1 150 MPa提高到1 340 MPa,塑性由21%提高至27%.实验钢优异的力学性能源于其中大量的超细铁素体及奥氏体,细晶强化使其具有超高强度,铁素体基体及变形过程中奥氏体向马氏体相变提供了良好的塑性.基体组织中的位错强化,形变诱导马氏体转变的TRIP效应等是增强该钢板加工硬化能力的主要因素.     

温轧及逆相变退火对中锰钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用单轴拉伸及TEM、XRD等实验方法分析研究了0.1C-5Mn中锰钢温轧后逆相变退火处理对其组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:实验钢温轧后退火处理可获得等轴状与一定量板条状共存的奥氏体+铁素体的复合组织形貌。随着退火时间延长,逆转变奥氏体的含量增多、尺寸增大,这使得奥氏体的稳定性逐渐降低,抗拉强度逐渐提高,而屈服强度、伸长率及强塑积则逐渐降低;在退火时间为5min时,可获得高达40GPa·%的强塑积。与冷轧退火样相比,温轧退火样具有更为优异的塑性和强塑积,强塑积可提高20%以上。因此,温轧工艺具有简化中锰钢生产工艺流程、并进一步改善其力学性能的良好潜力。     

不同轧制及退火处理0.1C-5Mn中锰钢的氢脆敏感性

 尽管中锰钢的强塑性等力学性能得到了较大幅度提升,但要大规模地应用于汽车部件制造,仍需解决材料在制造和服役过程中面临的氢脆等系列难题,在此背景下,利用电化学充氢、氢热分析仪、慢应变速率拉伸试验机及扫描电镜等研究了两种不同状态(热轧和温轧)0.1C 5Mn中锰钢在650 ℃保温30 min(两相区退火处理)后的氢脆敏感性。结果表明,热轧和温轧退火样的微观组织分别为板条状及等轴+板条状的铁素体与奥氏体的复相组织。尽管温轧退火样的强度比热轧退火样提高了约150 MPa,伸长率降低了约5%,但两者的强塑积均可达到约33 GPa·%。两种试验材料充氢时吸附的氢绝大部分为对应低温逸出峰的可扩散性氢,温轧退火试验材料的氢脆敏感性低于热轧退火钢。充氢热轧退火样断口起裂处的断裂机制为穿晶断裂+沿原奥氏体晶界的脆性沿晶断裂;温轧退火样的起裂处则为空心韧窝+包括奥氏体(变形后转变为马氏体)晶粒的实心韧窝,后者实际上为沿着奥氏体和铁素体界面起裂的一种脆性沿晶断裂。造成两种试验材料氢脆敏感性不同的原因主要是其微观组织及其所引起的氢致断裂方式的差异。     

退火温度对超细晶中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响

为研究连续退火工艺生产中锰TRIP钢汽车板的可行性,在钢板连续退火模拟机CCT-AY-域上研究了590~710℃不同退火温度下保温3 min对低碳中锰钢组织性能的影响.利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射和X射线能谱分析等微观分析方法对实验钢进行了组织结构和成分表征,利用X射线衍射法测量了残余奥氏体量,通过拉伸试验机测试了钢的单轴拉伸性能.结果表明:保温3 min时,随着保温温度的升高,残奥含量先增加后减少.在650℃退火时断后伸长率（21.3%）和强塑积（28 GPa·%）获得最大值,抗拉强度达到1330 MPa.马氏体基体通过回复,而残余奥氏体通过孪晶,获得超细晶组织.亚稳奥氏体的TRIP效应和超细晶铁素体（马氏体）共同提供了实验钢高的塑性.实验钢真实应力-应变曲线上呈现锯齿状现象,且稳定阶段加工硬化指数远高于传统TRIP钢.      

逆相变退火处理Fe-Mn-C中锰钢的组织与性能

 为了研究奥氏体逆相变(austenite reverse transformation,ART)退火处理对Fe-Mn-C中锰钢的组织与性能的影响,以ART退火处理1、10和360 min后Fe-5Mn-0.2C中锰钢为基础,利用XRD、SEM等手段对其显微组织进行表征,通过WE-300型拉伸试验机和ML-10型销盘式磨料磨损试验机对其拉伸性能和耐磨性进行测试。结果表明,ART退火过程中,残余奥氏体在原奥氏体板条之间形核并长大,原始马氏体组织逐渐转变为铁素体-奥氏体板条交替分布的复合组织。随着ART退火时间的延长,残余奥氏体体积分数增加(由18.4%提高到 33.6%),Fe-5Mn-0.2C钢的综合力学性能和耐磨性随着残余奥氏体体积分数的增加而显著提高,强塑积由25 613提高到44 496 MPa·%,其耐磨性与目前广泛应用的ZGMn13耐磨钢、Hardox450耐磨钢和中碳马氏体耐磨钢相当。     

