寒冷地区硅粉增强玄武岩纤维路面混凝土抗冻性能研究

为探究硅粉对玄武岩纤维路面混凝土抗冻性能的增强效果及改性机理,采用快冻法研究了不同硅粉掺量下玄武岩纤维混凝土质量损失、相对动弹模量、抗弯拉强度随冻融次数的衰减规律;借助压汞法(MIP)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分析冻融前后孔结构及界面结构的演化,从细微观层面揭示硅粉增强机理。研究结果表明:9%(质量分数)硅粉掺量的玄武岩纤维路面混凝土抗冻性能增强效果最佳,相比基准混凝土,冻融320次后质量损失率降低了62.35%,相对动弹性模量提高了14.68%,抗弯拉强度提高了43.89%;MIP测试表明,掺入硅粉能够细化混凝土内部孔结构,减少孔隙数量,优化孔的分布,阻抑最可几孔径和临界孔径的增长;SEM分析发现,掺入硅粉能够改善纤维-水泥石与骨料-水泥石的界面区结构,提高玄武岩纤维路面混凝土的抗冻性能。     

再生微粉和矿物掺合料对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响研究

利用快速碳化试验研究了单掺再生微粉、单掺粉煤灰及复掺再生微粉(RFP)、粉煤灰(FA)及硅灰(SF)等三种掺配方式对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响规律,并借助SEM、XRD等方法分析了碳化作用对混凝土微观结构的影响.研究结果表明:单掺再生微粉或粉煤灰对混凝土的抗碳化性能具有显著影响,相同取代率下单掺再生微粉的抗碳化性能优于单掺粉煤灰的;复掺再生微粉、粉煤灰及硅灰后可以明显改善混凝土抗碳化性能,其中RFP∶ (FA +SF) =7∶3时混凝土的抗碳化性能最优,当取代率为40％时,碳化深度最高为14.6 mm.碳化后生成的碳酸钙固体可以填充混凝土中的孔隙,提高混凝土内部的密实度.     

复掺偏高岭土-矿渣对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响

轻骨料混凝土具有收缩较大和渗透性较差的特性,矿物掺合料的加入可以改善轻骨料混凝土的性能.将偏高岭土(MK)和矿渣(S)以低于25％的总掺量复掺到轻骨料混凝土中,研究复掺掺合料及不同掺量对轻骨料混凝土的力学性能、氯离子扩散系数和干燥收缩的影响.利用XRD、TG、SEM等测试方法,对其影响机理进行探讨.结果表明,复掺10wt％偏高岭土与10wt％矿渣对轻骨料混凝土力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能有显著的改善;复掺10wt％偏高岭土和15wt％偏高岭土能有效降低轻骨料混凝土干燥收缩.偏高岭土复合矿渣能优化水泥浆体的组成与结构,增强骨料与水泥浆体间的结合,降低界面过渡区的钙硅质量比,从而提高轻骨料混凝土各龄期抗压强度的抗渗性能.     

掺合料对自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土抗渗和抗冻影响

自燃煤矸石粗骨料在表面质构和强度等方面,与天然碎石存在较大差异,特别是多孔、吸水,使其作为粗骨料配制的混凝土耐久性受到工程界质疑.采用正交试验,研究硅灰、粉煤灰等复掺对自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土抗氯离子渗透和抗冻性能的影响.结果表明:硅灰掺量对自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土抗氯离子渗透影响非常显著、对抗冻性能影响不明显,粉煤灰掺量对自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土抗冻性能影响非常显著、对抗氯离子渗透影响不明显;扫描电镜表征,硅灰、粉煤灰以及矿渣复掺的综合效应,使混凝土结构密实、火山灰反应更加充分,Ca(OH)2含量降低,但冻后出现针状钙矾石.     

矿物掺合料再生混凝土力学性能研究

为探究矿物掺合料对再生混凝土(RAC)力学性能的提升作用,本试验采用预湿-二次搅拌法制备再生混凝土,系统开展单、复掺矿物掺合料再生混凝土力学性能研究.试验考虑再生混凝土强度等级、再生骨料取代率、矿物掺合料种类及取代率等因素,共设计23组试验配合比,研究再生混凝土立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度经时变化规律.结果 表明,再生混凝土力学性能随强度等级升高而提升,随再生骨料取代率增大而下降.与未掺矿物掺合料的再生混凝土相比,单掺粉煤灰对再生混凝土力学性能提升效果较弱,单掺矿渣、硅灰的再生混凝土力学性能提升效果显著.养护龄期90 d时,矿渣再生混凝土劈裂抗拉强度最高提升12.7％,硅灰再生混凝土立方体抗压强度最高提升21.3％.粉煤灰-矿渣复掺对再生混凝土立方体抗压强度无提升效果,20％粉煤灰-10％矿渣复掺抗压强度甚至下降18.8％,粉煤灰-矿渣复掺对再生混凝土劈裂抗拉强度略有提升,最高为5.9％.粉煤灰-硅灰复掺对再生混凝土力学性能提升效果较好,立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度最高分别提升9.7％和18.6％.     