TRIP钢单向拉伸过程的组织转变特性

采用XRD和TEM研究了低碳低合金相变诱导塑性(TRIP)钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织转变特性.用Rietveld方法拟合分析了不同应变量下TRIP钢中残余奥氏体(RA)的含量.结果表明,试验中TRIP钢中RA转变量(RA-M)随塑性应变量的增大而增加.TRIP钢变形前的组织为铁素体、贝氏体和残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体主要以晶间薄片状、块状和位于铁素体晶内的细小颗粒状三种形态存在.经拉伸变形后,晶问块状或薄片状RA在应力作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,铁索体晶内的细小颗粒状RA则未发现马氏体相变,但其周围会塞积高密度位错.     

热处理工艺对膨胀管组织和力学性能的影响

采用两相区热处理工艺研究了膨胀管用低碳中锰钢组织演变规律和力学性能。结果表明:采用两相区热处理工艺的低碳中锰钢组织为回火索氏体+富碳马氏体/贝氏体+少量铁素体的复相组织+残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体分布在原奥氏体晶界上和马氏体/贝氏体板条界上,残余奥氏体主要通过临界淬火富集C和Mn元素达到稳定,室温下稳定的残余奥氏体含量最高可达12%。由于残余奥氏体的应变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应,低碳中锰钢具有良好的塑性,断后总延伸率高于40%,均匀延伸率高于20%。     

Effects of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti-V-N steel

Based on studies of austenite deformation behavior and continuous-cooling-transformation behavior of a Ti-V microalloyed steel by cam plastometer and quench-deformation dilatometer, respectively, plate rolling schedules were designed to produce (i) recrystallized austenite, (ii) unrecrystallized austenite, (iii) deformed ferrite + unrecrystallized austenite. The effects of austenite condition and cooling rate on the final microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. To rationalize the variation in final ferrite grain size with different thermomechanical processing schedules, it is necessary to consider the kinetics of ferrite grain growth in addition to the density of ferrite nucleation sites. The benefit of dilatometer studies in determining the optimum deformation schedule and cooling rate for a given steel is domonstrated. A wide range of tensile and impact properties results from the different microstructures studied. Yield strength is increased by increasing the amount of deformed ferrite, bainite, or martensite, and by decreasing the ferrite grain size. Impact toughness is most strongly influenced by ferrite grain size and occurrence of rolling plane delaminations. B. Dogan, Formerly with CANMET, Ottawa, Canada,     

中锰钢的研究进展与前景

总结了国内外中锰钢研究现状, 对文献中中锰钢的成分设计、成型工艺、热处理工艺、组织性能调控等进行汇总分析, 得到了合金元素、成型工艺、微观组织结构和热处理对力学性能的影响规律, 并对中锰钢的性能例如lüders带和PLC带对加工硬化率的影响、氢致延迟开裂性能给予了重点关注和讨论; 同时提出借鉴第二代先进高强钢(纯奥氏体相)"层错能"这一控制形变模式的概念, 对中锰钢中奥氏体相的形变模式提出预测; 最后对目前中锰钢研究的争议问题、发展前景及未来可能面对的问题进行阐述.      

逆相变退火中锰钢的组织性能与成形极限

摘要：分别通过SEM、XRD、单轴拉伸试验和FLD等方法对比研究了中锰钢（MMnS780钢）与DP780钢的微观组织、力学性能及成形极限。结果表明，DP780钢获得铁素体和马氏体双相组织，具有连续屈服及较大的加工硬化能力，而MMnS780钢由细小的铁素体和奥氏体构成，具有明显屈服、相对较小的加工硬化能力和较大的均匀伸长率；不同应变状态下MMnS780钢较DP780钢具有更高的极限应变。退火组织以及细小的晶粒尺寸使MMnS780钢产生明显的屈服现象，细小组织以及亚稳奥氏体的TRIP效应使其具有较高的塑性和成形性能。     