陶瓷抛光砖粉对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

以陶瓷抛光砖粉为混凝土掺合料,采用膨胀珍珠岩作活性集料,测试陶瓷抛光砖粉对碱集料反应的影响;利用电通量法测定标准养护28 d混凝土的电通量值,采用硝酸银显色法分别测定标准养护28 d水泥胶砂经10次、20次干湿循环后氯离子渗透深度,通过压汞法、SEM等测试手段分析掺陶瓷抛光砖粉水泥硬化浆体的显微结构,研究陶瓷抛光砖粉作掺合料对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响,并将之与粉煤灰对比.结果表明:混凝土电通量测试结果与水泥胶砂硝酸银显色法的测试结果之间具有较好相关性.陶瓷抛光砖粉作混凝土掺合料,能发挥其二次水化作用及对水泥硬化浆体孔结构的细化作用,增强混凝土抗氯离子渗透能力,抑制碱骨料反应.在相同掺量条件下,单掺抛光砖粉混凝土抗氯离子渗透能力优于掺试验用Ⅱ级粉煤灰混凝土.与单掺抛光砖粉相比,复掺抛光砖粉与粉煤灰,其后期抗氯离子能力较强.抛光砖粉与矿渣复掺效果优于抛光粉与粉煤灰复掺;随矿渣掺量的增加,混凝土抗氯离子渗透能力增加.     

低掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土抗冻耐久性试验研究

为进一步研究再生混凝土冻融循环后的性能变化,分析了再生粗骨料掺量(0％、20％、50％与100％)与低掺量粉煤灰(0％、10％、20％)在冻融循环作用下对再生混凝土质量损失率和相对动弹模量的影响,并通过电镜扫描技术对再生混凝土的微观结构进行了分析.结果表明:随着再生粗骨料掺量的增加,再生混凝土的质量损失率增加,相对动弹模量减小;粉煤灰掺量在20％范围内时,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,再生混凝土的质量损失率减小,相对动弹模量增加;掺入低掺量粉煤灰减缓了再生混凝土的内部损伤速率;相比质量损失率,相对动弹模量对粉煤灰掺量的敏感性更高.     

石灰石粉硅粉复掺对混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响研究

论文针对粉煤灰掺量一定的情况下,研究石灰石粉硅粉复掺对混凝土的抗压强度和抗冻耐久性能的影响。试验结果表明,在石灰石粉掺量为5%~10%时,混凝土强度比基准高。随着石灰石粉掺量的增加,混凝土的抗压强度降低。且随着混凝土的龄期增加,混凝土28 d和56 d抗压强度几乎不变。在混凝土冻融循环次数一定时,在粉煤灰掺量为5%和硅粉掺量为10%时,在石灰石粉掺量为5%~10%时,混凝土的抗冻性能较好,且高于基准混凝土。     

矿物掺合料对再生混凝土抗冻性与可再生性的影响

为探究矿物掺合料对再生混凝土抗冻性与可再生性的影响,本文选取硅灰、粉煤灰和粒化高炉矿渣三种矿物掺和料,通过不同掺量组合制备了五组不同胶凝体系的再生混凝土。采用快冻法对再生混凝土进行冻融试验,通过测定冻融过程中再生混凝土的相对动弹性模量、质量损失率和抗压强度损失率评价其抗冻性,采用SEM观察冻融后再生混凝土的微观结构。此外,对冻融后的再生混凝土进行破碎,获得二代再生粗骨料,并依据其表观密度、压碎值、坚固值和吸水率评估再生混凝土的可再生性。结果表明：5%(质量分数,下同)硅灰+20%粉煤灰+20%矿渣+55%水泥组合的质量损失率和抗压强度损失率明显比单掺5%硅灰以及5%硅灰+20%粉煤灰和5%硅灰+20%矿渣组合的低,且相对动弹性模量比其他组合的高。四种不同胶凝体系的二代再生粗骨料物理性能均达Ⅲ类标准,可用于强度等级为C25的结构混凝土的制备。     

矿物掺合料对陶瓷粗骨料混凝土性能的影响

试验研究了不同掺量的粉煤灰和硅粉对陶瓷粗骨料混凝土性能的影响.结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,陶瓷粗骨料混凝土的抗压强度逐渐降低,但其劈裂抗拉强度逐渐增大,抗水渗透性能提高.复掺硅粉后,陶瓷粗骨料混凝土的抗压强度、抗水渗透能力及炻质粗骨料混凝土的抗拉强度均显著提高,而瓷质粗骨料混凝土的抗拉强度提高幅度较小.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。