退火后冷却方式对冷轧中锰钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等手段,研究了冷轧中锰钢(0.2C-5Mn)退火后不同冷却方式下的微观组织特点和拉伸性能.实验钢冷轧退火后为铁素体加逆转变奥氏体的双相组织.退火后空冷可以获得稳定性较高的逆转变奥氏体,且其体积分数也明显高于退火后炉冷.退火后空冷实验钢中的逆转变奥氏体在变形过程中产生持续的TRIP效应,提高强度的同时获得了较高的塑性,强塑积可达到26.5 GPa·%。      

The effects of prior deformation and transformations on the microstructure of an iron-nickel alloy

The microstructure of an Fe-31.4 pet Ni-0.3 pet C alloy was examined via transmission electron microscopy as a function of thermomechanical treatment. The effects of prior deformation, rapid reversion to austenite and thermal cycling on the microstructure were investigated, and operative strengthening mechanisms under various conditions were correlated to observed structures. When midrib twinned, plate martensite of this alloy was deformed at room temperature, dislocation glide was the operating mode, and the midrib twins and plate like structure were completely dissolved after 80 pet cold rolling. The microstructure of reverted austenite without prior deformation was composed of sheared plates, but became finely equiaxed with prior deformation of the martensite. The superior strength of reverted austenite in comparison to annealed austenite was due to a grain size refinement and a higher dislocation density. However, the strengthening observed in reverted austenite with prior deformation in comparison to reverted austenite without prior deformation was due to a grain size effect alone. Repeated thermal cyclings increased the strength of reverted austenite. This was due to increases in the dislocation density since the grain structure was principally dictated by the first martensite transformationreversion cycle.     

临界退火中锰钢的组织性能和变形行为

 为了研究临界退火中锰钢的微观组织演变规律以及组织对力学性能和变形行为的影响,对冷轧中锰钢(0.1C-7Mn-0.35Si)在570～650 ℃范围内进行了临界退火处理。研究结果表明,随着退火温度升高,双相“奥氏体+铁素体”组织逐步趋于等轴化且晶粒有粗化的趋势,并且在650 ℃时出现了马氏体组织;试验钢的抗拉强度随温度升高而增加,而伸长率和屈服强度均呈下降趋势,局部不均匀变形带随着退火温度升高逐步弱化,在620和650 ℃时完全消失;在相对较高的退火温度下,粗化的等轴奥氏体晶粒中形变诱导马氏体相变的增强和大尺寸的铁素体晶粒中动态回复的减弱,以及更高温度时马氏体的引入等,均改善了屈服阶段的加工硬化能力,从而有效减弱或抑制吕德斯带的扩展。     

The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.     

Effect of Mn Addition on Microstructural Modification and Cracking Behavior of Ferritic Light-Weight Steels

In the present study, effects of Mn addition on cracking phenomenon occurring during cold rolling of ferritic light-weight steels were clarified in relation to microstructural modification involving κ-carbide, austenite, and martensite. Four steels were fabricated by varying Mn contents of 3 to 12 wt pct, and edge areas of steel sheets containing 6 to 9 wt pct Mn were cracked during the cold rolling. The steels were basically composed of ferrite and austenite in a band shape, but a considerable amount of κ-carbide or martensite existed in the steels containing 3 to 6 wt pct Mn. Microstructural observation of the deformed region of fractured tensile specimens revealed that cracks which were initiated at ferrite/martensite interfacial κ-carbides readily propagated along ferrite/martensite interfaces or into martensite areas in the steel containing 6 wt pct Mn, thereby leading to the center or edge cracking during the cold rolling. In the steel containing 9 wt pct Mn, edge cracks were found in the final stage of cold rolling because of the formation of martensite by the strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation, whereas they were hardly formed in the steel containing 12 wt pct Mn. To prevent or minimize the cracking, it was recommended that the formation of martensite during the cooling from the hot rolling temperature or during the cold rolling should be suppressed, which could be achieved by the enhancement of thermal or mechanical stability of austenite with decreasing austenite grain size or increasing contents of austenite stabilizers.     

冷轧中锰钢退火过程中硬度及组织的演化

 利用EBSD技术研究了冷轧中锰钢在退火过程中的组织演化规律,从而揭示了其硬度变化的原因。研究结果表明:冷轧中锰钢在650℃退火,获得了0.3~0.6μm等轴状奥氏体和铁素体的超细晶组织,且随着退火时间的延长组织结构没有发生明显粗化;在550~650℃退火,随着温度的升高,奥氏体含量不断增加;在700℃退火时,奥氏体稳定性降低,出炉空冷过程中发生了马氏体转变,硬度升高;逆转变奥氏体相的稳定性主要受其碳含量控制,碳含量越高越容易获得大量稳定的逆转变奥氏体。